Biostatistical Methods and Applications in Health Research: A Case Study Approach Vivek Verma, Hafiz T.A. Khan, Dilip C. Nath, Kenneth C. Land Biostatistical Methods and Applications in Health Research A Case Study Approach, 2025 Supported by real-world case studies, this essential textbook provides a detailed overview of the use of biostatistical tools and methods, enabling students and researchers to undertake their own research with confidence and understanding. After a general introduction to the field, the book provides a step-by-step description of the essential statistical methods that are foundational to analysing data from clinical trials, epidemiological studies and other health-related research. From basic concepts such as probability and distribution through to hypothesis testing, regression analysis, survival analysis, meta-analysis and systematic reviews, each chapter is designed with a clear pedagogical approach featuring explanatory diagrams, real-life examples and sample problems. Later sections of the book cover clinical trial design and analysis, diagnostic testing, Bayesian methods and machine learning. Through this detailed, comprehensive treatment of the key tools and methods, the book encourages readers to develop their own critical thinking skills, recognising good or bad pieces of research when they see them, asking questions about where evidence and assumptions come from or choosing the most appropriate biostatistical methodologies in their own research. Written by a team of experts with extensive teaching experience in this field, this is the ideal textbook for graduate students and researchers across the biomedical sciences, from public health to epidemiology to clinical medicine.
Trends and Prevalence of Low Birth Weight in India: What Does data suggest? Dharmendra Kumar Dubey, Pramod Kumar Mishra, Dilip C. Nath Journal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 2024 Introduction: “Low birth weight” (LBW) is defined as birth weight < 2.5 kg (2500 grams). LBW infants remain at a relatively higher risk of mortality than those with normal birth weight. This is still a major public health problem in developing countries like India. This study examines the trend and prevalence of LBW in India and its data characteristics.Methods: National Family Health Survey (N.F.H.S.) data rounds were collected from 1992-2021. The study sample included women aged 15-49 years. The logistic regression model was fitted to assess the maternal determinants affecting the birth weight among newborns. Also, the heaping pattern of the data for each round of N.F.H.S. data was analyzed.Results: The trend and prevalence of low birth weight were reported 1884 (25.2%) in the first round of the National Family Health Survey, 1859 (22.7 %) in the second, 4146 (21.5%) in the third, 35476 (18.2%) in fourth, and 38167 (18.2%) in fifth, which remains constant in comparison to the previous round.Conclusion: The prevalence of LBW in India has declined over the past decades as reported in data like NFHS-I, II & III, but NFHS-IV and V are constant. Sociodemographic factors are shown as a risk factor for LBW. Data heaping is a key challenge to give the correct estimate of LBW and it is found in each round of the data set. Maternal health services are required during the gestation period to reduce LBW
Evaluation of concordance in estimation of excess mortality due to COVID-19 pandemic Vivek Verma, Dilip C. Nath, Hafiz T. A. Khan Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 2023 BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) kept track of COVID‐19 data at country level daily during the pandemic that included the number of tests, infected cases and fatalities. This daily record was susceptible to change depending on the time and place and impacted by underreporting. In addition to reporting cases of excess COVID‐19‐related deaths, the WHO also provided estimates of excess mortality based on mathematical models.ObjectiveTo evaluate the WHO reported and model‐based estimate of excess deaths to determine the degree of agreement and universality.MethodologyEpidemiological data gathered from nine different countries between April 2020 and December 2021 are used in this study. These countries are India, Indonesia, Italy, Russia, United Kingdom, Mexico, the United States, Brazil and Peru and each of them recorded more than 1.5 million deaths from COVID‐19 during these months. Statistical tools including correlation, linear regression, intraclass correlation and Bland–Altman plots are used to assess the degree of agreement between reported and model‐based estimates of excess deaths.ResultsThe WHO‐derived mathematical model for estimating excess deaths due to COVID‐19 was found to be appropriate for only four of the nine chosen countries, namely Italy, United Kingdom, the United States and Brazil. The other countries showed proportional biases and significantly high regression coefficients.ConclusionThe study revealed that, for some of the chosen nations, the mathematical model proposed by the WHO is practical and capable of estimating the number of excess deaths brought on by COVID‐19. However, the derived approach cannot be applied globally.
Bayesian estimation of fertility rates under imperfect age reporting , Vivek Verma, Dilip C. Nath, , S. N. Dwivedi, and Statistics in Transition New Series, 2023 This article outlines the application of the Bayesian method of parameter estimation to situations where the probability of age misreporting is high, leading to transfers of an individual from one age group to another. An essential requirement for Bayesian estimation is prior distribution, derived for both perfect and imperfect age reporting. As an alternative to the Bayesian methodology, a classical estimator based on the maximum likelihood principle has also been discussed. Here, the age misreporting probability matrix has been constructed using a performance indicator, which incorporates the relative performance of estimators based on age when reported correctly instead of misreporting. The initial guess of performance indicators can either be empirically or theoretically derived. The method has been illustrated by using data on Empowered Action Group (EAG) states of India from National Family Health Survey-3 (2005–2006) to estimate the total marital fertility rates. The present study reveals through both a simulation and real-life set-up that the Bayesian estimation method has been more promising and reliable in estimating fertility rates, even in situations where age misreporting is higher than in case of classical maximum likelihood estimates.
Bayesian estimation of gender differences in lipid profile, among patients with coronary artery disease Vivek Verma, Anita Verma, Ashwani Kumar Mishra, Hafiz T.A. Khan, Dilip C. Nath, Rajiv Narang Handbook of Intelligent Computing and Optimization for Sustainable Development, 2022 Gender-wise variation in lipid profile among coronary artery disease (CAD) patients is well-known. However, when sample size is small, establishing this association is challenging. The present study utilizes Bayesian paradigm in understanding association between the gender and lipid profile among CAD patients and compares the results with classical approaches. The research is based on the secondary analysis of data (n = 1,045) from NHANES (2015–2016), older than 50 years in whom measures of the lipid profile were available. The clinical diagnosis of CAD was positive in 91 individuals. The comparison of differences in the lipid profiles across gender was performed under the classical (independent sample t-test) and Bayesian paradigm. Males positive for CAD were younger (54–80) than females (57–80). The lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL, Direct HDL, and non-HDL) differed significantly across gender, under both the paradigm, except triglyceride and two ratios (TC:HDL, LDL:HDL). However, the Bayesian paradigm suggested differences even for triglycerides and TC:HDL ratio across gender. The present study demonstrates the application of Bayesian technique, in case of small sample size. It clearly suggests that even when sample size is small, the Bayesian paradigm closely approximates to our prior knowledge of lipid profile as the risk factor for CAD occurrence. The Bayesian paradigm unraveled the importance of clinical parameters (triglyceride and TC:HDL), which remained hidden under the classical t-test.
Diversity in substance use behaviour among street children of Delhi under Bayesian paradigm Vivek Verma, Ashwani Kumar Mishra, Anju Dhawan, Dilip C. Nath BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2020 BackgroundShannon’s index is one of the measures of biodiversity, which is intended to quantify both richness and evenness of the species/individuals in the ecosystem or community. However, application of Shannon’s index in the field of substance use among the street children has not been done till date.MethodsThis paper is concerned with methods of estimating Shannon’s diversity index (SDI), which can be used to capture the variation in the population due to certain characteristics. Under the consideration that the probability of abundance, based on certain characteristics in the population, is a random phenomenon, we derive a Bayesian estimate in connection with Shannon’s information measure and their properties (mean and variance), by using a probability matching prior, through simulation and compared it with those of the classical estimates of Shannon. The theoretical framework has been applied to the primary survey data of substance use among the street children in Delhi, collected during 2015. The measure of diversity was estimated across different age profiles and districts.ResultsThe results unrevealing the diversity estimate for street children corresponding to each region of Delhi, under both the classical and Bayesian paradigms. Although the estimates were close to one another, a striking difference was noted in the age profile of children.ConclusionsThe Bayesian methodology provided evidence for a greater likelihood of finding substance-using street children, belonging to the lower age group (7-10, maximum Bayesian entropy-3.73), followed by the middle (11-14) and upper age group (15-18). Moreover, the estimated variance under the Bayesian paradigm was lesser than that of the classical estimate. There is ample scope for further refinement in these estimates, by considering more covariates that may have a possible role in initiating substance use among street children in developing countries like India.
Global lockdown: An effective safeguard in responding to the threat of COVID-19 Bhupendra Kumar Verma, Mamta Verma, Vikash Kumar Verma, Rifah B. Abdullah, Dilip C. Nath, Hafiz T. A. Khan, Anita Verma, Ramesh K. Vishwakarma, Vivek Verma Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 2020 Rationale, aims, and objectivesThe recent outbreak of coronavirus (COVID‐19) has infected around 1 560 000 individuals till 10 April 2020, which has resulted in 95 000 deaths globally. While no vaccine or anti‐viral drugs for COVID‐19 are available, lockdown acts as a protective public health measures to reduce human interaction and lower transmission. The study aims to explore the impact of delayed planning or lack of planning for the lockdown and inadequate implementation of the lockdown, on the transmission rate of COVID‐19.MethodEpidemiological data on the incidence and mortality of COVID‐19 cases as reported by public health authorities were accessed from six countries based on total number of infected cases, namely, United States and Italy (more than 100 000 cases); United Kingdom, and France (50 000‐100 000 cases), and India and Russia (6000‐10 000 cases). The Bayesian inferential technique was used to observe the changes (three points) in pattern of number of cases on different duration of exposure (in days) in these selected countries 1 month after World Health Organization (WHO) declaration about COVID‐19 as a global pandemic.ResultsOn comparing the pattern of transmission rates observed in these six countries at posterior estimated change points, it is found that partial implementation of lockdown (in the United States), delayed planning in lockdown (Russia, United Kingdom, and France), and inadequate implementation of the lockdown (in India and Italy) were responsible to the spread of infections.ConclusionsIn order to control the spreading of COVID‐19, like other national and international laws, lockdown must be implemented and enforced. It is suggested that on‐time or adequate implementation of lockdown is a step towards social distancing and to control the spread of this pandemic.
Time-to-Death approach in revealing Chronicity and Severity of COVID-19 across the World Vivek Verma, Ramesh K. Vishwakarma, Anita Verma, Dilip C. Nath, Hafiz T. A. Khan Plos One, 2020 Background The outbreak of coronavirus disease, 2019 (COVID-19), which started from Wuhan, China, in late 2019, have spread worldwide. A total of 5,91,971 cases and 2,70,90 deaths were registered till 28th March, 2020. We aimed to predict the impact of duration of exposure to COVID-19 on the mortality rates increment. Methods In the present study, data on COVID-19 infected top seven countries viz., Germany, China, France, United Kingdom, Iran, Italy and Spain, and World as a whole, were used for modeling. The analytical procedure of generalized linear model followed by Gompertz link function was used to predict the impact lethal duration of exposure on the mortality rates. Findings Of the selected countries and World as whole, the projection based on 21st March, 2020 cases, suggest that a total (95% Cl) of 76 (65–151) days of exposure in Germany, mortality rate will increase by 5 times to 1%. In countries like France and United Kingdom, our projection suggests that additional exposure of 48 days and 7 days, respectively, will raise the mortality rates to10%. Regarding Iran, Italy and Spain, mortality rate will rise to 10% with an additional 3–10 days of exposure. World’s mortality rates will continue increase by 1% in every three weeks. The predicted interval of lethal duration corresponding to each country has found to be consistent with the mortality rates observed on 28th March, 2020. Conclusion The prediction of lethal duration was found to have apparently effective in predicting mortality, and shows concordance with prevailing rates. In absence of any vaccine against COVID-19 infection, the present study adds information about the quantum of the severity and time elapsed to death will help the Government to take necessary and appropriate steps to control this pandemic.
Modeling of claim severity through the mixture of exponential distribution and computation of its probability of ultimate ruin Thailand Statistician, 2017
An application of linear mixed effect model to compare the drug treatment effect in patients with type 2 diabetes Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 2013
Association between climatic variables and malaria incidence: a study in Kokrajhar district of Assam, India. Global Journal of Health Science, 2013
Effect of correlation structure in generalized estimating equations and quasi least squares: An application in type 2 diabetes patients Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research, 2011
Awareness level of married couples on HIV/AIDS in northeast india - an empirical analysis International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine and Public Health, 2010
Mass composition of primary cosmic rays over 1015 to 1018 eV : A cross analysis of experimental results Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, 1998
Determinants of breast-feeding patterns in an urban society of India Human Biology, 1997
The socio-demographic correlates of post-partum amenorrhoea in an urban society of India. Genus, 1996
Two regional (rural-urban) life tables for India. Genus, 1995
A waiting time distribution for the first conception and its application to a non-contracepting traditional society. Genus, 1995
Age of marriage and length of the first birth interval in a traditional Indian society: life table and hazards model analysis. Human Biology an International Record of Research, 1993
A model that fits female age at first marriage in a traditional society. Janasamkhya, 1992
An alternative to multiregional two-sex model. Genus, 1992
Household structure and family pattern of a traditional society. Janasamkhya, 1991
A comparative study of the life tables of Assam, Kerala and India, 1980. Janasamkhya, 1990
Probability distributions of number of births and their applications. Janasamkhya, 1987
A note on Brass's model for the distribution of births in human populations. Janasamkhya, 1987
Multiregional two-sex population model. Janasamkhya, 1987
Analytical models for number of births--a review. Janasamkhya, 1986
On some bivariate distributions of number of births. Sankhya Series B Methodological, 1985
Desired family size--a parity dependent model and its application. Janasamkhya, 1985
A probability model for number of births and its application in estimation of fecundability for a heterogeneous population. Janasamkhya, 1983
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Statistical Hypothesis Testing for Health Sciences: Parametric and Non-Parametric DC Nath, D Bhattacharjee Biostatistical Methods and Applications in Health Research, 83-116 , 2026 2026
Biostatistical Methods and Applications in Health Research V Verma, HTA Khan, DC Nath, KC Land Routledge , 2025 2025
Applying Bayesian Methods in Diagnostics Tests for Clinical Decision-Making V Verma, P Goel, DC Nath, HTA Khan Biostatistical Methods and Applications in Health Research, 291-300 , 2025 2025
Study Protocol: A mixed method and multimethod study of implementation and impact of Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) scheme in Assam State V Verma, DC Nath, R Chetri, P Sarma, M Khanam, B Bhattacharyya, ... 2024 Citations: 2
Journal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology DK Dubey, DC Nath 2024
A comparative study regarding prevalence of caesarean section in Indian female V Verma, S Kumar, DC Nath Statistical Modeling and Applications on Real-Time Problems, 71-86 , 2024 2024
Trends and Prevalence of Low Birth Weight in India: What Does data suggest? DK Dubey, PK Mishra, DC Nath Journal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , 2024 2024
Evaluation of concordance in estimation of excess mortality due to COVID‐19 pandemic V Verma, DC Nath, HTA Khan Journal of evaluation in clinical practice 29 (6), 1008-1015 , 2023 2023 Citations: 59
Alarming Trend in Under-Five Indian Children’s Exposure to Indoor Tobacco Smoke BK Verma, M Verma, M Mondal, DK Dubey, DC Nath, V Verma, B Verma Cureus 15 (4) , 2023 2023 Citations: 17
Bayesian estimation of fertility rates under imperfect age reporting V Verma, DC Nath, SN Dwivedi Statistics in Transition new series 24 (2), 39-57 , 2023 2023
Weighted Quantile Regression Theory and its application WEIBULL distribution as an actuarial risk model: computation of its probability of ultimate ruin and the moments of the … J Das, DC Nath Journal of Data Science 17 (1), 161-194 , 2022 2022 Citations: 86
Determining the Association between Climatic Variables and Malaria Incidence in Kokrajhar District of Assam, India DD Mwchahary, DC Nath Research Developments in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 5 5, 44-62 , 2022 2022
Bayesian Estimation of Gender Differences in Lipid Profile, Among Patients With Coronary Artery Disease V Verma, A Verma, AK Mishra, HTA Khan, DC Nath, R Narang Handbook of Intelligent Computing and Optimization for Sustainable … , 2022 2022
Impact of gender on the lipid profile of patients with coronary artery disease: a Bayesian analytical approach V Verma, AK Mishra, A Verma, HTA Khan, DC Nath, R Narang Smart Computational Intelligence in Biomedical and Health Informatics, 1-12 , 2021 2021
Diversity in substance use behaviour among street children of Delhi under Bayesian paradigm V Verma, AK Mishra, A Dhawan, DC Nath BMC Medical Research Methodology 20 (1), 291 , 2020 2020 Citations: 92
Global lockdown: An effective safeguard in responding to the threat of COVID‐19 BK Verma, M Verma, VK Verma, RB Abdullah, DC Nath, HTA Khan, ... Journal of evaluation in clinical practice 26 (6), 1592-1598 , 2020 2020 Citations: 241
Immunization Coverage in Guwahati by Ranked Set Sampling V Verma, DC Nath Viruses and Viral Infections in Developing Countries, 127 , 2020 2020
Time-to-Death approach in revealing Chronicity and Severity of COVID-19 across the World V Verma, RK Vishwakarma, A Verma, DC Nath, HTA Khan PloS one 15 (5), e0233074 , 2020 2020 Citations: 178
Prevalence and determinants of caesarean section in South and South-East Asian women V Verma, RK Vishwakarma, DC Nath, HTA Khan, R Prakash, O Abid PloS one 15 (3), e0229906 , 2020 2020 Citations: 305
Representativeness of ranked set sampling based on Bayesian score V Verma, R Das, DC Nath Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation 51 (3), 1080-1095 , 2020 2020
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Grandmotherhood: The evolutionary significance of the second half of female life E Voland, A Chasiotis, W Schiefenhövel Rutgers University Press , 2005 2005 Citations: 332
Prevalence and determinants of caesarean section in South and South-East Asian women V Verma, RK Vishwakarma, DC Nath, HTA Khan, R Prakash, O Abid PloS one 15 (3), e0229906 , 2020 2020 Citations: 305
In-law conflict: women’s reproductive lives and the roles of their mothers and husbands among the matrilineal Khasi DL Leonetti, DC Nath, NS Hemam Current Anthropology 48 (6), 861-890 , 2007 2007 Citations: 261
Global lockdown: An effective safeguard in responding to the threat of COVID‐19 BK Verma, M Verma, VK Verma, RB Abdullah, DC Nath, HTA Khan, ... Journal of evaluation in clinical practice 26 (6), 1592-1598 , 2020 2020 Citations: 241
A future journey to the elderly support in Bangladesh MN Islam, DC Nath Journal of Anthropology 2012 (1), 752521 , 2012 2012 Citations: 224
Effects of the status of women on the first-birth interval in Indian urban society DC Nath, KC Land, G Goswami Journal of Biosocial Science 31 (1), 55-69 , 1999 1999 Citations: 203
Analysis of birth intervals in a non-contracepting Indian population: An evolutionary ecological approach DC Nath, DL Leonetti, MS Steele Journal of biosocial Science 32 (3), 343-354 , 2000 2000 Citations: 191
Do women really need marital partners for support of their reproductive success? The case of the matrilineal Khasi of NE India DL Leonetti, DC Nath, NS Hemam, DB Neill 2004 Citations: 185
Association between climatic variables and malaria incidence: a study in Kokrajhar District of Assam, India: climatic variables and malaria incidence in Kokrajhar District DC Nath, DD Mwchahary Global journal of health science 5 (1), 90 , 2012 2012 Citations: 179
Time-to-Death approach in revealing Chronicity and Severity of COVID-19 across the World V Verma, RK Vishwakarma, A Verma, DC Nath, HTA Khan PloS one 15 (5), e0233074 , 2020 2020 Citations: 178
An epidemiological model investigating the association between mothers nutritional status and low birth weight in India DK Dubey, DC Nath Health 8 (03), 251-261 , 2016 2016 Citations: 162
The role of breast-feeding beyond postpartum amenorrhoea on the return of fertility in India: a life table and hazards model analysis DC Nath, KC Land, KK Singh Journal of Biosocial Science 26 (2), 191-206 , 1994 1994 Citations: 162
Cervix cancer diagnosis from pap smear images using structure based segmentation and shape analysis LB Mahanta, DC Nath, CK Nath Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences 3 (2), 245-249 , 2012 2012 Citations: 161
The behavioral ecology of family planning: two ethnic groups in Northeast India DL Leonetti, DC Nath, NS Hemam Human Nature 18 (3), 225-241 , 2007 2007 Citations: 154
Undocumented migration in the State of Assam in North East India: Estimates since 1971 to 2001 BK Nath, DC Nath, B Bhattachaya Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 5 (3), 164-173 , 2012 2012 Citations: 152
Correlates of coital patterns in a traditional Indian society DC Nath, DL Leonetti Seattle Population Research Center , 1998 1998 Citations: 152
Age at first reproduction and economic change in the context of differing kinship ecologies DL Leonetti, DC Nath American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology … , 2009 2009 Citations: 151
The Importance of Son in a Traditional Society: How Elderly Parents See It? DC Nath, AK Deka Demography India 33 (1), 33 , 2004 2004 Citations: 148
Analysis of morphological features of benign and malignant breast cell extracted from fnac microscopic image using the pearsonian system of curves N Rajbongshi, K Bora, DC Nath, AK Das, LB Mahanta Journal of cytology 35 (2), 99-104 , 2018 2018 Citations: 147
Most recent birth intervals in a Traditional Society: A life Table and Hazards Regression analysis DC Nath, KC Land, KK Singh, PK Talukdar Canadian Studies in Population [ARCHIVES], 149-164 , 1994 1994 Citations: 146