Predicting tilting of monopile supported wind turbines during seismic liquefaction Sangeet Kumar Patra, Sumanta Haldar, Subhamoy Bhattacharya Ocean Engineering, 2022 Offshore Wind Turbines are increasingly being constructed in seismically liquefiable zones and monopile is one of the main foundation types for water depths of up to about 40 m. Due to the nature of the loading history from wind, wave, and machine loading (1P and 2P/3P), the governing loading on the monopile foundation is asymmetric cyclic overturning moment defined by maximum moment (Mmax) and minimum moment (Mmin). During earthquakes, additional lateral loads will be experienced by the foundation due to inertia as well as kinematic interaction. In addition, if the ground is liquefiable, the foundation will also lose moment carrying capacity. One of the design challenges is therefore the prediction of the long-term tilt during earthquake liquefaction. The paper proposes a framework to predict the permanent tilt for monopiles in seismically liquefiable soils. A 5 MW turbine is taken to show the applicability of the method. Parametric studies are also carried out to show the influence of different parameters affecting the tilt.
Seismic Performance of Multimegawatt Offshore Wind Turbines in Liquefiable Soil under Horizontal and Vertical Motions Sangeet Kumar Patra, Sumanta Haldar International Journal of Geomechanics, 2022 Various multimegawatt capacity offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are constructed globally to fulfill increasing energy demand. Many of these structures have already been and will continue to be constructed in seismically active areas. Hence, these structures are at probable risk of an earthquake. The dynamic behavior of monopile-supported various multimegawatt OWTs in liquefiable sand deposit under combined action of operational and seismic loads are investigated in this study. A three-dimensional beam on a nonlinear Winkler foundation model is developed in OpenSees. The monopile and the tower are modeled as a linear Euler–Bernoulli beam. The lateral and vertical pile–soil interfacing behavior is modeled by using p-y, t-z, and q-z spring elements. The strong ground motion is utilized as free-field displacement at spring supports. The effect of the vertical component of seismic motion on the performance of the OWT structure in liquefied soil is examined.
Fore-aft and the side-to-side response of monopile supported offshore wind turbine in liquefiable soil Sangeet Kumar Patra, Sumanta Haldar Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 2021 This study investigates the effect of combined operational and seismic loads on the dynamic fore-aft, and the side-side response of monopile supported OWT in liquefiable soil under operational and parked conditions. A two dimensional (2 D) coupled soil-pile-structure interaction model is formulated in OpenSees, where the monopile and tower are modeled as Euler-Bernoulli beam elements, the soil is modeled as a quadrilateral plane strain element with solid-fluid fully coupled material. The soil column and monopile are connected by p-y springs. The effect of various strong-motion parameters, such as peak frequency, peak base acceleration (PBA), sustained maximum acceleration (SMA), and arias intensity (I A) on the dynamic response of the OWT structure is studied. Also, the effect of peak frequency on the dynamic response of the OWT structure is studied by varying the hub height and RNA mass so as to keep the fundamental frequency of the OWT structure closer to the peak frequency of the ground motion records. Finally, the implication in the performance-based seismic design is suggested.
Long-term behavior of monopile supported offshore wind turbines in silty sand 16th Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering ARC 2019, 2020