Shailender Singh
@srmap.edu.in
Associate Professor
SRM University-AP
EDUCATION
MBA, CFA, Ph.D., Post Doc. (Malaysia)
RESEARCH INTERESTS
Health Finance
Scopus Publications
Scholar Citations
Scholar h-index
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Shailender Singh, Meenakshi Kaul, Muhammad M. Bala, Chitra Krishnan, and Chandrashekhar J. Rawandale
AOSIS
Background Nigeria has the highest maternal mortality rate among sub-Saharan African countries. Recently, universal health insurance coverage has been embraced as a means to enhance population health in low- and middle-income countries. Hitherto, the effect of health insurance coverage on the utilisation of facility-level delivery is largely unknown in the face of the earnest need to lower maternal mortality rates in developing countries. Aim To empirically investigate the association of health insurance coverage on health services utilisation of facility-level delivery and the extent to which public- and private-sector facility delivery in Nigeria had a disproportionate associational effect with health insurance coverage, in the universal health coverage era. Setting A cross-sectional study conducted for Nigeria. Methods This study employed a quasi-experimental method using propensity scores along with different matching methods that were applied to the most recent wave of Nigeria’s Demographic and Health Survey (2020) data. Results Evidence suggests that childbearing mothers from insured households had an average of 25% probability of utilising facility-level delivery relative to mothers from uninsured households in the year that preceded the survey. Moreover, private-sector facility delivery had a 31% higher associational effect with health insurance coverage than public-sector facility delivery, which had an estimated probability of 21%. Conclusion Expansion of health insurance coverage in Nigeria will be a desirable way to stimulate the utilisation of facility-level delivery by women of childbearing age. Consequently, coverage expansion has the potential to save many maternal and newborn lives in Nigeria. Contribution This study has contributed to the urgent attention of the federal government of Nigeria to monitor and revamp the health insurance coverage policies of the country for better facilitation of health services to the Nigerian population.
Muhammad Muazu Bala, Shailender Singh, and Dhruba Kumar Gautam
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Abstract Background The rising burden of non-communicable diseases presents an increasing public health challenge to many low- and middle-income countries. This problem may be compounded in health systems with lower levels of technical efficiency (TE). Methods This study used recent Service Provision Assessments data to estimate the level of TEs of health facilities in eight countries. Initially, the general and disease-specific service readiness indexes are estimated. Finally, the production function is estimated using the exposures and the outcomes of the model. Results Evidence shows that the general and disease-specific service readiness indexes are significantly associated with an increase in the number of outpatient visits. Outpatient visits may increase by 14% with an increase in health worker density. Similarly, outpatient visits may increase by 0.3% with a unit increase in the general and diabetes service readiness indexes. Furthermore, outpatient visits may increase by 0.4% and 0.8% with an increase in services readiness for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. respectively. Overall, the level of TE score suggests the need for improvement. Conclusions Facility-level service readiness for chronic diseases is quite low. Therefore, improving health outcomes related to chronic diseases requires urgent investment in high-quality health systems in these countries.
Shailender Singh and Muhammad Muazu Bala
Springer Nature Switzerland
Shailender Singh, Nishant Kumar, Chandrashekhar J. Rawandale, Muhammad Muazu Bala, Aditya Kumar Gupta, and P. K. Kapur
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Chitra Krishnan, Shailender Singh, and Mubashir Majid Baba
SAGE Publications
Background: The current global outbreak caused by COVID-19 has produced a unique situation with severe health and financial consequences. The fast and quick global impact called for an immediate response. A key public health action was the decision to amend the law to allow employees to work from home (WFH) whenever it was possible. In response to public health restrictions to stop the spread of COVID-19, organizations quickly switched to WFH without fully comprehending the effects of continued WFH on mental and physical health. Working from anywhere and at any time has made the separation between business and personal life more difficult. These modifications may cause employees’ workdays to be longer and to experience greater work-life conflict. Overwork and work addiction provide a greater risk to the public’s health and can harm various facets of mental and physical health, such as depression, anxiety, and sleep difficulties. There hasn’t been much research on the underlying processes that link workaholism to poor mental health, especially among Indian academics. Purpose: There is a rise in the number of people who are worried about their mental health in academic settings. The primary purpose of this study is to determine whether academicians in India can potentially have a healthy work-family balance, which may mitigate the negative impacts of workaholism and poor mental health especially due to the Work from Home system. Methodology: A population-based study was conducted on academicians ( n = 456) at private and public universities in Delhi NCR, India. Workaholism, work-family balance, and mental health difficulties were all measured using self-reported scales in the study. By using path analysis, the proposed mediation model was evaluated. The survey responses had an accuracy rate of 80%. Based on the conceptual research framework, PLS-SEM path modeling is used to find the causal connection between the indicators and latent components. Findings: The findings indicated that workaholism has been associated with mental health in two different ways: directly and through work-family balance. The path analysis found a statistically significant relationship between work from home and mental health through workaholism and work-family balance. Increased levels of anxiety, depression, stress, headaches, exhaustion, and reduced job satisfaction were some of the mental health consequences of Work from Home. Practical implication: This study provides real-world guidance to human resource managers on how to prioritize composite-level interventions at all levels of the university to create highly satisfied employees, provide a good working environment, and improve employees’ mental health. Originality/value: Many researches have been done on the relationship between work-from-home and employee mental health, but relatively few have looked at how work-life balance and workaholism play a role in how work-from-home affects employees’ mental health. This study fills a need in the academic and practitioner literature by investigating the relationship between work-from-home from home and employee mental health as well as the mediating function of work-family balance and workaholism with regard to Indian higher education institutions.
Alpana Agarwal, Meenakshi Kaul, Saurabh Chandra, Shailender Singh, and Aditya Kumar Gupta
IEEE
This study looks at the link between organizational justice as seen by employees, job conscientiousness, and social responsibility in the context of private bank employees. The study's cross-sectional design method looked at workers with less than one year of experience. Participants answered standardized questionnaires to assess their views on social responsibility, job conscientiousness, and organizational justice. Regression analysis is done on the data. Social responsibility, work ethics, and organizational fairness. According to our findings, substantial link between organizational justice and social responsibility and job conscientiousness. These results led the study's authors to advise bank managers to modify their management procedures in order to lessen emotions of authoritarianism and to take proactive measures to improve employee productivity in the long term.
Vartika Kapoor, Alpana Agarwal, Poornima Mathur, Shailendra Singh, and Aditya Gupta
IEEE
The study examines the factors influencing the retention of female professionals. It also aims to identify if these professionals voluntarily leave the workforce or are pushed out. For this paper, the survey method has been used to research the formulated hypotheses. A self-structured questionnaire with closed-ended questions was circulated to collect the data. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) has been used to analyse the data acquired. Findings noted that self-motivation is the primary factor followed by the supply chain. Further promptness, reliability and maintainability are the least important factors for performance excellence. The validated model can be applied to assess the factors which cause these women to either opt-out or push out of the workforce.
Shailender Singh, Muhammad Muazu Bala, and Nishant Kumar
Wiley
Though the level of public and private health expenditure per capita in Southeast Asia is comparatively below the level of health expenditure in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, the former has higher rates of under-five and non-communicable disease mortality rates than the latter. Similarly, life expectancy at birth is considerably higher in OECD compared to Southeast Asia, despite the global progress in recent decades. This study examines the dynamics of public and private health expenditure on health outcomes in Southeast Asia, vis-a-vis two of the Sustainable Development Goals targets. The techniques of fixed effect, random effect and feasible generalised least squares methods are used to obtain robust estimates. Furthermore, the analysis dives deep into the analysis of country-specific impacts of public and private health expenditure on health outcomes using the technique of seemingly unrelated regression. Estimates show that, across Southeast Asia, public health expenditure alone contributes to improving life expectancy at birth, lower level of under-five and non-communicable disease mortality rates. Unlike public health expenditure, private health expenditure contributes to better health outcomes only in Brunei and Singapore but not across the countries of Southeast Asia. The implications of the findings and possible future research areas are highlighted further.
Vikrant Vikram Singh, Shailendra Singh, Snigdha Dash, and Aditya Kumar Gupta
IEEE
Organizational Behavior during crisis times has become more challenging than ever. Governments worldwide have been producing many types of data rendered unusable without proper validation due to a lack of survey or due to poor efficacy of assessment, especially concerning employees. Therefore, this is an endeavor to produce robust estimation methods for factors vital to Organizational & Employee performance. This MSME (Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises) Sector has been chosen for study to establish the concept of empirically derived components.Three-prong data (Number of MSMEs, Number of Employees & Gross Output) has been reduced to derive a two-factor (Organizational Productivity & Employee Productivity) objective analysis from corroborating two factors (Organizational Effectiveness & Employee Engagement) subjective decisions. Data analysis has been carried out using the Machine Learning (ML) technique of the Univariate Linear Regression model on the normalized factors to produce decision bounds. The fitted curve is used to estimate the present status of any organization against this model to establish an equivalent position and thereby give a suitable decision. Towards validation of this model, the point survey method has been utilized to assess the performance of similar organizations beyond the sector. It indicates the potential of this method to produce optimal results with reduced computational complexity in all types of organizations.
Muhammad Muazu Bala, Shailender Singh, Nishant Kumar, and Hawati Janor
Informa UK Limited
BACKGROUND
Numerous studies have provided evidence to the literature on the demand side of the determinants of health care expenditure by employing the Grossman model. However, understanding the supply side of the determinants of health care expenditure will be of crucial importance in improving health outcomes.
METHODS
This study has used the panel data of 15 Middle - East region countries for the time period of 2000 - 2016 periods. Initially, Grossman's model of the demand for care is estimated. Furthermore, a Parallel model of the supply of care is estimated for contradistinction analysis. Finally, an integrated partial least square structural equation model is being developed.
RESULTS
Results show that the relative wage rate and ageing variables are the only indicators that are statistically significant with theoretically consistent signs as postulated by Grossman's theoretical model. The opposite is true with schooling and the proxy of the medical care relative prices. However, in the parallel model, all the four drivers of the demand for care are statistically significant determinants of health care spending.
CONCLUSIONS
Therefore, expansion of health insurance coverage particularly for the elderly cohort of the population could be a promising mechanism to boost the demand for care and eventually improve health outcomes.
Nishant Kumar, Pratibha Garg, and Shailender Singh
Informa UK Limited
ABSTRACT The textile industry has emerged as a major pollution source owing to a rise in carbon footprint, the spike in greenhouse gas emission, and increasing landfill waste. Sustainable fashion has become a new style statement and industries are shifting their orientation towards environment-friendly manufacturing. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) model was employed with environmental concern, personal moral norms, and perceived consumer effectiveness to better predict the eco-friendly apparel purchase intention of educated Indian youths. Variance-based partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied to evaluate the hypothesized model. Findings indicated that perceived behavioral control has a strong significant positive influence on purchase intention followed by personal moral norms, attitude, and perceived consumer effectiveness. Environmental concern was found to have an indirect effect on purchase intention through three primary TPB variables and personal moral norms. Multi-group analysis (MGA) was performed to examine the moderating effect of perceived consumer effectiveness on an attitude–intention relationship. The highly perceived consumer effectiveness group was shown to have a more consistent attitude-purchase intention relationship as compared to the low-perceived consumer effectiveness group. The study promulgates insights to professionals and policymakers to formulate sustainable marketing strategies and policies to cope with the indigenous market conditions.
Shailender Singh, Muhammad M. Bala, Nishant Kumar, and Hawati Janor
Wiley
This study assesses and compares the productive efficiency of the national healthcare system of the ASEAN region which includes Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam amidst rising mortality rate from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) era. Nonparametric data envelopment analysis technique based on the Malmquist Productivity Index is performed and its components, total factor productivity change, technical change and technological change are compared across the region. Two different models are considered in assessing and comparing the technical efficiency of the national healthcare system across the region with life expectancy at birth and mortality rate from NCDs as parallel health care output for both the models. The mean value of total factor productivity is 0.983 and 0.974 which suggests that national healthcare system productivity efficiency decays by 1.7% for Model I and 2.6% for Model II, respectively. This suggests that the health care system inefficiencies across the ASEAN region have not made life expectancy to improve as much as it should be and curtailed the mortality rate from growing chronic NCDs within a decade. The region is likely to lag behind in achieving SDGs 3 target 4 on reducing by one-third premature mortality from chronic NCDs unless the health care system's technical efficiency is improved across the region. The finding suggests a microlevel study on each country to identify major sources of healthcare system inefficiency in a bid to ameliorate it.
Muhammad Muazu Bala, Shailender Singh, and Hawati Janor
Australasian College of Health Service Management
Background: Recently, agricultural productivity growth has experienced a sharp downward turn across the countries of Southeast Asia partly due to population aging, increasing pace of urbanization, and industrialization.
 Objective: To provide empirical evidence to the elasticity of prevailing health spending as a proxy of human capital stock on agricultural productivity growth in Southeast Asia.
 Methods: This study analyses data obtained from the World Development Indicators for 2000-2016 using panel data regression models.
 Results: The empirical evidence suggests that prevailing health expenditure, though statistically significant, exerts a strong positive effect on agricultural productivity growth. Therefore, a unit rise in prevailing health spending relative to GDP would increase agricultural productivity growth by 28% across countries of Southeast Asia, all else constant.
 Conclusion: The trend of rapid agricultural productivity declines in Southeast Asia could be altered by augmenting investment to the prevailing health spending as an indicator of human capital stock.
 Policy implications: The governments of Southeast Asia should increase investment in prevailing health spending relative to GDP, to stimulate more growth in agricultural productivity, greatly improved human capital stock, and eventually increase economic growth.
Shailender Singh and Chen Guan-Ru
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
This study employed a model of two-period in which the manufacturer determines a price floor and drafts output of production precedently to the attainment of certainty by demand. In addition, the closer the distance between the minimum price and the price during the high phase of demand, the higher is the degree of price inertia. This model first assumes that the manufacturer sells products to consumers directly and then introduces competing retailers who have the right to return unsold goods at the minimum resale price specified by the manufacturer. By solving for the minimum resale price and production output, the model’s results indicate that vertical market linkages influence the market power–price inertia relation and that asymmetric price transmission could be symbolic of competitive markets. Further, study reveals that the retail price in a highly concentrated retail market might be lower than that in a retail market with fierce competition. In addition, high product durability, low demand uncertainty, low return credit, and long contract duration between upstream and downstream members lead to price inertia rising during economic recessions compared with booms. The relationship between price adjustments and market competition, therefore, suggests that the reasons underlying price inertia should be considered when formulating antitrust and monetary policy.
Shailender Singh and Chen Guan Ru
Informa UK Limited
This study develops a two-period model in which the manufacturer determines a price floor and sets production output before demand becomes certain. The model defines the distance between price floo...
Shailender Singh and Hawati Janor
SAGE Publications
Identifying the optimal price for a new product is a critical step in the innovation process and correcting the price of an existing product is a necessary component of a successful enterprise. With the wide range of pricing research techniques practiced in the SME Sector, it is not always clear which technique best addresses the business issue at hand. This article analyzes the most common methods used for consumer goods pricing research and offers guidelines on the best methods presently implemented in the SME sector in India. This article helps describe how pricing methods can best be used to address particular pricing issues based on the level of competition needed to be considered and the depth of pricing knowledge needed. It leads to the conclusive remarks that how pricing methods are diversified for different business organizations in their own way compatible to the peculiar objective of an organization.