Novel Resistance Regions Carrying TnaphA6, blaVIM-2, and blaPER-1, Embedded in an ISPa40-Derived Transposon from Two Multi-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates Romina Papa-Ezdra, Nicolás F. Cordeiro, Matilde Outeda, Virginia Garcia-Fulgueiras, Lucía Araújo, Verónica Seija, Juan A. Ayala, Inés Bado, Rafael Vignoli Antibiotics, 2023 Antibiotic resistance is an alarming problem throughout the world and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been cataloged as critical in the World Health Organization list of microorganisms in urgent need for the development of new antimicrobials. In this work, we describe two novel resistance regions responsible for conferring a multidrug resistance phenotype to two clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa (Pa873 and Pa6415) obtained from patients hospitalized in the ICU of University Hospital of Uruguay. Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using MALDI-TOF and the Vitek 2 system, respectively. WGS was performed for both isolates using Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Illumina and processed by means of hybrid assembly. Both isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin–tazobactam, aztreonam, and imipenem. Strain Pa6415 also showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. Both strains displayed MICs below the susceptibility breakpoint for CAZ-AVI plus 4 mg/L of aztreonam as well as cefiderocol. Both resistance regions are flanked by the left and right inverted repeats of ISPa40 in two small regions spanning 39.3 and 35.6 kb, for Pa6415 and Pa873, respectively. The resistance region of Pa6415 includes TnaphA6, and the new Tn7516 consists of IRi, In899, qacEΔ1-sul1-ISCR1, qnrVC6-ISCR1-blaPER-1-qacEΔ1-sul1, araJ-like, IS481-like tnpA, ISPa17, and IRR. On the other hand, the resistance region of Pa873 includes Tnaph6 and the new Tn7517 (IRi, In899, qacEΔ1-sul1, ISCR1–blaPER-1–qacEΔ1-sul1, araJ-like, IS481-like tnpA, ISPa17, and IRR). It is necessary to monitor the emergence of genetic structures that threaten to invalidate the available therapeutic resources.
Peptidoglycan editing in non-proliferating intracellular Salmonella as source of interference with immune signaling Sara B. Hernández, Sónia Castanheira, M. Graciela Pucciarelli, Juan J. Cestero, Gadea Rico-Pérez, Alberto Paradela, Juan A. Ayala, Sonsoles Velázquez, Ana San-Félix, Felipe Cava, Francisco García-del Portillo Plos Pathogens, 2022 Salmonella enterica causes intracellular infections that can be limited to the intestine or spread to deeper tissues. In most cases, intracellular bacteria show moderate growth. How these bacteria face host defenses that recognize peptidoglycan, is poorly understood. Here, we report a high-resolution structural analysis of the minute amounts of peptidoglycan purified from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infecting fibroblasts, a cell type in which this pathogen undergoes moderate growth and persists for days intracellularly. The peptidoglycan of these non-proliferating bacteria contains atypical crosslinked muropeptides with stem peptides trimmed at the L-alanine-D-glutamic acid-(γ) or D-glutamic acid-(γ)-meso-diaminopimelic acid motifs, both sensed by intracellular immune receptors. This peptidoglycan has a reduced glycan chain average length and ~30% increase in the L,D-crosslink, a type of bridge shared by all the atypical crosslinked muropeptides identified. The L,D-transpeptidases LdtD (YcbB) and LdtE (YnhG) are responsible for the formation of these L,D-bridges in the peptidoglycan of intracellular bacteria. We also identified in a fraction of muropeptides an unprecedented modification in the peptidoglycan of intracellular S. Typhimurium consisting of the amino alcohol alaninol replacing the terminal (fourth) D-alanine. Alaninol was still detectable in the peptidoglycan of a double mutant lacking LdtD and LdtE, thereby ruling out the contribution of these enzymes to this chemical modification. Remarkably, all multiple mutants tested lacking candidate enzymes that either trim stem peptides or form the L,D-bridges retain the capacity to modify the terminal D-alanine to alaninol and all attenuate NF-κB nuclear translocation. These data inferred a potential role of alaninol-containing muropeptides in attenuating pro-inflammatory signaling, which was confirmed with a synthetic tetrapeptide bearing such amino alcohol. We suggest that the modification of D-alanine to alaninol in the peptidoglycan of non-proliferating intracellular S. Typhimurium is an editing process exploited by this pathogen to evade immune recognition inside host cells.
The Spanish Society for Microbiology and Latin American microbiologists: seventy-five years of joint scientific ventures J. Ayala, R. Kolter International Microbiology, 2021 As part of this Special Issue of International Microbiology celebrating the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Spanish Society for Microbiology (SEM), Guest Editor Rafael Giraldo invited us to contribute an opinion article on the topic of 75 years of joint scientific ventures between Latin American microbiologists and Spanish microbiologists. Since the creation of SEM in 1945 (Pérez Prieto, NoticiaSEM 98:1, 2016) Latin American microbiologists have been participants, both as individuals and as members of the national associations that are currently integrated into the Latin American Association for Microbiology (ALAM). Thus, the histories of Spanish and Latin American microbiology (Chica and Skinner, Int Microbiol 13:159–164, 2010; Chica, Int Microbiol 11:221–225, 2008) have been closely linked over the last 75 years. In order to provide our perspective on the topic, we decided to provide answers to three questions: What are key aspects of the history of Spanish and Latin American Microbiology interactions? What have been some of our personal experiences in which these interactions shaped our careers? What is our outlook for the future of such interactions?
A Secreted NlpC/P60 Endopeptidase from Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida Cleaves the Peptidoglycan of Potentially Competing Bacteria Johnny Lisboa, Cassilda Pereira, Aline Rifflet, Juan Ayala, Mateus S. Terceti, Alba V. Barca, Inês Rodrigues, Pedro José Barbosa Pereira, Carlos R. Osorio, Francisco García-del Portillo, Ivo Gomperts Boneca, Ana do Vale, Nuno M. S. dos Santos Msphere, 2021 Peptidoglycan (PG) is a major component of the bacterial cell wall formed by long chains of two alternating sugars interconnected by short peptides, generating a mesh-like structure that enwraps the bacterial cell. Although PG provides structural integrity and support for anchoring other components of the cell envelope, it is constantly being remodeled through the action of specific enzymes that cleave or join its components.
Thermostability enhancement of the Pseudomonas fluorescens esterase I by in vivo folding selection in Thermus thermophilus Diana M. Mate, Noé R. Rivera, Esther Sanchez‐Freire, Juan A. Ayala, José Berenguer, Aurelio Hidalgo Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2020 Prolonged stability is a desired property for the biotechnological application of enzymes since it allows its reutilization, contributing to making biocatalytic processes more economically competitive with respect to chemical synthesis. In this study, we have applied selection by folding interference at high temperature in Thermus thermophilus to obtain thermostable variants of the esterase I from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PFEI). The most thermostable variant (Q11L/A191S) showed a melting temperature (Tm) of 77.3 ± 0.1°C (4.6°C higher than the wild‐type) and a half‐life of over 13 hr at 65°C (7.9‐fold better than the wild‐type), with unchanged kinetic parameters. Stabilizing mutations Q11L and A191S were incorporated into PFEI variant L30P, previously described to be enantioselective in the hydrolysis of the (−)‐enantiomer of the Vince lactam. The final variant Q11L/L30P/A191S showed a significant improvement in thermal stability (Tm of 80.8 ± 0.1°C and a half‐life of 65 min at 75°C), while retaining enantioselectivity (E > 100). Structural studies revealed that A191S establishes a hydrogen bond network between a V‐shaped hairpin and the α/β hydrolase domain that leads to higher rigidity and thus would contribute to explaining the increase in stability.
Protein determinants of dissemination and host specificity of metallo-β-lactamases Carolina López, Juan A. Ayala, Robert A. Bonomo, Lisandro J. González, Alejandro J. Vila Nature Communications, 2019 The worldwide dissemination of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), mediating resistance to carbapenem antibiotics, is a major public health problem. The extent of dissemination of MBLs such as VIM-2, SPM-1 and NDM among Gram-negative pathogens cannot be explained solely based on the associated mobile genetic elements or the resistance phenotype. Here, we report that MBL host range is determined by the impact of MBL expression on bacterial fitness. The signal peptide sequence of MBLs dictates their adaptability to each host. In uncommon hosts, inefficient processing of MBLs leads to accumulation of toxic intermediates that compromises bacterial growth. This fitness cost explains the exclusion of VIM-2 and SPM-1 from Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii, and their confinement to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. By contrast, NDMs are expressed without any apparent fitness cost in different bacteria, and are secreted into outer membrane vesicles. We propose that the successful dissemination and adaptation of MBLs to different bacterial hosts depend on protein determinants that enable host adaptability and carbapenem resistance. Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) confer resistance to carbapenem antibiotics. Here, López et al. show that the host range of MBLs depends on the efficiency of MBL signal peptide processing and secretion into outer membrane vesicles, which affects bacterial fitness.
Regulation of AmpC-Driven β-Lactam Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Different pathways, different signaling Gabriel Torrens, Sara Belén Hernández, Juan Alfonso Ayala, Bartolome Moya, Carlos Juan, Felipe Cava, Antonio Oliver Msystems, 2019 The hyperproduction of the chromosomal AmpC β-lactamase is the main mechanism driving β-lactam resistance inPseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the leading opportunistic pathogens causing nosocomial acute and chronic infections in patients with underlying respiratory diseases. In the current scenario of the shortage of effective antipseudomonal drugs, understanding the molecular mechanisms mediating AmpC hyperproduction in order to develop new therapeutics against this fearsome pathogen is of great importance. It has been accepted for decades that certain cell wall-derived soluble fragments (muropeptides) modulate AmpC production by complexing with the transcriptional regulator AmpR and acquiring different conformations that activate/repressampCexpression. However, these peptidoglycan-derived signals have never been characterized in the highly prevalentP. aeruginosastable AmpC hyperproducer mutants. Here, we demonstrate that the previously described fragments enabling the transientampChyperexpression during cefoxitin induction (1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptides) also underlie thedacB(penicillin binding protein 4 [PBP4]) mutation-driven stable hyperproduction but differ from the 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramyl-tripeptides notably overaccumulated in theampDknockout mutant. In addition, a simultaneous greater accumulation of both activators appears linked to higher levels of AmpC hyperproduction, although our results suggest a much stronger AmpC-activating potency for the 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide. Collectively, our results propose a model of AmpC control where the activator fragments, with qualitative and quantitative particularities depending on the pathways and levels of β-lactamase production, dominate over the repressor (UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide). This study represents a major step in understanding the foundations of AmpC-dependent β-lactam resistance inP. aeruginosa, potentially useful to open new therapeutic conceptions intended to interfere with the abovementioned cell wall-derived signaling.IMPORTANCEThe extensive use of β-lactam antibiotics and the bacterial adaptive capacity have led to the apparently unstoppable increase of antimicrobial resistance, one of the current major global health challenges. In the leading nosocomial pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosa, the mutation-driven AmpC β-lactamase hyperproduction stands out as the main resistance mechanism, but the molecular cues enabling this system have remained elusive until now. Here, we provide for the first time direct and quantitative information about the soluble cell wall-derived fragments accounting for the different levels and pathways of AmpC hyperproduction. Based on these results, we propose a hierarchical model of signals which ultimately governampChyperexpression and resistance.
Remote induction of cellular immune response in mice by anti-meningococcal nanocochleates - nanoproteoliposomes Beatriz Tamargo Santos, Catherine Fleitas Pérez, Juan F. Infante Bourzac, Yanet Márquez Nápoles, Wendy Ramírez González, Virgilio Bourg, Damaris Torralba, Viviana Pérez, Antonio Mouriño, Juan Ayala, Alexis Labrada Rosado, Lotfi Aleya, Simona Bungau, V. Gustavo Sierra González Science of the Total Environment, 2019 New adjuvant formulations, based on proteoliposomes <40 nm and cochleates <100 nm, without Al(OH)3 adjuvant, were evaluated regarding their ability to generate Th1 immune response through a Delayed -Type Hypersensitivity Test, at the mouse model, by using a Neisseria meningitidis B protein complex as antigen. The formulations were administered by intramuscular (IM) (2 inoculations - at baseline and after 14 days) and intranasal (IN) (3 inoculations at 7 days) immunization pathways. All IM immunized groups were able to induce similar response to these formulations as well as to VA-MENGOC-BC® vaccine - containing Al(OH)3 adjuvant (used as positive control of the trial). In all groups, the induced inflammation (IP) rate was statistically higher than in the negative control group (CN) (p < 0.05). Immunogenicity, measured by HSR and CD4+ lymphocyte increase was equivalent to the control vaccine and most important, granuloma reactogenicity at the site of injection was eliminated, fact demonstrated by histological study. All groups of animals immunized by IN route showed HSR reactions and statistically significant differences with respect to the CN group. However, IP values were lower, with statistical differences (p < 0.05) for the same adjuvant formulation IM administered, except the AIF2-nCh formulation that generated statistically similar induction (p > 0.05) by both immunization pathways, suggesting it to be the best candidate for the next IN trial. Proteoliposome and cochleate formulations tested were able to mount potent Th-1 immune response, equivalent to the original vaccine formulation, with the advantage of less reactogenicity in the site of the injection, caused by the toxicity of Al(OH)3 adjuvant gel.
Pathogenesis of Salmonella typhimurium mutants in two experimental models in vivo Vaccimonitor, 2019
The peptidoglycan and biofilm matrix of Staphylococcus epidermidis undergo structural changes when exposed to human platelets Maria Loza-Correa, Juan A. Ayala, Iris Perelman, Keith Hubbard, Miloslav Kalab, Qi-Long Yi, Mariam Taha, Miguel A. de Pedro, Sandra Ramirez-Arcos Plos One, 2019 Staphylococcus epidermidis is a bacterium frequently isolated from contaminated platelet concentrates (PCs), a blood product used to treat bleeding disorders in transfusion patients. PCs offer an accidental niche for colonization of S. epidermidis by forming biofilms and thus avoiding clearance by immune factors present in this milieu. Using biochemical and microscopy techniques, we investigated the structural changes of the peptidoglycan (PG) and the biofilm matrix of S. epidermidis biofilms formed in whole-blood derived PCs compared to biofilms grown in glucose-supplemented trypticase soy broth (TSBg). Both, the PG and the biofilm matrix are primary mechanisms of defense against environmental stress. Here we show that in PCs, the S. epidermidis biofilm matrix is mainly of a proteinaceous nature with extracellular DNA, in contrast to the predominant polysaccharide nature of the biofilm matrix formed in TSBg cultures. PG profile studies demonstrated that the PG of biofilm cells remodels during PC storage displaying fewer muropeptides variants than those observed in TSBg. The PG muropeptides contain two chemical modifications (amidation and O-acetylation) previously associated with resistance to antimicrobial agents by other staphylococci. Our study highlights two key structural features of S. epidermidis that are remodeled when exposed to human platelets and could be used as targets to reduce septic transfusions events.
Two multidrug-resistant salmonella infantis isolates behave like hypo-invasive strains but have high intracellular proliferation Revista Argentina De Microbiologia, 2012
Induced protection by nanocochleates derived from proteoliposomes from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola Vaccimonitor, 2012
CTX-M: Changing the face of ESBLs in Europe D. M. Livermore, R. Canton, M. Gniadkowski, P. Nordmann, G. M. Rossolini, G. Arlet, J. Ayala, T. M. Coque, I. Kern-Zdanowicz, F. Luzzaro, L. Poirel, N. Woodford Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2007
Molecular characterization of InJR06, a class 1 integron located in a conjugative plasmid of Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium International Microbiology, 2005
CTX-M-12 β-Lactamase in a Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolate in Colombia Maria Virginia Villegas, Adriana Correa, Federico Perez, Tania Zuluaga, Marcela Radice, Gabriel Gutkind, José María Casellas, Juan Ayala, Karen Lolans, John P. Quinn, the Colombian Nosocomial Resistance Study Group Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2004
Cloning and expression of the Mycoplasma hominis ftsZ gene for a cell division protein Genetika, 2003
Cell cycle control: Prokaryotic solutions to eukaryotic problems? V. Norris, J.A. Ayala, K. Begg, J.-P. Bouché, P. Bouloc, E. Boye, J. Canvin, S. Casaregola, A.J. Cozzone, E. Crooke, R. D'Ari, M.A. de Pedro, W.D. Donachie, R.J. Doyle, G.R. Drapeau, R. Fontana, S. Foster, J.A. Fralick, P. Freestone, R.C. Gayda, M. Goldberg, S. Grant, E. Guzman, J.H. Hageman, C.F. Higgins, M. Hofnung, I.B. Holland, J.-V. Holtje, P. Hughes, M. Inouye, S. Inouye, A. Jaffé, A. Jimenez-Sanchez, D. Joseleau-Petit, W. Keck, F. Kepes, A. Kornberg, P. Kuempel, H. Labischinski, A. Lobner-Olesen, J. Lutkenhaus, P.E. March, M. Matsuhashi, G. McGurk, W. Messer, J. Meury, Y. Milner, K. Modha, K. Nagai, T. Nagata, Y. Nishimura, S. Normark, E. Orr, A. Ottolenghi, L. Paolozzi, P. Poulsen, J.E. Rebollo, E.Z. Ron, J. Rouviere-Yaniv, K. Rudd, G.P.C. Salmond, G. Satta, U. Schwarz, S. Seror, A.J. Simon, B.G. Spratt, K. Sreekumar, S. Sweeney, I. Toth, R. Utsumi, D. Vinella, M. Wachi, B.M. Wilkins, P.H. Williams, C. Yanofsky Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1994
Erratum: Membrane intermediates in the peptidoglycan metabolism of escherichia coli: Possible roles of PBP 1b and PBP 3 (Journal of Bacteriology 174:11 (3555)) Journal of Bacteriology, 1992
Characterization and regulation of the expression of a cloned sequence derived from a post-aggregation regulated mRNA of Dictyostelium discoideum Biology of the Cell, 1984