Raman Dang
@klepharmblr.org
Principal and Professor Department of Pharmacognosy
KLE College of Pharmacy,bengaluru
RESEARCH INTERESTS
Herbal formulations
Scopus Publications
Scopus Publications
Abhirami Eby, Raman Dang, and Elsa Jacob
EManuscript Technologies
KAVITHA A. N., JANAKIRAMAN K., and RAMAN DANG
Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd
Objective: The main objective of the present research work was to develop systematically the Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery system of BCS Class IV drug in a Quality by Design framework.
 Methods: The quality by design-based formulation development proceeds with defining the Quality Target Product Profile and Critical Quality Attributes of dosage form with appropriate justification for the same. The statistical Mixture design was used for the development of the formulation. The independent variables selected for the design were Oleic acid, Labrasol and PEG 6000, whereas droplet size (nm), emulsification time (sec), % drug loading and % drug release at 15 min were considered as the potential quality attributes of the Self Micro Emulsifying System. The eight different batches of Etravirine-Self Micro Emulsifying systems (ETV-SMEDDS) were prepared and checked for the Critical Quality Attributes. The simultaneous optimization of the formulation was done by the global desirability approach.
 Results: The characterization report obtained for all the different batches of formulation was analyzed statistically by fitting into regression models. The statistically significant models determined for droplet size (nm) (R2= 0.96 and p-0.1022), emulsification time (sec) (R2= 0.99 and p-0.0267), % drug loading (R2= 0.93 and p-0.1667) and % drug release at 15 min (R2= 0.96 and p-0.0911) and were statistically significant. The maximal global desirability value obtained was 0.9415 and the value indicates, the selected factors and responses have a good correlation and are significant enough for optimization and prediction of best formulation.
 Conclusion: The QbD approach utilized during the development of ETV-SMEEDS facilitated the identification of Critical Material Attributes and their significant impact on the Critical Quality Attributes of SMEDDS. The concept of building quality into product through the QbD application was utilized successfully in the formulation development.
Rajeswari Ramasamy, Guru Prasad Mohanta, Shobha Rani R Hiremath, Chandramouli Ramnarayanan, Raman Dang, and Manjiri S Gharat
EManuscript Technologies
Context: Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) Directly Observed Treatment-Short course (DOTS) strategy to involve Community Pharmacist (CPs), was conceived and implemented in India, with the objective of improving accessibility of Tuberculosis free medicines. Though the RNTCP personnel in the study area had tried to create liaison with CPs; and to train them in DOTS provision roles, it was not successful as CPs were not forthcoming to be a part RNTCP DOTS paradigm. Hence this study was ideated and executed to develop a liaison model between CP and RNTCP personnel, to support the delivery of DOTS treatment under RNTCP programme. This article discusses the liaison method followed by the researchers to integrate the CPs with RNTCP’S TB centres in Bangalore City. Aim: To establish liaison between community pharmacists and RNTCP personnel to strengthen Public Private Mix (PPM) Partnership for providing TB care role in Bengaluru City, India. Methodology: An educational interventional study involving CPs in Bengaluru City was conducted with the regulatory support from Drugs Control department, Karnataka.Awareness and Training was given on the basis of the RNTCP training module for Community Pharmacist. The change in the level of awareness on existence of PPM RNTCP strategy among community pharmacist; and the percentage of pharmacists showing interest for TB care role after the program was measured. Results and Discussion: Out of 125 CPs representations, 93 CPs enrolled them as Private DOTS providers immediately after programme. The change in the Level of Awareness on the existence of TB-DOTS provider role was found to be 100% in this study. This result clearly points to the fact that CPs needs to be sensitized. Conclusion: The policy level changes in the ease of enrolling CPs to be a DOTS provider under the aegis of drugs control department, needs to be revisited and rethought in RNTCP’s national strategy for pharmacists.
Kavitha Arenur Narayana Reddy, Janakiraman Kunchithapatham, Raman Dang, and Chandramouli Ramnarayanan
EManuscript Technologies
Aim: The therapeutic utility of many poorly water-soluble drugs are severely restricted for their bioavailability. The present study was aimed to development of self-micro emulsifying drug delivery (SMEDDS) system for a poorly water soluble anti-retroviral drug Darunavir by the application of Quality by Design (QbD) to increase its bioavailability. Methodology: Extreme Vertices Mixture Design (EVMD), based on its utility and the applicability to the formulation problem in hand was selected for the study. The different responses selected for this design were drug release in 15 min (%), drug loading (mg/ml), emulsification time (seconds) and droplet size (nm). The factors or the independent variables considered in the design are oil, surfactant and cosurfactant. Ten different formulations were prepared and evaluated to check the model fit. The optimization and model verification were done by conducting experimental runs. Results: The studies revealed that application of EVMD and development of the formulation in a QbD framework resulted in a robust and sustainable method for improving the bioavailability of the drug as evidenced by the characterization studies of optimized batch In vitro drug release in 15 min (92.43 %), drug loading (98.95 mg/ml), emulsification time (31.5 sec) and droplet size (222.2 nm). The Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) obtained for optimized formulation showed a uniform spherical morphology. Conclusion: The development of hard to achieve formulation techniques like SMEDDS involving BCS class 2 and 4 drugs can be sustainably achieved with minimal time and resources, matching regulatory requirements can be attained by the application of EVMD, under QbD framework.
Kuntal DAS, Raman DANG, Gokul SIVARAMAN, and Rajasekharan Punathil ELLATH
Galenos Yayinevi
Objectives: Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. (CF, Family: Menispermaceae) is an important endangered woody climber in India. CF contains various major secondary metabolites for the treatment of various disease conditions. The present study aimed to establish the antioxidant and anthelmintic activity of Coscinium fenestratum fruit pulp. Materials and Methods: The dried fruit pulp was subjected to aqueous, methanol, and mixed aqueous and methanol (1:1) solvent extraction followed by phytochemical investigations, estimations of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant potentiality (DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging methods), and anthelmintic activity tests were carried out. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of CF fruit extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids phenols, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and resins, which are responsible for biologic properties. The combined aqueous and methanol extract resulted in significant anthelmintic and antioxidant properties in a dose-dependent manner. The DPPH free radical scavenging assay and H2O2 assay exhibited IC50 values of 42.38±0.012 µg/mL and 46.80±0.011 µg/mL, respectively. Thereafter, the anthelmintic activity test was carried out against Pheretima posthuma and Taenia solium with the extract at varying concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg/mL and compared with standard albendazole (25 and 50 mg/mL) and saline (0.9%) as a control. All the extracts exhibited concentration-dependent paralytic effect, followed by death on the test organism, but significant activity was observed with the combined methanol and aqueous extract. Conclusion: The study was conducted in order to find possible isolated compounds as a biosources for future novel antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical formulations. Our findings indicate for the first time that the CF fruit pulp has therapeutic values with prominent antioxidant and anthelmintic properties.
Raman DANG
EManuscript Technologies
The lifestyle has improved with economic development of the people. Side by side the major challenge are `lifestyle diseases’ that are due to food habits. Consumption of junk food has increased manifold, which has led to a number of diseases related to nutritional deficiencies. Hence they are shifting from synthetic ingredients towards organic foods and ingredients, which are obtained from natural sources. Of late, Nutraceuticals can play an important role in controlling them and also fulfill all the health requirements. They are incredible dietary supplements that help in prevention or treatment of disease, which is made from raw herbals. This is a rapidly growing industry with more than 100 million people using these natural products but as like drugs, there should be strict regulatory control for nutraceuticals. With extensive anecdotal data on exciting health results, nutraceutical promise significant contributions to disease prevention and allow humans to maintain an overall good health. Nearly two thirds of the world’s 6.1 billion people rely on the healing power of plant based materials for many reasons-availability, affordability, safety or their belief in traditional cures. Hence the demand is irreversibly increasing. According to a new market research, global nutraceuticals market was valued at US$ 165.62 billion in 2014 and is expected to reach US$278.96 billion by 2021, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.3% from 2015 to 2021. Indian markets growing at the rate of 21% per year and among that Amay, Dabur and Pfizer are well recognized. This indicates the people are accepting Nutraceuticals as medicine to make life healthy. DOI: 10.5530/ijper.51.3s.2 Correspondence: Raman DANG, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, #12/1, Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post, Varthur Hobli, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA. Phone no: +919945846106 E-mail: dangraman2000@ gmail.com INTRODUCTION The term “nutraceutical” combines two words – “nutrient” (a nourishing food component) and “pharmaceutical” (a medical drug). The name was coined in 1989 by Stephen De Felice, founder and chairman of the Foundation for Innovation in Medicine, an American organization located in Cranford, New Jersey. A Nutraceutical is a pharmaceutical-grade and standardized nutrient. Nutraceuticals are regulated by FDA under the authority of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Categories of nutraceuticals The definition of nutraceuticals and related products generally depends on the source. They can be classified on the basis of their natural sources, pharmacological conditions, as well as chemical constitution of the products. Most often they are grouped in the following categories: dietary supplements, functional food, medicinal food, farmaceuticals. A dietary supplement represents a product that contains nutrients derived from food products, and is often concentrated in liquid, capsule, powder or pill form. Although dietary supplements are regulated by the FDA as foods, their regulation differs from drugs and other foods. According to their generally accepted definition, functional food is a category which includes whole foods and fortified, enriched or enhanced dietary components that may reduce the risk of chronic disease and provide a health-benefit beyond the traditional nutrients it contains. Medical food is formulated to be consumed or administered internally, under the supervision of a qualified physician. Its intended use is a specific dietary management of a disease or condition for which distinctive Raman Dang: Nutraceuticals for Healthy Life Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research | Vol 51 | Issue 3 | Jul-Sep, 2017 (Special Issue) S149 nutritional requirements are established by the medical evaluation (on the basis of recognized scientific principle). Farmaceuticals are medically valuable components produced from modified agricultural crops or animals. The term is a combining of the words “farm” and “pharmaceuticals”. Proponents of this concept are convinced that using crops (and possibly even animals) as pharmaceutical factories is much more cost effective than conventional methods, with higher revenue for agricultural producers. Potential health benefits Over the years nutraceuticals have attracted considerable interest due to their potential nutritional, safety and therapeutic effects. They could have a role in a plethora of biological processes, including antioxidant defenses, cell proliferation, gene expression, and safeguarding of mitochondrial integrity. Therefore nutraceuticals may be used to improve health, prevent chronic diseases, postpone the aging process (and in turn increase life expectancy), or just support functions and integrity of the body. They are considered to be healthy sources for prevention of life threatening diseases such as diabetes, renal and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as different infections. A wide range of nutraceuticals have been shown to impose crucial roles in immune status and susceptibility to certain disease states. They also exhibit diseases modifying indications related to oxidative stress including allergy, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, eye conditions, Parkinson’s diseases and obesity.
Nazim Sekeroglu, Emrah Urlu, Muhittin Kulak, Sevgi Gezici, and Raman Dang
EManuscript Technologies
Background and Purpose: Hypericum perforatum belonging to the family Hypericaceae is a reputed medicinal plant including a wide ranges of important phytochemical components. Chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin, pseudohypericin, hypericin and hyperforin are of the major components. Crude extract and individual compounds of H. perforatum have been reported to exert antidepressant, antibiotic, and antitumoral activities. It is worthy to note that the quantity and efficacies of the crude extracts or individual compound are not constant, which are strongly influenced by different climatic conditions, harvesting times, harvested plant organs and post-harvest practices. Hence, numerous studies on H. perforatum collected from different parts of the World are carried out for their desired quality and biological efficacy. Methods: Wild collected plant materials were dried and preserved with a voucher specimen number and were extracted using maceration at room temperature for 24 h in dark. Subsequently, extracts were screened for their phenolic and flavonoid contents, plausible antioxidant activities using two methods namely DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays and DNA protective activities. Results: The highlights of the study were are listed as 1) the highest total phenolic content in ethanol extracts of leaf, ii) the highest total flavonoid content in flower, iii) DPPH scavenging activity in leaf (80.51 %), flower (63.42 %) and stem (48.20 %), iv) highest ferric reduction capacity in ethanol extracts of stem were determined. Also, potent DNA protection activity was observed even at the lowest concentration value (25μg/ml) of the extracts. Conclusion: The phenolic content and strong antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of different parts of the plant are reported. All the extracts exhibited strong DNA protective activities in response to the UV radiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
Kuntal Das and Raman Dang
EManuscript Technologies
Objective: The present study is aimed at comparative pharmacognostical studies in terms of macroscopic and quantitative microscopy on different solvent (chloroform, methanol and water) extracted leaves, stem and root parts of HA, procured from the Bangalore soil zone, Karnataka, India. Methods: Initially the soil parameters are checked for the presence of various metals and other physicochemical properties. Microscopy and macroscopic analysis were performed to under the arrangement of anatomical structures of cells and tissues. Thereafter HPTLC study was performed to determine the presence of conessine in various parts of Kurchi. Results and discussion: The results revealed the soil is sandy loam with the pH of 7.40, organic carbon content 0.30%, electrical conductivity (EC) was 13.14 mS cm-1 and the soil redox potential was 17.80 mV. Macroscopical and microscopical evaluation of leaf, stem and root gave special identification characters. Phytochemical investigation reveals the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, protein, glycoside, saponin, phytosterols and diterpenes. Thereafter, presence of conessine was identified by HPTLC at 192 nm using mobile phase Toluene, Ethylacetate and Dietylamine (6:3:1) and percentage of conessine resulted higher of 0.51 in methanol bark extract followed by 0.48% in the methanol root extract. This may be due to the soil nature of Bangalore zone and the effect of solvent where the active constituents are soluble maximized to get more yield. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical parameters and conessine content in different parts of Holarrhena antidysentrica through HPTLC was revealed that was dependent on various factors.
Kuntal Das, Raman Dang, Guruprasad Sutar V, John Wilking Einstein, Ranjit Kumar Paul, and Tanmoy Karak
EManuscript Technologies
Objective: This paper highlighted the effect of selected soil containing metals, viz. Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn on the biochemical compositions and antioxidant activity in leaf of 20 years old two Cassia fistula L. (CF) cultivars. The leaf samples were collected from CF grown on road sides from the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka in India. Methods: Antioxidant activity and total phenol contents from methanolic and aqueous leaf extract were evaluated by assays like oxygen radical absorbance capacities (ORAC), 2, 2/-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and folinciocalteu reagent methods respectively. Maximum dose dependent antioxidant activity was observed in methanol leaf extract of both the cultivars, but marginal variation observed in antioxidant activity. Results: The result revealed that total phenolic content was maximum in the methanolic leaf extract (11.40 ± 0.37 mg g−1 of gallic acid equivalent). A positive correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenol compounds was noticed from both the samples. Furthermore a significant correlation was observed between element contents and antioxidant activities. Conclusion: This was may be due to elements like Fe, Cu, and Zn for accumulation of secondary constituents in the methanolic leaf extract that are major contributors to the antioxidant potential of CF. There were no other heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr) reported in both the samples.
Ahmad Husain, G.D. Sofi, Raman Dang, Rani R.H. Shobha, and Ahmed KK Mueen
EManuscript Technologies
Kuntal Das, Raman Dang, and T. N. Shivananda
Informa UK Limited
A field experiment was conducted at Rani Chandramma Agricultural University (Arabhavi, Belgaum), Karnataka, India, in basic soil to study the nutrient availability in soil, yield and yield attributes of the medicinal plant stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). The results showed that the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil increased up to the fifth month; and thereafter, decreased by the same amount with the progress of the plant growth up to the sixth month, irrespective of treatments. Results also showed that the fresh and dry biomass yields significantly increased up to the sixth month with different treatments, but the yield attributes like plant height and the number of branches were observed to be varied with various treatments, being highest in the combined application of biofertilizers over that of their corresponding sole applications.
Kuntal Das, Raman Dang, and T. N. Shivananda
Informa UK Limited
Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore, to study the effect of combined applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers on their availability in soils in relation to their contents in the Stevia plant. The results show that the amount of available N, P and K in soil has been found to be increased initially up to 45 days and thereafter, the amount of the same content decreased with the progress of plant growth up to 60 days irrespective of treatments. However, the magnitudes of such increases in N, P and K contents both in soils and plants have also been enhanced with the simultaneous application of N, P and K (40:20:30) kg/ha over that of their corresponding individual applications.
Kuntal Das, Raman Dang, T. N. Shivananda, and Pintu Sur
Hindawi Limited
A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore to study the interaction effect between phosphorus and zinc on their availability in soil in relation to their contents in stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). The results show that the amount of available P and Zn content in soil has been found to increase initially and, thereafter, the amount of the same decreased with the progress of plant growth up to 60 days irrespective of treatments. The amount of P and Zn in soils showed an increase with their separate applications either as soil or foliar spray while that of the same value significantly decreased both in soils and plants due to their combined applications, suggesting a mutual antagonistic effect between Zn and P affecting each other's availability in soil and content in the stevia plant.
Kuntal Das, Raman Dang, T. N. Shivananda, and Pintu Sur
Hindawi Limited
A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore to study the interaction effect between phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) on the yield and yield attributes of the medicinal plant stevia. The results show that the yield and yield attributes have been found to be significantly affected by different treatments. The total yield in terms of biomass production has been increased significantly with the application of Zn and P in different combinations and methods, being highest (23.34 g fresh biomass) in the treatment where Zn was applied as both soil (10 kg ZnSO4/ha) and foliar spray (0.2% ZnSO4). The results also envisaged that the different yield attributes viz. height, total number of branches, and number of leaves per plant have been found to be varied with treatments, being highest in the treatment where Zn was applied as both soil and foliar spray without the application of P. The results further indicated that the yield and yield attributes of stevia have been found to be decreased in the treatment where Zn was applied as both soil and foliar spray along with P suggesting an antagonistic effect between Zn and P.