Visual Explanations of Deep Learning Architectures in Predicting Cyclic Alternating Patterns Using Wavelet Transforms Ankit Gupta, Fábio Mendonça, Sheikh Shanawaz Mostafa, Antonio G. Ravelo-García, Fernando Morgado-Dias Electronics Switzerland, 2023 Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) is a sleep instability marker defined based on the amplitude and frequency of the electroencephalogram signal. Because of the time and intensive process of labeling the data, different machine learning and automatic approaches are proposed. However, due to the low accuracy of the traditional approach and the black box approach of the machine learning approach, the proposed systems remain untrusted by the physician. This study contributes to accurately estimating CAP in a Frequency-Time domain by A-phase and its subtypes prediction by transforming the monopolar deviated electroencephalogram signals into corresponding scalograms. Subsequently, various computer vision classifiers were tested for the A-phase using scalogram images. It was found that MobileNetV2 outperformed all other tested classifiers by achieving the average accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity values of 0.80, 0.75, and 0.81, respectively. The MobileNetV2 trained model was further fine-tuned for A-phase subtypes prediction. To further verify the visual ability of the trained models, Gradcam++ was employed to identify the targeted regions by the trained network. It was verified that the areas identified by the model match the regions focused on by the sleep experts for A-phase predictions, thereby proving its clinical viability and robustness. This motivates the development of novel deep learning based methods for CAP patterns predictions.
Non-Destructive Banana Ripeness Detection Using Shallow and Deep Learning: A Systematic Review Preety Baglat, Ahatsham Hayat, Fábio Mendonça, Ankit Gupta, Sheikh Shanawaz Mostafa, et al. Sensors, 2023 The ripeness of bananas is the most significant factor affecting nutrient composition and demand. Conventionally, cutting and ripeness analysis requires expert knowledge and substantial human intervention, and different studies have been conducted to automate and substantially reduce human effort. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for the Systematic Reviews approach, 1548 studies were extracted from journals and conferences, using different research databases, and 35 were included in the final review for key parameters. These studies suggest the dominance of banana fingers as input data, a sensor camera as the preferred capturing device, and appropriate features, such as color, that can provide better detection. Among six stages of ripeness, the studies employing the four mentioned stages performed better in terms of accuracy and coefficient of determination value. Among all the works for detecting ripeness stages prediction, convolutional neural networks were found to perform sufficiently well with large datasets, whereas conventional artificial neural networks and support vector machines attained better performance for sensor-related data. However, insufficient information on the dataset and capturing device, limited data availability, and exploitation of data augmentation techniques are limitations in existing studies. Thus, effectively addressing these shortcomings and close collaboration with experts to predict the ripeness stages should be pursued.
A-phase index: an alternative view for sleep stability analysis based on automatic detection of the A-phases from the cyclic alternating pattern Fábio Mendonça, Sheikh Shanawaz Mostafa, Ankit Gupta, Erna Sif Arnardottir, Timo Leppänen, et al. Sleep, 2023 Study Objectives Sleep stability can be studied by evaluating the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The present study presents a novel approach for assessing sleep stability, developing an index based on the CAP A-phase characteristics to display a sleep stability profile for a whole night’s sleep. Methods Two ensemble classifiers were developed to automatically score the signals, one for “A-phase” and the other for “non-rapid eye movement” estimation. Both were based on three one-dimension convolutional neural networks. Six different inputs were produced from the EEG signal to feed the ensembles’ classifiers. A proposed heuristic-oriented search algorithm individually tuned the classifiers’ structures. The outputs of the two ensembles were combined to estimate the A-phase index (API). The models can also assess the A-phase subtypes, their API, and the CAP cycles and rate. Results Four dataset variations were considered, examining healthy and sleep-disordered subjects. The A-phase average estimation’s accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity range was 82%–87%, 72%–80%, and 82%–88%, respectively. A similar performance was attained for the A-phase subtype’s assessments, with an accuracy range of 82%–88%. Furthermore, in the examined dataset’s variations, the API metric’s average error varied from 0.15 to 0.25 (with a median range of 0.11–0.24). These results were attained without manually removing wake or rapid eye movement periods, leading to a methodology suitable to produce a fully automatic CAP scoring algorithm. Conclusions Metrics based on API can be understood as a new view for CAP analysis, where the goal is to produce and examine a sleep stability profile.
Application and Analysis of Hyperspectal Imaging Ajay Sharma, Deep Kaur, Ankit Gupta, Varun Jaiswal Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing Computing and Control, 2019
MARS Lander: Georeferencing Landing and Pop Points of Untethered Ocean Monitoring Systems using Fundamental Physics M Radeta, Z Behboodi, V Zekovic, D Alves, D Pestana, D Nunes, ... Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 104650 , 2026 2026
RGB, a Surrogate of Infrared Facial Videos for Physiological Signs Estimations in Dark A Gupta, AG Ravelo-García, FM Dias IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology , 2026 2026
SiViS: Simulated multi-patient physiological clinical states for advanced vital sign radar monitoring research KM Reyes, A Gupta, A Grosmaire, S Procházková, P Matouch, I Závacká, ... Scientific Data , 2026 2026
Radar Placement Effects on Multi-patient Heart and Respiration Monitoring, SiViS Dataset Validation KM Reyes Leiva, A Gupta, M Cerny International Workshop on Sensor-Based Activity Recognition and Artificial … , 2025 2025
Multi-Objective Undercomplete Independent Component Analysis for Radar Signals based Heart Rate and Interbeat Interval Estimations A Gupta, K Reyes, M Cerny 2025 47th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in … , 2025 2025
Facial video based physiological variables estimation in dark environments A Gupta 2024
System and Method for Estimating at least One Physiological Sign of a Subject in Dark Environments A Gupta, AG Ravelo-García, F Morgado-Dias WO Patent WO/2024/246,626 , 2024 2024
Recent advancements in deep learning-based remote photoplethysmography methods A Gupta, AG Ravelo-García, F Morgado-Dias Data Fusion Techniques and Applications for Smart Healthcare, 127-155 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
Review of deep learning techniques for power generation prediction of industrial solar photovoltaic plants SS Chandel, A Gupta, R Chandel, S Tajjour Solar Compass 8, 100061 , 2023 2023 Citations: 77
Visual explanations of deep learning architectures in predicting cyclic alternating patterns using wavelet transforms A Gupta, F Mendonça, SS Mostafa, AG Ravelo-García, F Morgado-Dias Electronics 12 (13), 2954 , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
Non-destructive banana ripeness detection using shallow and deep learning: A systematic review P Baglat, A Hayat, F Mendonca, A Gupta, SS Mostafa, F Morgado-Dias Sensors 23 (2), 738 , 2023 2023 Citations: 46
A-phase index: an alternative view for sleep stability analysis based on automatic detection of the A-phases from the cyclic alternating pattern F Mendonça, SS Mostafa, A Gupta, ES Arnardottir, T Leppänen, ... Sleep 46 (1), zsac217 , 2023 2023 Citations: 12
An empirical investigation of market risk, dependence structure, and portfolio management between green bonds and international financial markets R Ejaz, S Ashraf, A Hassan, A Gupta Journal of Cleaner Production 365, 132666 , 2022 2022 Citations: 55
Availability and performance of face based non-contact methods for heart rate and oxygen saturation estimations: A systematic review A Gupta, AG Ravelo-Garcia, FM Dias Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 219, 106771 , 2022 2022 Citations: 40
A motion and illumination resistant non-contact method using undercomplete independent component analysis and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm A Gupta, AG Ravelo-García, FM Dias IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 26 (10), 4837-4848 , 2022 2022 Citations: 18
Solving image processing critical problems using machine learning A Sharma, A Gupta, V Jaiswal Machine Learning for Intelligent Multimedia Analytics: Techniques and … , 2021 2021 Citations: 19
Prediction of Alzheimer associated proteins (PAAP): A perspective to understand Alzheimer disease for therapeutic design G Gupta, N Gupta, A Gupta, P Vaidya, GK Singh, V Jaiswal International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications 17 (4 … , 2021 2021 Citations: 5
Multiple machine learning models for detection of Alzheimer’s disease using OASIS dataset P Baglat, AW Salehi, A Gupta, G Gupta International Working Conference on Transfer and Diffusion of IT, 614-622 , 2020 2020 Citations: 66
Application and analysis of hyperspectal imaging A Sharma, D Kaur, A Gupta, V Jaiswal 2019 5th International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and … , 2019 2019 Citations: 19
Comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms on different datasets K Sethi, A Gupta, G Gupta, V Jaiswal Circulation in computer science international conference on innovations in … , 2019 2019 Citations: 32
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Jenner-predict server: prediction of protein vaccine candidates (PVCs) in bacteria based on host-pathogen interactions V Jaiswal, SK Chanumolu, A Gupta, RS Chauhan, C Rout BMC bioinformatics 14 (1), 211 , 2013 2013 Citations: 97
Review of deep learning techniques for power generation prediction of industrial solar photovoltaic plants SS Chandel, A Gupta, R Chandel, S Tajjour Solar Compass 8, 100061 , 2023 2023 Citations: 77
Multiple machine learning models for detection of Alzheimer’s disease using OASIS dataset P Baglat, AW Salehi, A Gupta, G Gupta International Working Conference on Transfer and Diffusion of IT, 614-622 , 2020 2020 Citations: 66
An empirical investigation of market risk, dependence structure, and portfolio management between green bonds and international financial markets R Ejaz, S Ashraf, A Hassan, A Gupta Journal of Cleaner Production 365, 132666 , 2022 2022 Citations: 55
Non-destructive banana ripeness detection using shallow and deep learning: A systematic review P Baglat, A Hayat, F Mendonca, A Gupta, SS Mostafa, F Morgado-Dias Sensors 23 (2), 738 , 2023 2023 Citations: 46
Availability and performance of face based non-contact methods for heart rate and oxygen saturation estimations: A systematic review A Gupta, AG Ravelo-Garcia, FM Dias Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 219, 106771 , 2022 2022 Citations: 40
A review and analysis of mobile health applications for Alzheimer patients and caregivers G Gupta, A Gupta, V Jaiswal, MD Ansari 2018 Fifth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid … , 2018 2018 Citations: 39
Comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms on different datasets K Sethi, A Gupta, G Gupta, V Jaiswal Circulation in computer science international conference on innovations in … , 2019 2019 Citations: 32
Machine learning based performance evaluation system based on multi-categorial factors K Sethi, A Gupta, V Jaiswal 2018 Fifth international conference on parallel, distributed and grid … , 2018 2018 Citations: 25
Solving image processing critical problems using machine learning A Sharma, A Gupta, V Jaiswal Machine Learning for Intelligent Multimedia Analytics: Techniques and … , 2021 2021 Citations: 19
Application and analysis of hyperspectal imaging A Sharma, D Kaur, A Gupta, V Jaiswal 2019 5th International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and … , 2019 2019 Citations: 19
Mobile health applications and android toolkit for alzheimer patients, caregivers and doctors G Gupta, A Gupta, P Barura, V Jaiswal Biological Forum–An International Journal 11 (1), 199-205 , 2019 2019 Citations: 19
A motion and illumination resistant non-contact method using undercomplete independent component analysis and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm A Gupta, AG Ravelo-García, FM Dias IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 26 (10), 4837-4848 , 2022 2022 Citations: 18
A-phase index: an alternative view for sleep stability analysis based on automatic detection of the A-phases from the cyclic alternating pattern F Mendonça, SS Mostafa, A Gupta, ES Arnardottir, T Leppänen, ... Sleep 46 (1), zsac217 , 2023 2023 Citations: 12
Machine learning based prediction of anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) class of drug like molecule P Vaidya, A Gupta, V Jaiswal 2018 International Conference on Recent Innovations in Electrical … , 2018 2018 Citations: 10
Conserved HIV wide spectrum antipeptides-a hope for HIV treatment BS Rao, KK Gupta, S Kumari, A Gupta, K Pujitha Adv Tech Biol Med 1 (102), 2379-1764.1000102 , 2013 2013 Citations: 8
Prediction of Alzheimer associated proteins (PAAP): A perspective to understand Alzheimer disease for therapeutic design G Gupta, N Gupta, A Gupta, P Vaidya, GK Singh, V Jaiswal International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications 17 (4 … , 2021 2021 Citations: 5
Recent advancements in deep learning-based remote photoplethysmography methods A Gupta, AG Ravelo-García, F Morgado-Dias Data Fusion Techniques and Applications for Smart Healthcare, 127-155 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
A comparative analysis of tensor decomposition models using hyper spectral image A Gupta, A Oberoi arXiv preprint arXiv:1503.06561 , 2015 2015 Citations: 4
Visual explanations of deep learning architectures in predicting cyclic alternating patterns using wavelet transforms A Gupta, F Mendonça, SS Mostafa, AG Ravelo-García, F Morgado-Dias Electronics 12 (13), 2954 , 2023 2023 Citations: 2