Dr. P. RAJA
@smvec.ac.in
Professor and Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College
Dr. P. Raja is working as Professor and Head in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College. He received Bachelor of Engineering from Madras University, Master of Technology from IIT Madras and Doctor of Philosophy from Pondicherry University. He has two decades of teaching experience. His research are VLSI and Wireless Communication.
EDUCATION
Ph.D - Electronics and Communication Engineering (Wireless Sensor Networks)
M. Tech - Microelectronics and VLSI Design
B.E - Electronics and Communication Engineering
RESEARCH INTERESTS
VLSI Design, Embedded Systems, Wireless Networks
Scopus Publications
Scholar Citations
Scholar h-index
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
S. Jayanthi, P. Raja, M. Elangovan, and T.S. Murugesh
Elsevier BV
P. Naveen Chander, P. Raja, S. Ashok kumar, and R. Gayathri
Informa UK Limited
M. Elangovan, G. Saravanan, S. Jayanthi, P. Raja, Kulbhushan Sharma, and S. Nireshkumar
World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd
Many researchers are actively working on developing a fast-performing static random-access memory (SRAM) cell with low-power consumption and high stability. This study also introduces one such new and all-round excellent SRAM cell. In this paper, an SRAM cell with eleven transistors (11T) developed using carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) is introduced. This new 11T CNTFET SRAM cell is another variant of the Schmitt-trigger (ST)-based SRAM cell. This new SRAM cell structure is achieved by incorporating a single-ended write mode, a feed-back cutting technique and a single-ended read approach into a Schmitt-trigger (ST)-based SRAM cell. The WSNM of the proposed 11T CNTFET SRAM cell is increased by using single-ended writing scheme and feed-back cutting method in the cell. The single ended read approach of 11T CNTFET SRAM cell increases the RSNM as the storage nodes are not disturbed. The write power, hold power, read power, WSNM, HSNM, RSNM, write delay and read delay of this 11T CNTFET SRAM cell are 2.1538e-10 W, 1.7077e-09 W, 1.4524e-08 W, 423.61 mV, 402.20 mV, 425.56 mV, 1.2932e-10s and 5.5225e-12s, respectively. The parameters of the proposed cell are compared with 6T SRAM [M. Elangovan and K. Gunavathi, Stability analysis of 6T CNTFET SRAM cell for single and multiple CNTs, 2018 4th Int. Conf. Devices, Circuits Syst., Coimbatore, India, 16–17 March 2018, vol. 2, pp. 63–67], 8T SRAM [M. Elangovan, A novel Darlington based 8T CNTFET SRAM cell for low, J. Circuits Syst. Comput. 30 (2021) 2150213], 12T SRAM [S. Pal, S. Bose, W. H. Ki and A. Islam, Half-select-free low-power dynamic loop-cutting write assist SRAM cell for space applications, IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 67 (2020) 80–89, doi:10.1109/TED.2019.2952397], 12T SRAM [N. Yadav, A. P. Shah and S. K. Vishvakarma, Stable, reliable, and bit-interleaving 12T SRAM for space applications: A device circuit co-design, IEEE Trans. Semicond. Manuf. 30 (2017) 276–284, doi:10.1109/TSM.2017.2718029], 12T SRA-M [P. Sharma, S. Gupta, K. Gupta and N. Pandey, A low power subthreshold Schmitt Trigger-based 12T SRAM bit cell with process-variation-tolerant write-ability, Microelectron. J. 97 (2020) 104703, doi:10.1016/j.mejo.2020.104703] and 12T SRAM [P. Sharma, S. Gupta, K. Gupta and N. Pandey, A low power subthreshold Schmitt Trigger based 12T SRAM bit cell with process-variation-tolerant write-ability, Microelectron. J. 97 (2020) 104703, doi:10.1016/j.mejo.2020.104703] cells to understand the performance of the proposed SRAM cell. From the comparative study, it is observed that the proposed cell is more stable than the other cells considered for the comparison and consumes less power in all write, read and hold modes. Also, the read time of the introduced cell is much less than the others. This study also recorded the information on how the performance of an SRAM cell varies as the CNTFET parameters change. The simulation is done with the HSPICE simulation tool using the Stanford University 32[Formula: see text]nm CNTFET model.
Pradeesshma T, V.S.K. Venkatachalapathy, Raja P, R. Raju, and Victer Paul
IEEE
Network administration and operations have undergone a revolution thanks to Software-Defined Networking (SDN), which offers previously unheard-of levels of efficiency, scalability, and flexibility. SDN simplifies centralized network resource management by separating the control plane from the data plane, making the network more flexible and responsive to changing needs. But as was already indicated, there are particular difficulties in implementing SDN. Determining the ideal number of controllers for the control plane of an SDN architecture is one of the major challenges in SDN. Due to their inability to efficiently manage and coordinate resources throughout the network, controllers may see a decline in network performance as a result of this constraint. Although the implementation of numerous controllers can potentially alleviate some of these difficulties by augmenting network dependability and guaranteeing uninterrupted data plane operation in the event of controller malfunctions, this strategy also entails additional complications. Operational overhead and network complexity may rise as a result of managing and coordinating several controllers. In order to tackle these obstacles, present research efforts are focused on optimizing controller-to-controller communication and coordination mechanisms, increasing the scalability of SDN systems, and developing resilient scheduling and management strategies for massive networks. Since this is regarded as the first step in addressing the issues related to SDN, we offer a method in this research to optimize the number of controllers to be integrated into the control plane within the framework of SDN architecture. Most of the time, figuring out the ideal quantity of controllers will be the first step toward more advancement.
S. Sivasankari, P. Raja, and N. Saranya
IEEE
As ultrawideband (UWB) systems gain increasing popularity, diverse hybrid antenna design techniques are under development and proposed for UWB applications. This research introduces an enhanced Vivaldi antenna design tailored for the frequency range encompassing 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The suggested antenna integrates lozenge-shaped slots arranged in a specific pattern, resulting in a compact antenna with dimensions measuring $42.8 \\times 29.1 \\times 1.6{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{m}}^3$. The incorporation of these lozenge-shaped slots enhances the antenna's gain and directivity when compared to traditional designs. The proposed design's simulation results have been achieved using HFSS, and the antenna's high gain of 5.8 dB was achieved. Although these improved performance attributes are encouraging, the antenna's suitability for biomedical applications such as brain tumor detection.
P. Raja, T. Deepa, and V. Bharathi
Inderscience Publishers
P. Raja, , P. Naveen Chander, B. Mohamed Faisal, V. Prakash, , , and
Sumy State University
The proposed work focuses on the outcomes brought about by the inclusion of Charge Plasma (CP) concept in a cylindrical Nanowire Field Effect Transistor (NWFET) for sub 10 nm. The Gate is surrounded by an oxide layer, which is further surrounded by a channel layer. The concept of charge-plasma is introduced in the channel by surrounding an oxide layer around the channel, and a different work functions metal layer around the oxide. The performance of device parameters like the electric potential and transfer characteristics have been described. Analysis of Threshold Voltage, drain current and I ON / I OFF ratio have been carried for 35 nm and 10 nm channel length. Sentaurus Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) has been used to evaluate and analyze this device for sub 10 nm. To calculate tunneling and recombination, the TCAD simulates the Lombardi mobility model, Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH), Density Gradient model, and Auger recombination models. This device generates twice times more output current by using the CP-based NWFET as compared to the conventional NWFET. The parasitic leakage has been reduced and the I ON /I OFF ratio has been stabilized. Also, the scalability is enhanced, and the Schottky junction's high vertical field lowers the lateral coupling between the source and drain field lines. This can be used to implement in memory devices such as Inverter, 6T SRAM
P. Raja, A. Thivya, and C. Janani
IEEE
In Digital India ATM is used for financial transactions namely deposits, withdrawals, transfer funds and also it provides multiple facilities such as pay income tax, apply for personal loan, pay insurance premium at anytime without the help of bank authorities. People uses smartcard method for access control in ATM. But, it's difficult to check third person using some other's card, as well smartcard may be theft, missing or duplicated. The debit card issued through bank is activated by insertion of earphone jack into the ATM slot and exit the card to end the transaction. Since, it's not easy for them to put in a headphone into the jack by identifying the slot and to position the device. To defeat these complications, a device is provided with presenter direction to attain the ATM and with an earpiece arrangement for contact. At beginning stage of this device an user can access the door by handprint authentication. In the second stage of security requires the voice code recognition which verifies the user's voice password with already taped code. When it matches correctly, the user is termed as a legal person.
P. Raja and E. Karthikeyan
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
<p>In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), secret shared keys must be established with the neighboring nodes in order to achieve secure communication. The challenge issues for secured communication in WSN are the Key management. Location Dependent Key (LDK) management is a suitable scheme when compared to other location based key management schemes because of lesser memory space requirement and lesser number of keys to be stored on each sensor node. However, the LDK is affected by communication interference problem which is solved by the key is distributed based on trust model. The distributed key updates and revocation processes are effectively resist inside attackers. An energy-efficient Key Management with Trust Model (KM-TM) for WSNs is proposed to achieve the secured communication and the nodes are resisting from the attackers. The performances of proposed KM-TM for WSNs are evaluated in terms of trustworthiness of sensor nodes and security breaches more effectively. </p>
P. Raja and P. Dananjayan
Wireless sensor network WSN plays a major role in collecting information from different locations using battery powered sensor nodes in order to forward it to the sink node. The main limitation of the sensor nodes or motes is the limited energy resource. Hence, the efficient routing algorithm is one of the key challenges that need to be addressed for extending the lifetime of the network. In this paper, an efficient cluster-based routing protocol called efficient energy consumption protocol EECP is proposed which involves fixed clusters and randomised weighted algorithm for cluster head selection to reduce the energy consumption. Game theory is used to select healthier cluster-heads with sufficient residual energy. EECP uses the game theory concept during multi-hop transfer of data to sink node without any loss of data during the hopping process. The simulation results show that EECP with game performs better than energy aware routing protocol EARP and a novel clustering algorithm for energy efficiency ANCAEE on the basis of network lifetime.
P. Raja and P. Dananjayan
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Abstract
The lifetime of wireless sensor network (WSN) is reduced due to the impact caused by channel fading, interference and unbalanced energy consumption. The node’s energy is wasted due to uneven energy consumption for various processes. Communicating the data from source to sink node will consume more power compared to data sensing and processing etc. The channel fading is mitigated through spatial diversity techniques to reduce the energy required for data communication. Spatial diversity can be obtained by using multiple cooperative nodes both at the transmitter as well as the receiver. The cooperative multiple input multiple output (C-MIMO) technique is used to improve the communication performance of WSNs. An efficient cluster based routing protocol is called efficient energy consumption protocol (EECP) which involves fixed clusters and randomized weighted algorithm for cluster head selection to reduce the energy consumption efficiently. The energy consumption of the node is reduced in WSN by incorporating the CMIMO in EECP routing protocol using coalition game. In this paper the game theory based EECP routing protocol with MIMO technology is used to achieve higher energy savings. Simulation results of proposed game theory based CMIMO shows that great energy savings can be achieved and also prolong the lifetime of the network.
A Sree Ramya, Nirushini Periyasamy, A Vidhya, Sangeetha Sundrapandian, and P. Raja
IEEE
In this paper user-friendly Graphical User Interface in MATLAB has been developed to cater the need of residential customers who opt for installation of renewable energy sources for their electrical demand. The developed GUI will display the optimal number of wind generators and solar PV panels with their optimal cost of installation and the savings for a year based on the input from the customer. Also the customer can have an idea of daily energy production of the installed system for any day of the year through another GUI portal. A simple optimization algorithm has been developed and executed in MATLAB for finding the number of wind generators and solar PV panels required for installation in any system ensuring that the total cost of the system is minimized with the specified demand being met. A comprehensive data collection for wind speed, solar irradiation and temperature was done for all the districts of Tamil Nadu, India.
P. Raja and P. Dananjayan
IEEE
Wireless sensor networks are affected by unbalance energy consumption due to the networks characterized by many-to-one multihop traffic pattern. The sensor networks lifetime is reduced due to channel fading and interference in WSN, a lot of energy are wasted due to uneven energy dissipation of node for different process. An energy-aware routing protocol (EARP) suitable for WSNs to provide uniform energy consumption in various phases of route discovery and maintenance. The multiple input multiple outputs (MIMO) scheme is used due to providing high diversity gain and spatial multiplexing. In this paper the EARP with MIMO used to conserve more energy. Simulation results of proposed cooperative MIMO (C-MIMO) show that great energy savings can be achieved and also prolongs the network lifetime.
P. Raja and P. Dananjayan
IEEE
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of large number of sensor nodes which have adhoc topology. Sensor nodes are usually battery operated and their operational lifetime should be maximized for various applications, therefore energy consumption of the node is a critical issue. In this paper, a game theoretic energy efficient MAC protocol named as game based energy efficient TDMA (G-ETDMA) for intra-cluster WSN is proposed to reduce the energy consumption of the nodes. Performance of G-ETDMA is evaluated in terms of energy consumption and compared with conventional MAC schemes. Simulation results show that the G-ETDMA MAC protocol considerably reduces the energy consumption to maximize the lifetime of the sensor network.
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Publications
Raja. P, Deepa T, “Prediction based Spatial Correlation Clustering Algorithm for Efficient Data
Reduction in Wireless Sensor Network” , Special Issue on: Data Centre Networking and Cloud
Computing, International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms, (Scopus indexed)- Accepted for
publication
P. Raja, V.Sivasuriya, P. Bhuvaneswar, M. Jagadish, B. Manojprabakaran, “Automated Intravenous Drip
System for Smart Hospital”, Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control systems, vol. 12,
issue-06, pp 1907-1914, 2020
P. Raja, C. Janani, A. Thivya, “ Garbage Monitoring and Clearance using Robots”, Journal of Critical
Reviews, Vol 7, Issue 8, pp 1221-1225, 2020 (Scopus indexed)
P.Raja, R. Dinesh Kumar, G. Mithesh, S.Abhilash,S.Arunasalam, “Universal Access of Electronic Health
Record Management System”, International Journal of Future Generation Communication and
Networking, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 1403–1414, 2020 (Web of Science)
V. Bharathi, P.Raja, J. Akshaya, S. Kaviarasi, M, Mohana, SabnamDalai, “Sybil Attack Detection and
Shielding In Manet Using Received Signal Strength Indicator”, International Journal of Grid and
Distributed Computing, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 1679–1687, 2020 (Web of Science)
R.Kurinjimalar, R.Arthy, P.Raja, “Smart Automatic Ration Card using Webpage”, International Journal
of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) Vol-9 Issue-1, pp 1784-1787, May 2020 (Scopus indexed)
R. Jegadeeswari1, Ramya Jothikumar, M. Mukila, P Raja, “Low-Power and Leakage Reduction in 10T
SRAM using Tanner EDA”, Journal of Critical Reviews, Vol 7, Issue 8, pp 1471-1480, 2020(Scopus indexed)
V. Bharathi, P. Raja , S. Meenabavyakarthika, V. Logisvary, “Itinerary Aware Data Delivery Technique for
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced
Technology (IJEAT), Volume-9 Issue-2, pp 593-597, 2019 (Scopus indexed)
V.Bharathi, P.Raja and M.Harikrishnan, ”Smart Multi Utility Spice Pulverizer Machine”, International
Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Vol 7, Issue 11, pp 40 -47,
Nov 2018
P.Raja and E. Karthikeyan, “An Energy-Efficient Key Management Scheme using Trust Model for
Wireless Sensor Network”, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), Vol. 4
No. 1, pp 701-708, October 2016 (Scopus indexed)
S.Sujatha, P. Raja and P. Dananjayan”Modified SLM Combined with Interleaving and Pulse Shaping
Method for PAPR Reduction using DCT and IDCT in MIMO-OFDM System” International Journal of Soft
Computing and Engineering, vol-5 Issue-6, pp 48-55 January 2016 (Scopus indexed)
S.Divya and P.Raja, ”Clock Antifuse based Sensor for Effective Recognition of Recycled ICs” International
Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp 2304-2307, 2015. (Scopus indexed)
S.Sedhumadhavan and P. Raja, “Logic Gates using Gate Diffusion Input Technique for Low Power VLSI
Design”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 50-54,
2015 (Scopus indexed)
P. Raja and P.Dananjayan, ”Efficient Energy Consumption Protocol based MIMO Routing Scheme for
Lifetime Enhancement of WSN”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol 10, No. 63,
pp 130-135, 2015 (Scopus indexed)
P. Raja and P. Dananjayan “Game Theory based Cooperative MIMO Routing Scheme for Lifetime
Enhancement of WSN”, International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp 116-
125, June 2015 (Springer)
P. Raja and P. Dananjayan “Game Theory based Energy Efficient Hybrid MAC Protocol for Lifetime
Enhancement of Wireless Sensor Network”, Iranian Journal of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, vol.
10, no. 1, pp 10-17, March 2014 (Scopus indexed)
P. Raja and P. Dananjayan “Game Theory based Efficient Energy Consumption Routing Protocol to
Enhance the Lifetime of WSN, International Journal of Information and Communication Technology
(Inderscience), vol. 6, no. 2, 2014 (Scopus indexed)
P. Raja and P. Dananjayan “Game Theory based NanoMAC Protocol Inter Cluster Wireless Sensor
Network” International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering (IJCEE), vol.5, no.6, pp 606-610,
2013