Zoran Injac

@apeiron-uni.eu

Faculty for Traffic and Transportation Engineering
Pan-European University APEIRON

Zoran Injac


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https://researchid.co/zoraninjac

RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS

Engineering
5

Scopus Publications

89

Scholar Citations

5

Scholar h-index

2

Scholar i10-index

Scopus Publications

  • AI-Enabled Strategic Transformation and Sustainable Outcomes in Serbian SMEs
    Aleksandar M. Damnjanović, Milan Rašković, Svetozar D. Janković, Boris Jevtić, Volodymyr N. Skoropad, et al.
    Sustainability Switzerland, 2025
    Serbian SMEs face mounting pressure to stay competitive, agile, and aligned with sustainability goals amid rapid digital change. This mixed-method study—12 qualitative case studies and a survey of 200 firms—examines how AI adoption supports flexible and adaptive strategic transformation. We examine how organizational context and AI readiness translate into the strategic application of AI and, in turn, sustainable development and strategic performance outcomes among Serbian SMEs. Through the AI-Driven Strategic Transformation Framework (AISTF-SME), three adoption types were identified —Traditionalists, Experimenters, and Strategic Adopters—distinguished by digital maturity, strategic integration, and sustainability orientation. While AI is primarily deployed for operational efficiency, firms with higher AI maturity and tighter strategic alignment report stronger gains in agility, innovation, and customer experience; sustainability-oriented use cases remain limited. Key barriers include shortages of technical talent, financial constraints, and insufficient institutional support. We recommend a multi-stakeholder policy approach emphasizing sector-specific AI readiness programs, better access to funding, and stronger university–industry collaboration. The findings enrich digital transformation and sustainability research and offer practical guidance for accelerating AI adoption in transitional economies.
  • AI-Driven Safety Evaluation in Public Transport: A Case Study from Belgrade’s Closed Transit Systems
    Saša Zdravković, Filip Dobrić, Zoran Injac, Violeta Lukić-Vujadinović, Milinko Veličković, et al.
    Sustainability Switzerland, 2025
    Ensuring traffic safety within urban public transport systems is essential for achieving sustainable urban development, particularly in densely populated metropolitan areas. This study investigates the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to enhance safety performance in closed public transport environments, with a focus on the city of Belgrade as a representative case. The research aims to evaluate how AI-enabled systems can contribute to the early detection and reduction of traffic incidents, thereby supporting broader goals of sustainable mobility, infrastructure resilience, and urban livability. A hybrid methodological framework was developed, combining computer vision, supervised machine learning, and time series analytics to construct a real-time risk detection platform. The system leverages multi-source data—including video surveillance, onboard vehicle sensors, and historical accident logs—to identify and predict high-risk behaviors such as harsh braking, speeding, and route adherences across various public transport modes (buses, trams, trolleybuses). The AI models were empirically assessed in partnership with the Public Transport Company of Belgrade (JKP GSP Beograd), revealing that the most accurate models improved incident detection speed by over 20% and offered enhanced spatial identification of network-level safety vulnerabilities. Additionally, routes with optimized AI-driven driving behavior demonstrated fuel savings of up to 12% and a potential reduction in emissions by approximately 8%, suggesting promising environmental co-benefits. The study’s findings align with multiple United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure). Moreover, the research addresses ethical, legal, and governance implications surrounding the use of AI in public infrastructure, emphasizing the importance of privacy, transparency, and inclusivity. The paper concludes with strategic policy recommendations for cities seeking to deploy intelligent safety solutions as part of their digital and green transitions in urban mobility planning.
  • Dynamic Traffic Flow Optimization Using Reinforcement Learning and Predictive Analytics: A Sustainable Approach to Improving Urban Mobility in the City of Belgrade
    Volodymyr N. Skoropad, Stevica Deđanski, Vladan Pantović, Zoran Injac, Slađana Vujičić, et al.
    Sustainability Switzerland, 2025
    Efficient traffic management in urban areas represents a key challenge for modern cities, particularly in the context of sustainable development and reducing negative environmental impacts. This paper explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in optimizing urban traffic through a combination of reinforcement learning (RL) and predictive analytics. The focus is on simulating the traffic network in Belgrade (Serbia, Europe), where RL algorithms, such as Deep Q-Learning and Proximal Policy Optimization, are used for dynamic traffic signal control. The model optimized traffic signal operations at intersections with high traffic volumes using real-time data from IoT sensors, computer vision-enabled cameras, third-party mobile usage data and connected vehicles. In addition, implemented predictive analytics leverage time series models (LSTM, ARIMA) and graph neural networks (GNNs) to anticipate traffic congestion and bottlenecks, enabling initiative-taking decision-making. Special attention is given to challenges such as data transmission delays, system scalability, and ethical implications, with proposed solutions including edge computing and distributed RL models. Results of the simulation demonstrate significant advantages of AI application in 370 traffic signal control devices installed in fixed timing systems and adaptive timing signal systems, including an average reduction in waiting times by 33%, resulting in a 16% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and improved safety in intersections (measured by an average reduction in the number of traffic accidents). A limitation of this paper is that it does not offer a simulation of the system’s adaptability to temporary traffic surges during mass events or severe weather conditions. The key finding is that integrating AI into an urban traffic network that consists of fixed-timing traffic lights represents a sustainable approach to improving urban quality of life in large cities like Belgrade and achieving smart city objectives.
  • Predictors and motivation for seat belt use: A case study in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Zoran Injac, Milan Vujanić, Dalibor Pešić, Boris Antić
    Promet Traffic and Transportation, 2019
    The use of seat belts, for drivers and car occupants, results in reducing the rate of fatalities and severe road injuries. In this research, the methodology of the survey was applied through the self-reporting behaviour of the respondents who determined the subjective risk based on the attitudes of the traffic participants. To evaluate the statistical significance of the categorical variables, Pearson's chi-square test was used. For certain groups of examinees, the results of the relationship (association) between socio demographic characteristics were analysed as predictors of behaviour with the degree of seat belt use. Some other predictors of behaviour, such as the road and mood predictors were analysed as well. Interest was also focused on finding out what motivated certain groups of examinees to use the seat belt. Based on the results of this research, it is possible to classify the drivers and car occupants into certain groups with respect to the seat belt use while driving. This can help in determining the ways of eliminating problems related to the low degree of seat belt use.
  • Modelling truck weigh stations’ locations based on truck traffic flow and overweight violation: A case study in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Mirsad Kulović, Zoran Injac, Slavko Davidović, Ivo Posavac
    Promet Traffic and Transportation, 2018
    The number of registered commercial freight vehicles is constantly increasing, increasing therefore as well the traffic load on the roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A significant part of freight vehicles moving along the main and regional roads are overloaded and cause significant damage to road infrastructure, affect road safety and result in an increase of emissions of harmful gases for people and the environment. The overloading rate is extremely high, in particular with 5-axle trucks representing 58.7%. The research showed that the increased overload level ranges from 10-20% of the maximum permissible weight. The importance of load limits was recognized early in the history of road development. This interrelation led directly to limitations on vehicle loads, and laws were enacted in many countries to establish the maximum allowable motor vehicle sizes and weights. Strict enforcement of motor vehicle size and weight laws is a step toward reducing motor vehicle size and weight violations, heavy truck accidents, and, even more, improving road maintenance, rehabilitation expenditures and road safety. Thus, based on the applied model the objective of this paper is to evaluate and optimize the locations of truck weigh stations on the road network of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

  • Smart traffic management for sustainable cities
    Z Injac, S Arsić, M Arsić, J Vrkljan
    CESTE 2026: Zbornik radova 50. međunarodne konferencije o prometnoj … , 2026
    2026
  • AI-enabled strategic transformation and sustainable outcomes in Serbian SMEs
    AM Damnjanović, M Rašković, SD Janković, B Jevtić, VN Skoropad, ...
    Sustainability 17 (19), 8672 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 7
  • AI-Driven Safety Evaluation in Public Transport: A Case Study from Belgrade’s Closed Transit Systems
    S Zdravković, F Dobrić, Z Injac, V Lukić-Vujadinović, M Veličković, ...
    Sustainability 17 (18), 8283 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 3
  • UPOTREBA SISTEMA BESPILOTNIH VAZDUHOPLOVA (DRONOVA), POREĐENJE: BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA SA OSTALIM ZEMLJAMA.
    Z Injac, D Drašković, B Mikanović
    Economy & Market Communication Review/Casopis za Ekonomiju i Trzisne … , 2025
    2025
  • Dynamic traffic flow optimization using reinforcement learning and predictive analytics: A sustainable approach to improving urban mobility in the city of Belgrade
    VN Skoropad, S Deđanski, V Pantović, Z Injac, S Vujičić, ...
    Sustainability 17 (8), 3383 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 42
  • Urban traffic management using artificial intelligence: A sustainable approach to enhancing urban mobility
    Z Injac, S Arsić, D Drašković, M Arsić
    Journal of Traffic and Transport Theory and Practice (JTTTP) 10 (1), 30-35 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 2
  • TRANSPORTNI SISTEM U TRANZICIJI DO ODRŽIVE BUDUĆNOSTI
    Z Injac, D Drašković, M Sarvan
    Zbornik radova 13 (1), 369-379 , 2024
    2024
  • Classification of vehicle routing problem
    Z Injac, D Drašković
    In: JTTTP-Journal of Traffic and Transport Theory and Practice 9, 36-41 , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 5
  • Fuel Cell Technologies in Automotive Applications
    Z Injac, D Drašković
    JTTTP-JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT THEORY AND PRACTICE Учредители … , 2024
    2024
  • Protection of Pedestrians from Collisions With Motor Vehicles
    D Mikulić, Ž Marušić, Z Injac, B MIKANOVIĆ
    JTTTP-JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT THEORY AND PRACTICE Учредители … , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 1
  • The Impact of Freight Vehicle Load on the Condition of Roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Z Injac, D Drašković, G Amidžić
    Traffic and Transport Theory and Practice , 2024
    2024
  • PROCJENA PREOPTEREĆENJA VOZILA NA PUTEVIMA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI/ASSESSMENT OF VEHICLE OVERLOADS ON ROADS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
    Z Injac, D Drašković, G Amidžić
    Zbornik radova 11 (1), 160-168 , 2022
    2022
  • Selection of the Optimal Toll Collection System for the Purposes of Sustainable Development of Transport in the Republic of Srpska
    Z Injac, D Drašković
    Science and tehnology, 110 , 2021
    2021
  • САВРЕМЕНЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЈЕ У САОБРАЋАЈНОМ ИНЖЕЊЕРСТВУ-РАДАРСКИ СИСТЕМИ
    Z Injac
    ZBORNIK RADOVA INTERNACIONALNOG UNIVERZITETA TRAVNIK 10 (23), 223-237 , 2021
    2021
  • Models of organization and management of passenger public urban transport systems
    P Gladović, D Drašković, S Railić, Z Injac
    Journal TTTP-Traffic and Transport Theory and Practice 6 (2), 53-57 , 2021
    2021
    Citations: 3
  • BEZBJEDNOST SAOBRAĆAJA U ZONI ŠKOLA SA ASPEKTA POŠTIVANJA OGRANIČENJA BRZINE NA TERITORIJI OPŠTINE LAKTAŠI TRAFFIC SAFETY IN SCHOOL ZONE FROM ASPECT OF ADJUSTMENT OF LIMITATION …
    Z Injac, D Pešić, B Antić
    2019
  • Predictors and Motivation for Seat Belt Use–A Case Study in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Z Injac, M Vujanić, D Pešić, B Antić
    Promet-Traffic&Transportation 31 (3), 355-366 , 2019
    2019
    Citations: 1
  • Modelling truck weigh stations’ locations based on truck traffic flow and overweight violation: a case study in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    M Kulović, Z Injac, S Davidović, I Posavac
    Promet-Traffic&Transportation 30 (2), 163-171 , 2018
    2018
    Citations: 18
  • Analysis of road safety before and after road safety assessment carried out on the road section no. 16 Banja luka–Celinac, intersection “Groblje-Vrbanja “
    Z Injac
    JTTTP-JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT THEORY AND PRACTICE , 2017
    2017
  • IZBOR NAČINA NAPLATE PUTARINE U CILjU UNAPREĐENjA BEZBEDNOSTI TRANSPORTA U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ.“
    Z Injac, D Macura, N Bojović
    Bezbjednost saobraćaja u lokalnoj zajednici”, III Međunarodna konferencija … , 2014
    2014
    Citations: 1

MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

  • Dynamic traffic flow optimization using reinforcement learning and predictive analytics: A sustainable approach to improving urban mobility in the city of Belgrade
    VN Skoropad, S Deđanski, V Pantović, Z Injac, S Vujičić, ...
    Sustainability 17 (8), 3383 , 2025
    2025.0
    Citations: 42
  • Modelling truck weigh stations’ locations based on truck traffic flow and overweight violation: a case study in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    M Kulović, Z Injac, S Davidović, I Posavac
    Promet-Traffic&Transportation 30 (2), 163-171 , 2018
    2018.0
    Citations: 18
  • AI-enabled strategic transformation and sustainable outcomes in Serbian SMEs
    AM Damnjanović, M Rašković, SD Janković, B Jevtić, VN Skoropad, ...
    Sustainability 17 (19), 8672 , 2025
    2025.0
    Citations: 7
  • & Bodolo, I.(2025). Dynamic Traffic Flow Optimization Using Reinforcement Learning and Predictive Analytics: A Sustainable Approach to Improving Urban Mobility in the City of …
    VN Skoropad, S Deđanski, V Pantović, Z Injac, S Vujičić, ...
    Sustainability 17 (8), 3383 , 0
    Citations: 6
  • Classification of vehicle routing problem
    Z Injac, D Drašković
    In: JTTTP-Journal of Traffic and Transport Theory and Practice 9, 36-41 , 2024
    2024.0
    Citations: 5
  • AI-Driven Safety Evaluation in Public Transport: A Case Study from Belgrade’s Closed Transit Systems
    S Zdravković, F Dobrić, Z Injac, V Lukić-Vujadinović, M Veličković, ...
    Sustainability 17 (18), 8283 , 2025
    2025.0
    Citations: 3
  • Models of organization and management of passenger public urban transport systems
    P Gladović, D Drašković, S Railić, Z Injac
    Journal TTTP-Traffic and Transport Theory and Practice 6 (2), 53-57 , 2021
    2021.0
    Citations: 3
  • Urban traffic management using artificial intelligence: A sustainable approach to enhancing urban mobility
    Z Injac, S Arsić, D Drašković, M Arsić
    Journal of Traffic and Transport Theory and Practice (JTTTP) 10 (1), 30-35 , 2025
    2025.0
    Citations: 2
  • Protection of Pedestrians from Collisions With Motor Vehicles
    D Mikulić, Ž Marušić, Z Injac, B MIKANOVIĆ
    JTTTP-JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT THEORY AND PRACTICE Учредители … , 2024
    2024.0
    Citations: 1
  • Predictors and Motivation for Seat Belt Use–A Case Study in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Z Injac, M Vujanić, D Pešić, B Antić
    Promet-Traffic&Transportation 31 (3), 355-366 , 2019
    2019.0
    Citations: 1
  • IZBOR NAČINA NAPLATE PUTARINE U CILjU UNAPREĐENjA BEZBEDNOSTI TRANSPORTA U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ.“
    Z Injac, D Macura, N Bojović
    Bezbjednost saobraćaja u lokalnoj zajednici”, III Međunarodna konferencija … , 2014
    2014.0
    Citations: 1
  • Smart traffic management for sustainable cities
    Z Injac, S Arsić, M Arsić, J Vrkljan
    CESTE 2026: Zbornik radova 50. međunarodne konferencije o prometnoj … , 2026
    2026.0
  • UPOTREBA SISTEMA BESPILOTNIH VAZDUHOPLOVA (DRONOVA), POREĐENJE: BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA SA OSTALIM ZEMLJAMA.
    Z Injac, D Drašković, B Mikanović
    Economy & Market Communication Review/Casopis za Ekonomiju i Trzisne … , 2025
    2025.0
  • TRANSPORTNI SISTEM U TRANZICIJI DO ODRŽIVE BUDUĆNOSTI
    Z Injac, D Drašković, M Sarvan
    Zbornik radova 13 (1), 369-379 , 2024
    2024.0
  • Fuel Cell Technologies in Automotive Applications
    Z Injac, D Drašković
    JTTTP-JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT THEORY AND PRACTICE Учредители … , 2024
    2024.0
  • The Impact of Freight Vehicle Load on the Condition of Roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Z Injac, D Drašković, G Amidžić
    Traffic and Transport Theory and Practice , 2024
    2024.0
  • PROCJENA PREOPTEREĆENJA VOZILA NA PUTEVIMA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI/ASSESSMENT OF VEHICLE OVERLOADS ON ROADS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
    Z Injac, D Drašković, G Amidžić
    Zbornik radova 11 (1), 160-168 , 2022
    2022.0
  • Selection of the Optimal Toll Collection System for the Purposes of Sustainable Development of Transport in the Republic of Srpska
    Z Injac, D Drašković
    Science and tehnology, 110 , 2021
    2021.0
  • САВРЕМЕНЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЈЕ У САОБРАЋАЈНОМ ИНЖЕЊЕРСТВУ-РАДАРСКИ СИСТЕМИ
    Z Injac
    ZBORNIK RADOVA INTERNACIONALNOG UNIVERZITETA TRAVNIK 10 (23), 223-237 , 2021
    2021.0
  • BEZBJEDNOST SAOBRAĆAJA U ZONI ŠKOLA SA ASPEKTA POŠTIVANJA OGRANIČENJA BRZINE NA TERITORIJI OPŠTINE LAKTAŠI TRAFFIC SAFETY IN SCHOOL ZONE FROM ASPECT OF ADJUSTMENT OF LIMITATION …
    Z Injac, D Pešić, B Antić
    2019.0