Fahmi Fahmi
@lipi.go.id
Research Centre for Oceanography
LIPI, Inonesian Institute of Sciences
RESEARCH INTERESTS
Elasmobranch
Scopus Publications
Scopus Publications
Rachel Mather, Andrew Chin, Cassandra Rigby, Steven J. Cooke, Fahmi, Alifa Bintha Haque, Meira Mizrahi, and Michael I. Grant
Wiley
Abstract Globally, freshwater environments are imperilled, with freshwater vertebrate species declining at twice the rate of marine and terrestrial populations. Non‐marine elasmobranchs (freshwater obligates and euryhaline generalists) remain understudied and overlooked by conservation efforts. This study aimed to adapt and apply a vulnerability assessment framework to understand the conservation priorities of Indo‐West Pacific non‐marine elasmobranch species. An exposure sensitivity adaptability (ESA) framework was used to assess vulnerability to environmental threats, and an exposure susceptibility productivity (ESP) framework was used to assess vulnerability to fisheries. Resulting species vulnerabilities were categorized into three conservation priority tiers. The general patterns of conservation priority tiering were as follows: (i) large‐bodied euryhaline species occurring in densely populated nations had the highest ESA and ESP vulnerabilities; (ii) freshwater obligates also had high ESA vulnerability rankings, although ESP vulnerability rankings were lower as their smaller body sizes suggest increased population productivity and higher potential for resilience; and (iii) euryhaline species with large range proportions in northern Australia had moderate to low vulnerability rankings across ESA and ESP assessments, as these species benefit from reduced fisheries mortality compared with species occurring in other regions. The outcomes from the vulnerability assessment framework for the conservation priority rankings of species corresponded with their respective International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List status, whereby priority 1 and 2 species also have elevated extinction risks. Environmental threats were at high or moderate levels in all nations assessed, while Cambodia, China, Malaysia, and Myanmar face the highest pressure from inland fisheries. The major knowledge gaps identified included species‐specific productivity estimates, population dynamics (population movements and habitat requirements), and information on mortality from the threats considered. The present ESA–ESP framework was effective for the broad and data‐poor context of Indo‐West Pacific non‐marine elasmobranchs, and the results will be useful for guiding future conservation planning for high‐priority species and nations.
C. Samantha Sherman, Colin A. Simpfendorfer, Nathan Pacoureau, Jay H. Matsushiba, Helen F. Yan, Rachel H. L. Walls, Cassandra L. Rigby, Wade J. VanderWright, Rima W. Jabado, Riley A. Pollom,et al.
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AbstractSharks and rays are key functional components of coral reef ecosystems, yet many populations of a few species exhibit signs of depletion and local extinctions. The question is whether these declines forewarn of a global extinction crisis. We use IUCN Red List to quantify the status, trajectory, and threats to all coral reef sharks and rays worldwide. Here, we show that nearly two-thirds (59%) of the 134 coral-reef associated shark and ray species are threatened with extinction. Alongside marine mammals, sharks and rays are among the most threatened groups found on coral reefs. Overfishing is the main cause of elevated extinction risk, compounded by climate change and habitat degradation. Risk is greatest for species that are larger-bodied (less resilient and higher trophic level), widely distributed across several national jurisdictions (subject to a patchwork of management), and in nations with greater fishing pressure and weaker governance. Population declines have occurred over more than half a century, with greatest declines prior to 2005. Immediate action through local protections, combined with broad-scale fisheries management and Marine Protected Areas, is required to avoid extinctions and the loss of critical ecosystem function condemning reefs to a loss of shark and ray biodiversity and ecosystem services, limiting livelihoods and food security.
David A. Ebert, Adriana Cevallos Garcias, Fahmi, Adriana Gonzalez Pestana, Sebastian Hernández Muñoz, Guido Leurs, and Benaya Meitasari Simeon
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
addressed with a newMarine Invertebrate Red List Authority, formed in December . Comprising. Specialist Groups, Red List Authorities and Task Forces, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) currently has only three groups focused solely on assessment and conservation of marine invertebrates: horseshoe crabs, corals and sea cucumbers. The SSC Marine Conservation Committee is currently preparing a proposal for a group focused on sea, brittle and feather stars. The remit of the Mollusc Specialist Group includes marine species, and although it has been assessing cephalopods, cone snails, abalone and some deep-sea species, it has mainly focused on terrestrial and freshwater species. All other marine invertebrates now have a home in the remit of the newMarine Invertebrate Red List Authority, which will work in collaboration with existing SSC groups and Centres for Species Survival to prioritize and assess taxa for the Red List, and develop additional specialist group capacity. The geographical scope of the new Authority is global. Fisheries worldwide exert both direct and indirect pressure on marine invertebrate species and their habitats. There was a six-fold increase in landings and a doubling of the taxa reported in marine invertebrate fisheries from to . Climate change, rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification affect many marine invertebrates, particularly hard corals and species that grow or use shells and hard carapaces of calcium carbonate. Coastal development, infilling, dredging and deep-sea mining lead to direct mortality or habitat destruction. Offshore infrastructure and energy developments also affect invertebrates and their habitats. The impacts of such threats on the extinction risk of marine invertebrates are poorly known, particularly for less well-known taxa, such as those in the deep sea. Increasing public attention on the recent UN High Seas Treaty— which covers biodiversity in the vast areas of ocean beyond the jurisdiction of any country—and the threat of deep-sea mining, shows that assessment is urgently needed, to make a strong case to manage the deep sea appropriately for the protection of marine species. TheMarine Invertebrate Red List Authority will focus on the Red List assessment of marine invertebrate species, to shed light on threats and the level of extinction risk. This work is possible now because of generous funding for the Senckenberg Ocean Species Alliance, which will hire two full-time positions to work with the new Authority in .
N D M Sjafrie, S Oktaviyani, W Kurniawan, and Fahmi
IOP Publishing
Abstract The relationship between humans and sharks has existed for a long time, especially in shark utilization. Tanjung Luar is the largest shark and ray fishery in West Nusa Tenggara. The community’s dependence on shark and ray resources is very high in this location. This study aims to look closely at the performance of shark target fishing and utilization and to measure the acceptance of shark fishers to regulation. Data were collected in November 2021 using questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and snowball techniques. There were 15 respondents: eight fishers who caught sharks, three collectors that bought whole sharks directly from the fishers, and four processors who processed shark bodies into products. The results showed that the most extensive fishing grounds were the Southern Nusa Tenggara (60%), followed by Kangean (20%), Sulawesi (13%, and Savu Sea (7%).) The fishing gear used is drift longlines, with an average fishing duration of 15 days. The largest catch is usually obtained from June to September. There are 21 shark-targeting vessels, five collectors, and several shark body processors. Sharks provide a protein source and livelihood. This study revealed the history behind shark fishing by Tanjung Luar community, shark utilizations and fishers’ responses to the local government regulation on shark fishing management.
Wanwan Kurniawan, Selvia Oktaviyani, Suparmo, and Fahmi
Wiley
Kunto Wibowo, Gema Wahyudewantoro, and Fahmi Fahmi
Pensoft Publishers
A single specimen (117.1 mm standard length) of Melapedalion breve (Seale, 1910) collected off Lepar Island, Bangka Belitung Islands, Indonesia, represents the first record of M. breve from Indonesian waters and the southernmost record of the species. Melapedalion breve has previously been recorded from the Sulu Sea (southwestern Philippines) and eastern central South China Sea.
Fahmi, Ian R. Tibbetts, Michael B. Bennett, and Christine L. Dudgeon
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Abstract Background Delimiting cryptic species in elasmobranchs is a major challenge in modern taxonomy due the lack of available phenotypic features. Employing stand-alone genetics in splitting a cryptic species may prove problematic for further studies and for implementing conservation management. In this study, we examined mitochondrial DNA and genome-wide nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the brown-banded bambooshark, Chiloscyllium punctatum to evaluate potential cryptic species and the species-population boundary in the group. Results Both mtDNA and SNP analyses showed potential delimitation within C. punctatum from the Indo-Australian region and consisted of four operational taxonomic units (OTUs), i.e. those from Indo-Malay region, the west coast of Sumatra, Lesser Sunda region, and the Australian region. Each OTU can be interpreted differently depending on available supporting information, either based on biological, ecological or geographical data. We found that SNP data provided more robust results than mtDNA data in determining the boundary between population and cryptic species. Conclusion To split a cryptic species complex and erect new species based purely on the results of genetic analyses is not recommended. The designation of new species needs supportive diagnostic morphological characters that allow for species recognition, as an inability to recognise individuals in the field creates difficulties for future research, management for conservation and fisheries purposes. Moreover, we recommend that future studies use a comprehensive sampling regime that encompasses the full range of a species complex. This approach would increase the likelihood of identification of operational taxonomic units rather than resulting in an incorrect designation of new species.
Fahmi, Wanwan Kurniawan, Ian R. Tibbetts, Selvia Oktaviyani, Christine L. Dudgeon, and Michael B. Bennett
Wiley
The brown-banded bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum is the most common shark caught in coastal commercial fisheries throughout southeast Asia, yet we lack the life history information necessary for reliable stock assessments. We estimated growth rates and age at maturity using analysis of growth bands in vertebral centra. We trialled four different techniques to enhance the visibility and improve identification of the putative annual growth bands necessary for age estimation. We found that the burn method on whole vertebral centra provided the most readable and consistent results for age analysis. The logistic model was chosen as the best-fit growth model for age estimation of 330 individual C. punctatum from Indonesia. Several age verification methods, including marginal increment ratio and length-frequency analysis, were performed with the support of age validation through the use of calcein labelled vertebrae from two sharks maintained in captivity. Our study found that C. punctatum from Indonesian waters is a fast-growing species that can grow up to 18 cm year-1 , reach an estimated maximum total length of 1 m, mature at ~6·5 years, and live for up to 14 years. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Fahmi, I.R. Tibbetts, M.B. Bennett, A. Ali, T. Krajangdara, and C.L. Dudgeon
Elsevier BV
Fahmi, Selvia Oktaviyani, Michael B. Bennett, Christine L. Dudgeon, and Ian R. Tibbetts
CSIRO Publishing
W. Kurniawan, S. Oktaviyani, B. M. Simeon, S. Ula, D. P. Yuwandana, R. R. Yuneni, P. Yudiarso, U. Chodrijah, and Fahmi
Pleiades Publishing Ltd
Sara Tabea Winter, Fahmi, Didik Rudianto, Betty J. L. Laglbauer, Isabel Ender, and Colin A. Simpfendorfer
CSIRO Publishing
Elasmobranchs play an important role in the functioning of marine ecosystems and top-down control in food webs. However, overexploitation threatens elasmobranch populations worldwide. Indonesia is currently the leading elasmobranch fishing nation, yet elasmobranch management in Indonesia is challenging because of the paucity of data on elasmobranch fisheries, especially at a species level. This study examined the elasmobranch fisheries of the Bali Strait by describing the species, sex and size composition of the elasmobranch catch landed at a major port in Eastern Java, Indonesia. Data were collected between August 2017 and March 2018 in Muncar. Elasmobranchs were identified to species level and sexed. The disc width and length of 301 rays and the precaudal length and fork length of 1657 sharks were measured. In all, 53 species were identified, many of which are at conservation risk, including species with national and international protection. Vulnerability to fishing gear varied across sex and size of each species, with immature individuals dominating the catch of most species. The findings emphasise the need for improved management of elasmobranchs in Indonesia and could help identify priorities or form strategies. Additional regional and fisheries-specific research is recommended to develop efficient and locally adapted management strategies.
Christine L. Dudgeon, Shannon Corrigan, Lei Yang, Gerry R. Allen, Mark V. Erdmann, Fahmi, Hagi Y. Sugeha, William T. White, and Gavin J. P. Naylor
CSIRO Publishing
It can be challenging to identify the forces that drive speciation in marine environments for organisms that are capable of widespread dispersal because their contemporary distributions often belie the historical processes that were responsible for their initial diversification. In this contribution we explore the likely sequence of events responsible for the radiation of walking sharks in the genus Hemiscyllium using a dated molecular phylogeny. The nine currently recognised species in the genus consist of small, benthic sharks that are restricted to the Indo-Australian Archipelago and show limited dispersal at both juvenile and adult stages. We discuss how major tectonic changes, sea level fluctuations and the unique biology of the species may have influenced speciation in the group, as well as the current distribution of the genus and each of its constituent species. Phylogeographic analysis of the genus combined with biogeographic reconstruction of the region shows a recent radiation during the Miocene and Pliocene, and supports a combination of vicariance and founder modes of speciation mediated by major tectonic, geological and oceanographic historical processes.
Selvia Oktaviyani, Wanwan Kurniawan, and Fahmi
EDP Sciences
Shark fins are a very valuable product for international trade. This study aims to obtain the equations describing the relationship between fin length and the total length of silky shark. Using the total length at sexual maturity (Lm), the equation is then used to estimate the fin length associated with this Lm, which can then be included in the recommendation for international shark fin trades. Data collection was carried out from March 2018 to February 2019 at Tanjung Luar Fish Landing Port, West Nusa Tenggara. All data were collected from 2,837 individuals of silky sharks, consisting of 1,416 females and 1,421 males. The total length of silky shark ranges from 61 to 282 cm for females and 18-283 cm for males. The relationships of first dorsal fin length and total length is DFL=2.0151+0.1243 TL (both sexes). Furthermore, the relationships of pectoral fin length and total length were found to be PFL=-8.0098+0.2127 TL (both sexes). The first dorsal fin length and pectoral fin length at the time the silky shark sexually matures were 23 cm and 35 cm, respectively. This fin-total length relationship can be used by the fisheries authority to determine the allowed minimum size of silky shark fins for export.
WILLIAM T. WHITE, FAHMI FAHMI, and SIMON WEIGMANN
Magnolia Press
A new genus and species of catshark is described based on a single specimen collected off Ambon in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia. Akheilos suwartanai belongs to the subfamily Schroederichthyinae which differs from the other catsharks in a combination of: similar sized dorsal fins, supraorbital crests present, pseudosiphon present on claspers, broad subocular ridges under eyes, posterior nasal flaps present, tips of rostral cartilage fused into a rostral node. It represents the first record of this subfamily outside of the Americas. Akheilos differs from the other genus in the subfamily, Schroederichthys in a combination of: clasper groove not fused dorsally, ventral lobe of caudal fin produced, more intestinal valve turns, anal fin slightly larger than second dorsal fin, and in colour pattern.
Selvia Oktaviyani, WANWAN KURNIAWAN, and FAHMI
UNS Solo
This study provides information on the reproductive biology of the coral catshark caught in the waters around Seribu Islands, Indonesia. A total of 257 coral catsharks were collected from February 2017 to January 2018. The total length of coral catshark ranged from 170 to 585 mm for females and 255-575 mm for males, respectively. The total weight of females ranged from 85 to 640 g and males from 100 to 620 g The sex ratio between females and males was 0.45 and it was not significantly different from the expected 1:1 ratio. The growth pattern of coral catsharks in Seribu Island was negatively allometric and the population was dominated by mature sharks. The mean size at first maturity was estimated to be 557 mm for females and 514 mm for males, based on to the relationship between the proportion between maturity stage and total length. The ovulation season was estimated occur from October to March, whereas September to April was mating season based on monthly variations of gonadosomatic index (GSI) values and the occurrence of egg cases in uterus.
U Mardhiah, H Booth, B M Simeon, E Muttaqin, M Ichsan, Dharmadi, Fahmi, A P Prasetyo, and I Yulianto
IOP Publishing
Sharks and rays are vulnerable species, which are highly exploited in Indonesian waters but lacked of detailed information on their ecology and fisheries status. This research aims to assess the level of vulnerability of sharks and rays to overfishing using the maximum intrinsic rate of population increase (r), derived from the Euler-Lotka equation, as a proxy of extinction risk. It is calculated based on several biological parameters including fecundity, maximum age, age at maturity, and the number of offspring. Using rmax calculation adapted to shark and ray life history traits by accounting for survival to maturity, we were able to calculate rmax values for 26 out of 208 sharks and rays species present in Indonesia. This includes vulnerable species such as Mobula alfredi, Prionace glauca, and Pristis zijsron. This result showed that r is a valuable tool which can be used to quantify extinction risk with some level of precision, but it also highlights the necessity to collect important biological information of the most vulnerable species to further estimate their status. This approach requires complementary information related to external threats such as habitat degradation, species economic value and threat level from local fishing effort and related fishing gears.
B M Simeon, Fahmi, M Ichsan, E Muttaqin, S Oktaviyani, U Mardhiah, and I Yulianto
IOP Publishing
The elevated extinction risk of elasmobranchs is proportional with the increase of fishing mortality due to overfishing. Indonesia is the biggest shark fishing country in the world, with Tanjung Luar as a fishing village specifically targeting sharks. More than 30 species of sharks and rays that have been landed in Tanjung Luar recently received increased conservation status under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This research aimed to analyze the catch abundance of vulnerable or endangered elasmobranchs in Tanjung Luar and identify the fishing seasons. Four years of landing monitoring data from 2014-2017 were analyzed the fishing seasons and fisheries pattern of vulnerable or endangered elasmobranchs species in Tanjung Luar, calculated Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) based on fishing power index and also fishing season index. The CPUE of sharks and rays from 2014 to 2017 fluctuated but was not significantly different. We found that shark fishing season occurred in six months and ray fishing season occurred only in four months. The results suggested that management measures should focus on gear control and spatio-temporal closures which could have significant benefits for the conservation of elasmobranch species, and may help to improve the overall sustainability of the fishery.
K Friedman, S Gabriel, O Abe, A Adnan Nuruddin, A Ali, R Bidin Raja Hassan, S X Cadrin, A Cornish, T De Meulenaer, Dharmadi,et al.
Wiley
CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. However, measuring the effectiveness and impacts of these trade regulations for commercially exploited aquatic species remains challenging. This study highlights observed or documented changes in elasmobranch fisheries in eight Southeast Asian countries before and after the listing of sharks and rays in CITES’ Appendix II, and the influence of CITES across five pillars or sectors of a “fishery assessment framework” developed especially for this purpose. Fisheries experts reported change was most common in the “governance” (e.g., policy, regulation and compliance) and “fisher(y)” sectors (e.g., structure and effort) of the assessment framework. The smallest change was recorded in “markets” (e.g., structures and prices) and “sociocultural” sectors (e.g., consumption, livelihoods and community awareness). Overall, the study demonstrates a measurable, albeit small, mostly positive influence of CITES in five of eight countries, while noting predominantly negative influences across two, and ongoing challenges for all in maintaining legal trade of these CITES-listed species. The study concludes by offering guidance on future needs: most notably, more effort for long-term collection of fundamental fisher-, stock- and market-related data to inform adaptive management and facilitation of legal trade where it is shown to be sustainable. Furthermore, as many of the shark and ray species under CITES provisions are transboundary stocks, increased support for communication and cooperation among regional fishery stakeholders is an ongoing need.
FAHMI FAHMI and DAVID A. EBERT
Magnolia Press
Parmaturus nigripalatum, a new species of catshark of the genus Parmaturus is described from a single specimen collected from a deep-water shark longliner operating in south Sumbawa waters, Indonesia. This new species is distinguished from its closest geographic congener P. lanatus by having prominent enlarged caudal crests, well-developed labial furrows with the uppers and lowers of equal lengths, mouth roof blackish with dark pores, first dorsal fin origin more posteriorly positioned on body trunk, and much lower tooth counts than all other known Parmaturus species. This is the second Parmaturus species recorded from Indonesian waters.