Assessment of climatic parameter variation and its impact on sustainable agriculture in Dir Upper Pakistan with mitigation and adaptation strategies Riaz Khan, Asim Suleman Abdullah Alwabel, Aman Ahmad, Medhat M. Helal, Muhammad Rafiq, Waseem Ur Rahman, Ayaz Mehmood, Muhammad Naveed Khalil, Rasheed Ahmad, Ali Raza Gurmani Scientific Reports, 2026 Climate change poses a significant threat to agricultural sustainability, particularly in vulnerable mountainous regions such as Upper Dir, Pakistan. This study, titled "Analysis of Variation in Climatic Parameters and Their Impact on Sustainable Agriculture in Dir, Pakistan: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies," aims to assess past climatic trends (2002-2023) and project future scenarios using the high-emission Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 8.5) model. The core objective is to evaluate the quantitative variation in key agro-climatic factors-temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, and aridity and their cumulative impact on crop productivity, soil moisture, and water availability. Meteorological data were collected from the Pakistan Meteorological Department and analyzed using Mann-Kendall trend analysis, return period analysis, and regression forecasting to determine both historical patterns and future trajectories. The results show a 2 °C rise in annual mean temperature from 1980 to 2023, accompanied by a 2% decline in rainfall and a 6% reduction in soil moisture, contributing to increasing aridity and hydrological stress. Wind speed exhibited minor seasonal fluctuations, while humidity increased, particularly during monsoon periods. Future climate projections under the high-emission RCP 8.5 scenario indicate an alarming and continuous rise in temperature throughout the twenty-first century. During the period from 2011 to 2040, the region is expected to experience moderate warming, with temperatures increasing by approximately 1.5 °C to 3.5 °C, and a median rise of around 2.5 °C. In the subsequent period of 2041 to 2070, this warming trend is projected to accelerate significantly, with temperature increases ranging from 4 to 7 °C, and a median rise of 5.5 °C. By the end of the century, from 2071 to 2100, the region could face extreme warming, with temperatures rising between 5 and 12 °C, and a projected median increase of 8.5 °C. These drastic increases are expected to intensify evapotranspiration, reduce soil moisture, disrupt crop cycles, and severely impact agricultural productivity and water availability in Upper Dir, Pakistan. To mitigate these effects, Author introduced climate-resilient species such as Tamarillo (tomato), Olive, Avocado, and Dragon Fruit, and distributed over 30,000 Tamarillo plants and other fruits plants across the region. Additionally, adaptive strategies including tunnel farming, agroforestry, construction of small dams, and efficient irrigation systems were promoted to enhance resilience. The findings emphasize the urgent need for policy-driven climate-smart agriculture, afforestation, and integrated water management strategies to sustain agricultural productivity and rural economies in the face of escalating climate risks.
Experimental and numerical study on the energy-efficient CO2 capture from flue gas by temperature swing adsorption: a comparative analysis of zeolite 13X and other adsorbent materials Fayaz Hussain, Meenaloshini A/P Satgunam, Ramavat Ganapati, Balram Yelamasetti, Shubham Sharma, Krishna Prakash Arunachalam, Medhat M. Helal International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 2026 Anthropogenic CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere are one of the most concerning climate issues in the modern era. This prompts scientists to look forward to carbon capture devices. Temperature swing adsorption (TSA), in particular, is a critical and successful technique for reducing CO 2 emissions and achieving carbon neutrality in CO 2 adsorption technology. In this work, the effectiveness of TSA for CO 2 capture on adsorbent zeolite 13X in a post-combustion setting is evaluated. The breakthrough curves from the adsorption processes were measured using a numerical model that was created. In this assessment, four common adsorbent materials like, Mg-MOF-74, zeolite 13X, activated carbon, and Zeolite-NaUSY, have been selected for comparative analysis. The developed model is verified using experimental data from the literature and is found to fit well, with a maximum probable error of ±11.24 %. Further, this numerical model has also been validated against the TSA models for signifying the accuracy of the proposed model. Analysis is done for the adsorber bed’s design and performance parameters, including CO 2 purity, CO 2 recovery, CO 2 concentration ratio and adsorption efficiency of CO 2 , across an inlet temperature range of 303–393 K, where 393 K represents an upper sensitivity limit relevant to regeneration conditions rather than optimal adsorption operation. The results demonstrate that temperature significantly influences TSA cycle behavior, capturing the transition from adsorption-dominant to desorption-dominant regimes, with a 17.37 % variation in concentration ratio across the studied temperature range. Additionally, Mg-MOF-74, activated carbon, zeolite-NaUSY, and zeolite 13X were evaluated as sorbent materials for assessing comparative adsorption performance. The proposed numerical model provides a reliable predictive tool for analyzing TSA performance under varying thermal and material conditions.
Chemically synthesized graphene nanofluids-infused propylene glycol-water mixtures for enhanced thermal energy transmission properties for high-temperature applications: Assessment and multiobjective optimisation using response surface methodology Raviteja Surakasi, Raja Subramani, Praveenkumar V, Maher Ali Rusho, Shubham Sharma, Krishna Prakash Arunachalam, Medhat M. Helal, Pankaj Kumar International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 2026 The aim of the given study is to enhance the thermal energy transmission properties of propylene glycol (PG)-water mixture by adding chemically synthesized graphene nanopowder in concentrations of 0.25 wt% and 0.50 wt% into three ratios of the base fluids 100:0, 75:25 and 50:50. The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of graphene concentration and temperature to a maximum of 120 °C on the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids and optimize the two variables through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Ultrasonication was used to prepare nanofluids in order to provide good dispersion and thermal conductivity was measured experimentally through a KD2 Pro analyzer. The findings indicate that graphene can vastly increase thermal conductivity by 10–14 % in all mixtures with the highest conductivity of 0.592 W/mK in the mixture of 0.5 wt percent graphene in 120 °C water. The quadratic forms of RS models demonstrated a great predictive power with the R 2 of 0.9963, 0.9975, and 0.9916 of the three mixtures. The thermal conductivity values at 120 °C and 0.5 wt% graphene had been optimized as 0.551 W/mK of PG (100:0), 0.569 W/mK of PG-water (75:25) and 0.592 W/mK of PG-water (50:50). These results affirm that the graphene-enriched PG-water nanofluids have better thermal characteristics and have significant possibilities of high temperature cooling and heat transfer use.
An enhanced mean signal-to-noise ratio strategy for multi-parametric optimizations of friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar AA6061/AA7075 thick Al-alloy joints by using Taguchi’s–Grey relational analysis method: unveiling the microstructural morphological characterizations R Venkateswara Rao, M S Srinivasa Rao, Balram Yelamasetti, M Senthil Kumar, M P Roshindas, B Nikhil, Shubham Sharma, Mirjalol Ismoilov, Medhat M Helal, Ishwar Bhiradi Journal of Mechanics, 2026 The lightweight materials are highly suitable in the automotive, transportation, marine, defense, rail and other industrial sectors, due to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio. The environmentally friendly Friction Stir Welding (FSW) method was used in this work to produce solid-state joints with polygonal pin profiles. Weld trails were designed using an orthogonal array of L27 runs with five parameters each at three levels. AA6061/AA7075 Al-alloys in a dissimilar combination were processed using the polygonal pin profiles. The regression Eq. helps in developed the mathematical model to frame the relationship between input parameters to responses. In order to obtain precise F and P values the current work concentrated on determining the optimal condition by using predicted mean values of the outcomes. The experimental test results proved that, the highest values of Ultimate Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, Hardness and Flexural Strength of weld joint are measured as 237 MPa, 223 MPa, 122 HV, and 262 MPa respectively. The maximum joint efficiency of the sample 11, processed at a tool rotational speed of 900 rpm, weld speed of 20 mm/min, Tilt angle of 1o, offset of 1.5 mm and with a hybrid square profile is found as 87%, which is validated by American Welding Society (AWSD17) standards.
Numerical investigation of tangent hyperbolic nanofluid with stagnation point flow of irregular heat and Darcy-Forchheimer effects on stretching sheet Srinivas Reddy Kallem, Siva Reddy Sheri, Alfunsa Prathiba Perli, Medhat M. Helal, AI Ismail Results in Engineering, 2025 • The thickness of the velocity boundary layer increases with an increase in the velocity ratio number λ , whereas it decreases with an increase in the magnetic field M and the Weissenberg number W e and Darcy-Forchheimer number ( F r ) . • The thermal boundary layer thickness diminishes with an increase in P r , while it expands with elevated values of N b , N t and irregular heat parameters A and B . • An important discovery concerning radiation parameter R is its dual effect on temperature in different flow domains. Higher R values correspond to an increasing temperature distribution, indicating greater thermal energy in the boundary layer, especially when η < 3 . As R increases, temperature drops when η > 3 . Thermal energy drops from the surface due to radiative heat transfer. Radiation affects the thermal boundary layer unevenly; hence spatial placement is critical for heat transfer performance in radiative nanofluid flows. • The thickness of the concentration boundary layer decreases with an increase in S c a n d S r . • The concentration boundary layer decreases with an increase in the chemical reaction parameter R c . This study presents a numerical analysis of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stagnation point flow of a hyperbolic tangent nanofluid (HTNF) over a linearly stretching surface, incorporating the effects of nonlinear heat generation/absorption, chemical reactions, and porous media resistance modeled by the Darcy–Forchheimer relation. The hyperbolic tangent fluid model, a key representative of non-Newtonian fluids, is employed due to its enhanced thermal conductivity under varying shear rates, making it suitable for advanced heat and mass transfer applications. Governing partial differential equations, derived from conservation laws and appropriate boundary conditions, are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The resulting system is solved numerically via MATLAB's built-in bvp4c solver. A detailed parametric study is carried out to examine the effects of velocity ratio (λ), space- and temperature-dependent heat source/sink parameters (A, B), magnetic field intensity, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, chemical reaction rate, and porous medium properties on velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions. Key performance indicators including the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are computed and analyzed to assess thermophysical behavior. Results reveal that increasing the chemical reaction rate enhances mass transfer by lowering nanofluid concentration, while higher stretching parameters suppress flow velocity and increase thermal and solutal boundary layers. The model generalizes flow over both linear and nonlinear stretching surfaces (n = 1 for linear), making it versatile for industrial applications. This work offers valuable insights for improving thermal regulation in MHD power systems, nuclear reactor cooling, aerospace thermal protection, and magnetically guided drug delivery.
Numerical Investigation of MHD Flow of a Tangent Hyperbolic Fluid in a Porous Medium with Viscous Dissipation, Soret and Dufour Effects Umamaheswara Rao K, Siva Reddy Sheri, Srinivas Reddy Kallem, Alfunsa Prathiba Perli, Shankar Gollapalli, Medhat M. Helal, Ismail Abdulaziz Ibrahim European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 2025 A numerical analysis was performed on the steady-state magnetohydrodynamics of a tangent hyperbolic nanofluid (THNF) flowing over a vertically expanding surface with nonlinear expansion. This study examines the influence of factors such as sheet thickness variation, Darcy number, magnetic field, heat source/sink, thermal conductivity, viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation on THNF flow behavior. The THNF model, classified as a non-Newtonian fluid, is widely utilized in laboratory settings and industrial machinery for the management of excessive heat. The governing equations were non-dimensionalized and transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity variables to evaluate the flow. The ordinary differential equations were solved numerically using the MATLAB BVP4C solver. A comparative evaluation was conducted to assess the accuracy of the results. Graphical analysis demonstrated that activation energy increases the mass transfer rate, while chemical reactions typically reduce it. The research also demonstrated that the Weissenberg number, Brownian motion, and Rayleigh number collectively increase the fluid temperature. Additionally, increasing the Darcy number and thermal radiation improved fluid flow and heat transfer rates, respectively. Skin friction increased with higher and magnetic field intensity, even though the rate of energy transmission decreased.
An incremental convex programming model of the elastic frictional contact problems Proceedings of the ASME STLE International Joint Tribology Conference Ijtc 2004, 2004
An approximate solution of heat diffusion problems in composite spherical media Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 2003
An incremental convex programming model of the elastic frictional contact problems Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 2002
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