Critical analysis of strain measurement approaches in tensile testing of nitinol Valentina Pinto, Sofia Di Leonardo, Giuseppe Pitarresi, Gaetano Burriesci Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2026 Nitinol superelasticity is a crucial property for collapsible/expandable cardiovascular implants. The high class of risk associated with these devices requires an accurate mechanical characterisation as starting point for a reliable design methodology. Actual standards (ASTM-F2516) are based on standard metal testing and recommend the use of extensometers for the measurement of average nominal strains during tensile tests. However, measurement provided by classic extensometers may not be adequate to capture the strain evolution during the material phase transformation. These limitations can be overcome by full-field optical techniques such as Digital Image Correlation (DIC). This work presents a comprehensive comparison of various techniques for measuring strain on nitinol specimens. These include crosshead position, single and averaging (applied on both sides of the specimen) measurements using physical extensometers, virtual extensometer, and 1D and 2D DIC. Results are compared on the basis of the values determined for the upper/lower plateau stress, as defined by ASTM-F2516. Results show that the use of extensometers on nitinol strips subjected to tensile testing is inaccurate during phase transformation. Physical extensometers also introduce spurious local concentrated pressures at the knives contact region, which may alter the material stress plateaus values. DIC resulted more adequate to provide an accurate evaluation of strain localisation.
An advanced immersed fluid–structure interaction particle method for cardiovascular applications experimentally validated vs a new benchmark case Alessandra Monteleone, Sofia Di Leonardo, Marco Correnti, Enrico Napoli, Giorgio Micale, et al. Physics of Fluids, 2026 Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) is crucial in the numerical simulation of cardiovascular phenomena, where pulsatile blood flow dynamically interacts with highly deformable tissues. High-fidelity FSI approaches have become essential to enhance the understanding of potentially lethal pathologies, assisting diagnosis and development of novel therapeutic solutions. This work presents and experimentally validates a new, totally meshless FSI approach, specifically designed for cardiovascular applications. The method is based on the Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), employing a unified physics to represent both blood and deformable walls, avoiding FSI interfaces. A key advantage of this method lies in its ability to overcome the SPH complex issue in contour management, a common challenge that typically increases the complexity of this methodology in FSI applications. Deformable walls are immersed in the fluid domain, and a buffer region of fluid is defined to handle the structural deformation. For validation, a new FSI benchmark is proposed and analyzed with the particle image velocimetry technique. Tailored to entail the typical complexities of relevant cardiovascular situations, the benchmark involves pulsatile flow interacting with a chamber with deformable curved walls, moving through both filling and emptying phases. Despite its simplified geometry, designed to allow a reliable experimental validation, the structure experiences a field of three-dimensional strains and large volume variations, thereby replicating complexities often associated with more intricate models. Numerical and experimental results show good agreement in terms of fluid velocity field and structural deformation, establishing the proposed totally meshless FSI approach as a reliable tool for complex cardiovascular modeling.
The use of human decellularized amniotic membrane as pulmonary valve leaflets in right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction – an in vivo proof of concept study Mohamed T. Ghorbel, Tasneem Salih, Giulia Parolari, Katie L. Skeffington, Sofia Di Leonardo, et al. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2026 Introduction Despite fundamental improvements in surgical treatment of Congenital Heart Defects, there are still challenges related to premature failure of the material used for such corrections, thus resulting in repeated operations during a patient’s life. This is particularly the case for complex defects with Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT) obstruction, such as in Tetralogy of Fallot/Pulmonary Atresia, whereby the pulmonary valve reconstruction remains problematic due to short-term durability of the currently used replacement solutions. We set out to test, for the first time, the suitability of amniotic membrane derived from human placenta for use in cardiovascular replacement of pulmonary valve. Methods The decellularized and preserved amniotic membrane, obtained through our optimised protocol, was characterised for mechanical and hydrodynamic properties in vitro , and then implanted in the RVOT position of two Landrace piglets for in vivo feasibility and performance evaluation. Results Both the in vitro and in vivo assessments showed favourable outcomes. The decellularized amniotic membrane had mechanical properties comparable to the native porcine pulmonary valve leaflets. In hydrodynamic testing, the decellularized amniotic membrane-made valve exhibited favourable opening dynamics, with smooth and coordinated leaflet motion throughout the cycle. In vivo , the decellularized amniotic membrane-based valved conduit showed patency in the short- and long-term with no sign of stenosis or regurgitation. Discussion This study provides an in vivo proof of concept that the decellularized amniotic membrane can be implanted and perform as functional pulmonary valve in a porcine animal model mimicking the clinical scenario of Tetralogy of Fallot surgical correction in infants.
Development and Characterization of a Blood-Mimicking Fluid for Hemodynamic Research Convegno Nazionale Di Bioingegneria, 2025
Rheological and morphological insights into Bio-glass 1393 and Car12N incorporation in PLLA and Chitosan scaffolds Convegno Nazionale Di Bioingegneria, 2025