Dr.P.Govindhan
@citchennai.edu.in
Assistant Professor
chennai institute of technology
EDUCATION
MSc, PhD ,DIH, DTed
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Materials Science
Scopus Publications
Scholar Citations
Scholar h-index
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
G. Palaniselvan, P. Govindhan, D. Jayganesh, M. Dharmendra Kumar, and R. Edison Chandraseelan
Informa UK Limited
P. Govindhan, N. V. Prabhu, R. Edison Chandraseelan, and M. Dharmendira Kumar
Informa UK Limited
Govindhan Perumal
Informa UK Limited
Govindhan P
Informa UK Limited
Bio-oil from Hibiscus cannabinus seeds was extracted with four solvents: acetone, benzene, isopropanol, and hexane. Solvent extraction techniques have less oil residue than other methods. The primary factors that influence the extraction processes such as extraction time, particle size, seed ageing, and solvent suitability were optimised to enhance the bio-oil yield. The extracted bio-oil was tested by GC-MS, FTIR, and 1H-NMR. Physicochemical properties (free fatty acid, specific gravity, acid value, calorific value, saponification number, iodine number, etc.) of hibiscus cannabinus oil were also analysed on a dry weight basis. The hexane solvent gave the highest yield (25.37%) followed by acetone (21.32%), Benzene (16.98%), and Isopropanol (14.20%) over 3.5 h. It is also predicted that the cost of Hibiscus cannabinus seed bio-oil per litre is Rs. 230 which is moderately economical Hibiscus cannabinus oil has a calorific value of 39,895 kJ/kg, making it a better fuel choice.
Govindhan Perumal, Prabhu Narayanaswamy Venkatesan, Dharmendirakumar Magendradoss, and Edison Chandraseelan Rajasingh
Springer Nature Singapore
P. Govindhan, N. V. Prabhu, R. Edison Chandraseelan, and M. Dharmendira Kumar
Informa UK Limited
Govindhan Perumal and Dharmendira Kumar Mahendradas
Informa UK Limited
Abstract At present, a large amount of biodiesel is produced from the non-edible and waste cooking oils using alcohol and catalyst (acid, alkaline). The free fatty acids in the oils react fast with the alkaline catalyst to produce soap that inhibits the reaction. In the present work, a two-step trans-esterification process is developed to convert the high free fatty acid oils to its mono-esters. In the first step, acid catalyzed esterification reduces the free fatty acid level of the oil to less than 1.9%, and the alkaline catalyzed trans-esterification process converts the yields of the first step to its mono-esters and glycerol during the second step. The main factors such as alcohol and oil a molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction time and temperature are optimized. The property of biodiesel obtained is similar to that of petro-diesel.
Govindhan Perumal, Tamilarasan Rengasamy, and Mahendradass Dharmendira Kumar
Informa UK Limited
ABSTRACT Biodiesel is an alternative to petro-diesel which is a fatty acid methyl ester of animal fats and vegetable oils. A technique to produce biodiesel from occidentalis oil having high free fatty acids (17% FFA) has been developed. The high FFA level of occidentalis oils was reduced to less than 1% by a two-step pretreatment process. The main objectives of the present work are to reduce the higher viscosity of occidentalis oil using esterification followed by transesterification and to assess the performance. Each step was carried out with 0.30 – 0.35 v/v methanol-to-oil ratio and with the presence of 1%v/v H2SO4as an acid catalyst during 1 h reaction. The mixture was allowed to settle for an hour and the methanol-water mixture was separated from the top of the mixture. The second step is transesterification of the bottom layer using 0.25% v/v methanol and 0.7% w/v KOH as an alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel. The fuel properties of Senna occidentalis biodiesel were found to be comparable to that of American and European standard petro-diesel.
P. Govindhan, R. Tamilarasan, and M. Dharmendira Kumar
Informa UK Limited
ABSTRACT This paper presents the production of biodiesel from Bauhinia variegata seeds using the solvent extraction technique. This process has attracted considerable attention recently in the renewable energy sector because it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and subsidize energy security. The solvent extraction technique has a low production cost and low oil residue compared with the other methods. Six different solvents were employed for the separation process; among them, hexane proves to be the best solvent for bio-oil extraction (yield −28.43%) at the temperature of 68°C. The caloric value of B. variegata seeds is 4800 kcal/kg, which makes it a better choice of fuel. Its physicochemical properties such as acid value, calorific value, flash point, saponification value, iodine number, specific gravity, fire point, and kinematic viscosity were determined for bio-oil and compared with diesel. This result supports the production of biodiesel from B. variegata seeds oil as a viable alternative fuel to diesel in an eco-friendly manner.
P. Govindhan, M. Karthikeyan, and M. Dharmendira Kumar
Informa UK Limited
ABSTRACT Valuable oil within the seeds of Senna occidentalis is extracted by completely different strategy. However, ancient Soxhlet extraction was compared with microwave-assisted extraction. Soxhlet extraction was known to enhance the yield of bio-oil production. Three polar solvents specifically methanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol and three non-polar solvents specifically chloroform, hexane, toluene were used. Soxhlet equipment has been established to be the simplest technique with the highest oil yield. Parameters like size fractions of the crushed seeds, extraction time, aging of seeds, and selection of solvents have been optimized in order to enhance oil yield. The bio-oil was characterized using (FT-IR) and GC/MS. Chemical reaction price, iodine variety, relative density, carbon residue content, flash purpose, fire point, hot price, and kinematic consistency were investigated to characterize fuel quality of the bio-oil. The maximum oil yield of 23.46% was obtained with isopropanol at 82.6°C and 3.5 h of optimum extraction time.
M. Karthikeyan, S. Renganathan, and P. Govindhan
Informa UK Limited
ABSTRACT Energy supply is going to be depleted in overall well-developed economic countries in the world. Developing the simplest source of alternative fuel to energy that is non-toxic, harmless, safer to handle, eco-friendly, and economically viable is the need of the hour. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are obtained from the reaction against transesterification of triglycerides. Number of methods to produce biodiesel, out of these methods easiest and quickest way is transesterification using acid and base catalyst. In Asian countries, especially in India, completely different oil bearing trees are available. Some of them are Jatropha, Karanja, Salvo Dara oleoids, Rubber seed, Garcinia indica, and so forth. Out of these sources, Karanja seeds produce the higher yield of methyl esters and are the finest alternative source of the crude product, that is, biodiesel. The two-step acid-base transesterification reaction to this current research of Karanja oils yields 81.2 ml of methyl esters and 18.8 ml glycerol contents using methanolysis process (9:1) and BaMoO4 as a unique catalyst (0.68 wt%). The parameters of fuel analysis like flash and fire point, cloud and pour point, carbon residue, density, and kinematic viscosity at 40°C can be tested by standard ASTM methods. During this transesterification reaction, BaMoO4 as a singular catalyst supplies the yield of methyl group esters from Karanja oil (Pongamia pinnata).