Association of Polymorphism with Periodontitis and Salivary Levels of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Wael Abdulazeez Kzar, Raghad Fadhil Abbas European Journal of Dentistry, 2025 Objective This investigation aims to investigate the association between HIF-1α genetic polymorphism and periodontitis and examine and contrast the levels of HIF-1α present in the saliva of subjects afflicted with periodontitis and in the control group. Additionally, this study aims to establish diagnostic proficiency of this biomarker in distinguishing between periodontal health and disease. Materials and Methods This study entailed the collection of venous blood samples and unstimulated saliva samples from a total of 160 participants, encompassing 80 individuals diagnosed with periodontitis and 80 periodontitis-free individuals. The periodontal parameters were evaluated, involving the measurement of clinical attachment loss, the probing pocket depth, and the bleeding on probing percentage. Subsequently, genetic analysis of HIF-1α using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, DNA sequencing, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays was conducted. Results The genetic analysis of 352 bp of the HIF-1α gene revealed the presence of 66 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in control samples, whereas 78 SNPs were found in periodontitis sample. The nucleotide A was replaced with a C nucleotide at position 207 of the amplified PCR fragments. The homozygous AA pattern was predominant in the control group, with significant differences between the two groups. In contrast, the homozygous CC pattern was more dominant in the periodontitis group, with significant differences between the two groups. The analysis of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for the comparison between the observed and the expected genotypes showed significant differences between the observed and the expected values in the control and periodontitis groups, as well as the total sample. The highest mean values of the measured periodontal parameters were found in the periodontitis group (clinical attachment loss = 4.759, probing pocket depth = 4.050, and bleeding on probing = 30.950) with statistically significant differences between the groups. The periodontitis group showed significantly higher salivary HIF-1α levels compared to control group (p < 0.001). Besides, HIF-1α is a good biomarker in distinguishing between periodontal health and periodontitis. Conclusion rs1951795 SNP of HIF-1α has no significant impact on the progression of periodontitis and the salivary level HIF-1α. Periodontitis results in a notable elevation in HIF-1α salivary levels, with an outstanding diagnostic ability to distinguish between periodontitis and periodontal health.
Diagnostic ability of salivary IL-6 and MMP-9 biomarkers in different stages of periodontitis (case-control study) Omer Mohammed Harbood, Raghad Fadhil Abbas, Hashim Mueen Hussein, Nuha Agab Hamed, Athraa Ali Mahmood, et al. Journal of Emergency Medicine Trauma and Acute Care, 2024 Background: Recently, the importance of salivary proteins as periodontal disease biomarkers creates “high-impact diagnostics” that significantly influence clinical judgment, patient outcomes, and healthcare costs. The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of salivary biomarkers Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) in distinguishing between various stages of periodontitis and healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: A case-control study of 120 volunteers was classified into four groups based on periodontal health: healthy controls, stage I, II, and III periodontitis. Salivary samples were collected, and an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay was employed to measure IL-6 and MMP-9 levels. The diagnostic precision of both biomarkers was evaluated using the area under curve (AUC) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Results: IL-6 demonstrated strong diagnostic ability; its AUC values ranged from 0.888 to 1 across comparisons. Precisely, in differentiating control from stage III periodontitis, IL-6 showed a perfect diagnostic efficacy at a cut-off of 5.75. Conversely, MMP-9 exhibited diverse AUC values according to the stage of disease with a cut-off of 1.715, when comparing the control to stage III. Conclusion: Salivary IL-6 consistently demonstrates robust diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing periodontitis stages, suggesting its potential as a valuable tool for non-invasive periodontal assessments. MMP-9 also presents diagnostic promise, and its application is more stage-specific.
Diagnostic ability of salivary TNF-a and RANKL to differentiate periodontitis from periodontal health (case-control study) Hadeel Mazin Akram, Suzan Ali Salman, Ayser Najah, Saif S. Saliem, Raghad Fadhil, et al. Journal of Emergency Medicine Trauma and Acute Care, 2024 Background Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation affecting the tooth-supporting periodontal tissues. It is diagnosed by measuring periodontal parameters. However, documenting this data takes effort and may not discover early periodontitis. Biomarkers may help diagnose and assess periodontitis. This study aimed to evaluate the potential diagnostic of the salivary tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and receptor-activator of nuclear factor ĸ-B-ligand (RANKL) in distinguishing between periodontitis and healthy periodontium. Methods The selected sample size consisted of 88 subjects; it was divided into two groups: 44 subjects in the periodontitis group and 44 subjects in the healthy group. Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from participants. Demographic data and clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. ELISA was used for the quantification of levels of TNF-α and RANKL. Results Both TNF-α and RANKL concentrations showed statistically significant differences when comparing healthy to periodontitis (p < 0.01). The sensitivity of RANKL was found to be perfect (1.00), while its specificity was high (0.92) and the area under curve (AUC) was 0.985. On the other hand, TNF-α displayed high sensitivity (0.976) and good specificity (0.893), with an AUC of 0.973. Conclusion Salivary RANKL and TNF-α showed high diagnostic precision and hold potential as helpful instruments for the timely identification and distinction of periodontal diseases (PDs), presenting opportunities for enhanced management of PD and patient welfare.
Diagnostic biomarkers for periodontitis (observ-ational case-control study) Ayat Mohammed, Raghad Fadhil, Maha Sh Mahmood, Haider A Al-Waeli Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, 2024 Background: Early detection of periodontal tissue loss prevents further development and halts additional damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic ability of salivary Pyridinoline cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) in differentiating periodontitis from periodontal health. Material and method: A case-control included 80 participants who were divided into two groups: 40 periodontitis patients and 40 subjects with a healthy periodontium. Salivary samples were collected from each patient, followed by a clinical examination. The collected saliva samples were centrifuged and frozen at -80⁰C until analysis using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results: the results indicated that both biomarkers were effective in diagnosis periodontitis. The area under the curve (AUC) for ICTP was 0.99 and the proposed cut-off point was 6.6 ng/ml, while for DPD the AUC was 0.95 and the proposed cut-off point was 211.5 nmol/L. Conclusion: Salivary ICTP and DPD demonstrated diagnostic ability in distinguishing periodontitis from a healthy periodontium, making them valuable tools in early detection and management of periodontal diseases.
Salivary IL-17 and IL-10 as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers of Different Stages of Periodontitis in Smoker and Nonsmoker Patients Maha Abdulsalam Mohammed, Raghad Fadhil Abbas, Hadeel Mazin Akram European Journal of Dentistry, 2024 Objectives The gold standard in the field of periodontal research currently is to find a valid biomarker that can reliably be used for diagnosing periodontal diseases. Given the limitations of the current diagnostic tools that stall to predict susceptible individuals and determine whether active tissue destruction is occurring, there is an increased urge to develop alternative diagnostic techniques that would compensate for the problems inherited in these available methods, such as measuring levels of biomarkers present in oral fluids such as saliva; so the aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic potential of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-10 to differentiate periodontal health from smoker and nonsmoker periodontitis, and to differentiate among different stages (severities) of periodontitis. Materials and Methods An observational case–control study was performed on 175 systemically healthy participants grouped into healthy as controls and periodontitis as cases. Periodontitis cases were divided according to the severity into stages I, II, and III, and each of the stages was further subdivided into smokers and nonsmokers patients. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected, clinical parameters were recorded, and salivary levels were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Elevated levels of IL-17 and IL-10 were associated with stage I and II compared with the healthy controls. However, a significant decrease in stage III was observed compared with the control group for both biomarkers. Conclusion Salivary IL-17 and IL-10 might be useful for distinguishing periodontal health from periodontitis; however, further research is needed to substantiate their use as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of periodontitis
Salivary Fractalkine Differentiating Periodontitis from Periodontally Healthy Subjects Omer Mohammed Harbood, Raghad Fadhil Abbas International Journal of Dentistry, 2024 Objective. The chemokine “Fractalkine” (CX3CL1) and its corresponding receptor (CX3CR1), chemokine belonging to the CX3C family, have an essential role in developing several systemic inflammatory disorders. Accordingly, the proliferation, adhesion, and migration of inflammatory cells are all affected by it. In light of this, the present study attempts to address the following questions: (1) Is the salivary level of fractalkine and its receptor associated with periodontitis patients with different severities? (2) Is it possible to distinguish periodontitis from periodontally healthy subjects? Methods. This study included 30 individuals who had been considered controls, having healthy periodontium, and 90 patients with varying stages of periodontitis. The patients were equally divided into three groups: those with Stage I, Stage II, and Stage III. After each subject’s saliva was collected, periodontal markers including bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to detect the protein levels of salivary CX3CL1 and CX3CR1. Results. In comparison to the control group, patients with periodontitis had statistically increased salivary concentrations of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 (P <0.001). Additionally, all clinical periodontal indicators (BOP, PPD, and CAL) had a strong association with salivary CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 levels. Furthermore, by using the ROC (receiver operating characteristic), both biomarkers showed a good ability to differentiate periodontitis from periodontally healthy subjects, and an excellent ability to distinguish Stage I and Stage III periodontitis from periodontally healthy subjects. The AUC for salivary CX3L1 and its receptors, CX3R, was 0.93 and 0.8, respectively, to distinguish Stage I from patients with good periodontal health. In contrast, the biomarkers’ AUC for separating individuals with Stage III periodontitis from those in healthy periodontal conditions was 1. Conclusion. Fractalkine and its receptor are linked to periodontitis and may distinguish between periodontitis and healthy periodontal tissues, suggesting its role as a possible part of periodontal disease pathogenesis.
Association of IL-4 Polymorphism with Severe Periodontitis in a Sample of Iraqi Population Ayser Najah, Raghad Fadhil, Hadeel Mazin Akram, Rasha Salah Folia Medica, 2024 Introduction: Specific bacterial plaque and environmental factors cannot be considered the only cause of periodontitis. Still, several genetic factors affect the host response to the bacteria, like gene polymorphisms in anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several studies have reported that clones of T-helper 2 lymphocytes (TH2) are generated in response to dental plaque in periodontitis patients, while in healthy individuals, they are regulated by T-helper 1 (TH1) lymphocytes. Accordingly, such patients consistently produce more IL-4 (TH2) in response to bacterial stimulation, whereas healthy controls with intact periodontal tissues produce a significantly higher level of TH1. Aim: The current work aimed to investigate the association between variations in IL-4 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to periodontitis. Materials and methods: The current study employed a case-control observational methodology involving 120 Iraqi participants. These participants were divided into two groups: the periodontitis group, consisting of 63 subjects, and the control group, consisting of 57 subjects. Clinical periodontal parameters were assessed for all participants, and subsequent genetic analysis of IL-4 was conducted using DNA sequencing. Venous blood samples were collected from each participant enrolled in the study. SPSS was used to conduct descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including odds ratio, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and Pearson correlation. Results: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for study groups regarding the rs1801275 and rs1805016 polymorphisms of IL-4 showed a non-significant difference between the observed and expected genotypes in both groups involved in the study and the overall sample. Moreover, there was no significant association between the IL-4 gene polymorphism and the clinical periodontal parameters. Conclusion: The research conducted revealed a lack of correlation between IL-4 gene polymorphism and the susceptibility to periodontitis in individuals from Iraq. More research with a bigger sample size is required to validate these findings.
EFFECT OF SILICON DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES IN DETECTION OF SERUM PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN SEVERE PERIODONTITIS PATIENTS (IN VITRO STUDY) Biochemical and Cellular Archives, 2020
Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on AST activity in Gingival Cervicular Fluid of smokers and Nonsmokers Chronic periodontitis patients: In vitro study Journal of Global Pharma Technology, 2018
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Novel association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of IKKβ at rs17875746 and rs12676482 and periodontitis AA Mahmood, RF Abbas, HM Hussein Dent Med Probl 60 (4), 627-634 , 2023 2023 Citations: 7
IL-17 and IL-10 as potential biomarkers for diagnosing periodontitis patients: A Review MA Mohammed, RF Abbas Diyala Journal of Medicine 25 (1), 108-120 , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Predictor Biomarker for Periodontitis with the Presence and Absence of Smoking: A Case-Control Study WA Kzar, RF Abbas, HM Hussein BioMed Research International 2023 , 2023 2023 Citations: 14
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evaluating osteocalcin and osteonectin in serum male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis RF zainab A. Salman, Kadhim K Ghudhaib Eurasian chemical communications 4, 295-302 , 2022 2022 Citations: 7
Clinical Evaluation of Keratinized Tissue Thickness around Dental Implants with L-PRF: A Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial HF Fakhraldeen, R Fadhil Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 25 (6), 8601-8614 , 2021 2021
Evaluation of Keratinized Tissue Width and Mucosal Thickness around Dental Implants Using Leukocyte-Platelet-Rich Fibrin (A Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial) HF Mohsin University of Baghdad , 2021 2021
Analysis of Toll-Like Receptor-4 Genes Polymorphism and Il-18 in Severe Chronic Periodontitis. R Fadhil, NMH AL-Ghaban, BH Al Ghurabi Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 10 (4) , 2019 2019 Citations: 1
Nuclear Factor-kappa B Gene Polymorphism and Interleukin-8 in Iraqi Population with Severe Chronic Periodontitis R Fadhil, BH Al Ghurabi, NMH AL-Ghaban 2019 Citations: 3
Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles on AST Activity in Gingival Cervicular Fluid of smokers and Nonsmokers Chronic Periodontitis Patients: in Vitro Study ZA Salman, R Fadhil, NM Kadim, EA Al-Rubaee 2018 Citations: 5
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Correlation between Caries Related Microorganisms in the Dental Plaque and Saliva with Dental Caries Level in the Upper and Lower Jaws in 5-9 Years Old Children in Baghdad City J Zainab, F Raghad, A Yasameen J Bagh Coll Dentistry 28 (3), 132-136 , 2016 2016 Citations: 18
Cone-beam computed tomography as an aid in early diagnosis of furcation involvement of young age smoker and non smoker subjects (comparative study) DZHMSDRMS Dr. Basima Gh.Ali(MSc1 ) IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) 13 (5 ver), 17-20 , 2014 2014
The association of crevicular albumin level with the severity of periodontal destruction in chronic periodontitis patients after initial periodontal treatment R Fadhil Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 26 (1), 134-137 , 2014 2014 Citations: 8
azithromycin as an adjunctive to non-surgical treatment in comparison with doxycycline in chronic periodontitis patients: 2 months randomized clinical trial SA Saif S Salim, Raghad F. Abbas journal of Baghdad college of dentistry 24 (1), 72-75 , 2012 2012
Serum Levels of Interlukine-1Beta and Interlukine-2 in Chronic Periodontitis LKM Batool H. Al-Ghurabei, Zahraa F. Shaker , Raghed Fadhel, Nahla G Al-Khayli Al- Mustansiriya J. Sci 23 (3), 55 , 2012 2012 Citations: 17
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Association between Caspase-1, TNF-α Salivary Level and Their Diagnostic Potential to Discriminate Periodontitis from Healthy Control. AA Mahmood, RF Abbas Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry 21 (1), 61-68 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 28
Correlation between Caries Related Microorganisms in the Dental Plaque and Saliva with Dental Caries Level in the Upper and Lower Jaws in 5-9 Years Old Children in Baghdad City J Zainab, F Raghad, A Yasameen J Bagh Coll Dentistry 28 (3), 132-136 , 2016 2016.0 Citations: 18
Salivary IL-17 and IL-10 as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers of Different Stages of Periodontitis in Smoker and Nonsmoker Patients MA Mohammed, RF Abbas, HM Akram European Journal of Dentistry , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 17
Serum Levels of Interlukine-1Beta and Interlukine-2 in Chronic Periodontitis LKM Batool H. Al-Ghurabei, Zahraa F. Shaker , Raghed Fadhel, Nahla G Al-Khayli Al- Mustansiriya J. Sci 23 (3), 55 , 2012 2012.0 Citations: 17
Assessment of NLRP3 Gene Polymorphisms with Periodontitis as Compared with Healthy Periodontium in Iraqi Arabs Patients AA Mahmood, RF Abbas European Journal of Dentistry , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 16
The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Predictor Biomarker for Periodontitis with the Presence and Absence of Smoking: A Case-Control Study WA Kzar, RF Abbas, HM Hussein BioMed Research International 2023 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 14
Association of matrix metalloproteinase-1-1607 1G/2G single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes with periodontitis in Iraqi population R Fadhil, HM Akram, A Najah, SS Gul Brazilian Dental Science 25 (3) , 2022 2022.0 Citations: 10
The association of crevicular albumin level with the severity of periodontal destruction in chronic periodontitis patients after initial periodontal treatment R Fadhil Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 26 (1), 134-137 , 2014 2014.0 Citations: 8
Novel association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of IKKβ at rs17875746 and rs12676482 and periodontitis AA Mahmood, RF Abbas, HM Hussein Dent Med Probl 60 (4), 627-634 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 7
evaluating osteocalcin and osteonectin in serum male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis RF zainab A. Salman, Kadhim K Ghudhaib Eurasian chemical communications 4, 295-302 , 2022 2022.0 Citations: 7
The usefulness of Ramfjord teeth to represent the full-mouth pocket depth in epidemiological study AN Najah, SS Seham, RF Fadhil Mustansiria Dental Journal 7 (2), 272-275 , 2010 2010.0 Citations: 7
Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles on AST Activity in Gingival Cervicular Fluid of smokers and Nonsmokers Chronic Periodontitis Patients: in Vitro Study ZA Salman, R Fadhil, NM Kadim, EA Al-Rubaee 2018.0 Citations: 5
Nuclear Factor-kappa B Gene Polymorphism and Interleukin-8 in Iraqi Population with Severe Chronic Periodontitis R Fadhil, BH Al Ghurabi, NMH AL-Ghaban 2019.0 Citations: 3
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IL-17 and IL-10 as potential biomarkers for diagnosing periodontitis patients: A Review MA Mohammed, RF Abbas Diyala Journal of Medicine 25 (1), 108-120 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 1
ESTIMATION OF SERUM LEVELS OF INFLAMMATORY VASODILATOR PEPTIDES IN PATIENTS WITH PERIODONTITIS IN ASSOCIATION WITH CHRONIC MIGRAINE DISEASE: OBSERVATIONAL CASE CONTROL STUDY. ZS Abed, RF Abbas Biochemical & Cellular Archives 22 (1) , 2022 2022.0 Citations: 1
Analysis of Toll-Like Receptor-4 Genes Polymorphism and Il-18 in Severe Chronic Periodontitis. R Fadhil, NMH AL-Ghaban, BH Al Ghurabi Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 10 (4) , 2019 2019.0 Citations: 1
Clinical Evaluation of Keratinized Tissue Thickness around Dental Implants with L-PRF: A Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial HF Fakhraldeen, R Fadhil Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 25 (6), 8601-8614 , 2021 2021.0
Evaluation of Keratinized Tissue Width and Mucosal Thickness around Dental Implants Using Leukocyte-Platelet-Rich Fibrin (A Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial) HF Mohsin University of Baghdad , 2021 2021.0
EFFECT OF ZnO NANOPARTICLES ON AST ACTIVITY IN GINGIVAL CERVICULAR FLUID OF CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS PATIENTS: IN VITRO STUDY NQR Raghad Fadhil , 2Zainab A. Salman, 3Ruqayah Ali Salman , 2Eaman A. Al-Rubaee international journal of science and nature 8, 505-510 , 2017 2017.0
