Ghassan Samara
@zu.edu.jo
Zarqa University
Scopus Publications
- A comprehensive review of Fuzzy Rule-based systems: Foundations, evolution, and future directions
Mohamed Hegazi, Khalil Chebil, Bandar Almaslukh, Ghassan Samara, Sultan Abdullah Alqahtani
Computer Science Review, 2026 - An Intelligent Fuzzy Protocol with Automated Optimization for Energy-Efficient Electric Vehicle Communication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network-Based Smart Transportation Systems
Ghassan Samara, Ibrahim Obeidat, Mahmoud Odeh, Raed Alazaidah
World Electric Vehicle Journal, 2026
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) operating in dense urban environments are characterized by highly dynamic topology, fluctuating traffic conditions, and stringent latency requirements, which significantly complicate reliable data routing and packet forwarding. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an Intelligent Fuzzy Protocol (IFP) for adaptive vehicle-to-vehicle data routing under uncertain and rapidly changing traffic scenarios. The proposed protocol integrates fuzzy logic decision making with the real-time vehicular context, including vehicle velocity, traffic congestion level, distance to road junctions, and data urgency, to dynamically select appropriate forwarding actions. IFP employs a structured fuzzy inference engine comprising fuzzification, rule evaluation, inference aggregation, and centroid-based defuzzification to determine routing and forwarding decisions in a decentralized manner. To further enhance performance robustness, the fuzzy membership parameters and rule weights are optimized using metaheuristic techniques, namely, genetic algorithms (GAs) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Extensive simulations are conducted using NS-3 coupled with SUMO under realistic urban mobility scenarios and varying network densities. The simulation results demonstrate that IFP significantly outperforms conventional routing approaches in terms of end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and routing overhead. In particular, the optimized IFP variants achieve notable reductions in latency and improvements in delivery reliability under high-congestion conditions, while maintaining low computational and communication overhead. These findings confirm that IFP offers an interpretable, scalable, and energy-aware routing solution suitable for large-scale intelligent transportation systems and next-generation vehicular networks. - Bias and Fairness in NLP: Addressing Social and Cultural Biases
Sattam Almatarneh, Ahmed BaniMustafa, Ghassan Samara, Raed Alazaidah, Qasem Obeidat
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2026 - Implement Machine Learning to Schedule Instructions to Speed Up Execution: AI-Powered Microprocessor and Microcontroller Compiler Optimization
Ganesamoorthy Rajendran, Ghassan Samara, Johnsi Rani J, Navyatha Ravi, G. Karthikeyan, et al.
2025 IEEE Pune Section International Conference Punecon 2025, 2026 - AN INTELLIGENT WEB APPLICATION FIREWALL FUZZING FRAMEWORK INTEGRATED WITH BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR SECURE PAYLOAD ANALYSIS AND TRACEABILITY
Scientific Culture, 2026 - ENHANCING SUSTAINABILITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS THROUGH PSO-BASED CLUSTER OPTIMIZATION AND ADAPTIVE SINK MOBILITY
Scientific Culture, 2026 - Integrating Blockchain and AI for the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Overview
Ghassan Samara, Abeer Al-Mohtaseb, Raed Alazaidah, Essam Al Daoud, Mohammad Jaidi, et al.
Studies in Systems Decision and Control, 2026 - Prediction of Malware Threats using Machine Learning Techniques
Raed Alazaidah, Ghassan Samara, Mohammad Aljaidi, Mais Haj Qasem, Abdullah Al-Qammaz, et al.
Wseas Transactions on Computer Research, 2026
Machine learning has been used for decades to analyze vast datasets, classify and cluster data, and make predictions using algorithms. One of its top use areas is cybersecurity, where it can help detect and prevent destructive threats such as malware. The use of machine learning in cybersecurity has proven to be a powerful tool in detecting and predicting malware attacks. In recent years, the number of Internet users has greatly increased and with it the number of malware attacks. This has made predicting malware a challenge. Consequently, to date, there is still a need to examine the numerous existing MLs’ performance. This study is presented to identify the best classification model for predicting malware using two datasets and 18 different classifiers belonging to six learning strategies. The results showed that the RandomForest classifier had the highest accuracy, precision, recall, F1-measure, and ROC Area metrics, Moreover, Trees and Bayes learning strategies showed the best predictive performance on the two datasets compared with the other five learning strategies. - An Innovative Mathematical Approach to Implementing Cloud-Based IT Infrastructure
Applied Mathematics and Information Sciences, 2026 - Medical Diagnosis Using Hybrid of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques
Raed Alazaidah, Moath Alomari, Hamza Mashagba, Musab Iqtait, Azlan B. Abd Aziz, et al.
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2025
The rapid development of medical practices and imaging technology tools creates substantial growth in the amount of medical image data each year in our present era. This research aims to develop a hybrid approach that integrates Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques to enhance the accuracy and reliability of medical image classification for diagnostic purposes. Medical imaging data complexity and growing volume serve as the research motivation, which leads to an investigation of standalone ML or DL limitations and their combination into a single framework. The medical image processing starts with normalization, then noise reduction, and continues to grayscale conversion before performing histogram equalization. This research uses VGG16 and ResNet50 alongside MobileNet and InceptionV3 for feature extraction, then applies ten different ML algorithms, including SVM and MLP, and Ran-dom Forest, for classification. Five public medical image datasets from Kaggle are used: COVID-19 chest X-rays, melanoma skin lesions, pneumonia chest X-rays, acute stroke facial images, and various eye diseases. Hybrid models display superior performance compared to stand-alone ML or DL models based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score evaluation measures. Multiple datasets demonstrate that the MobileNet+MLP combination de-livers the most accurate results, which demonstrates its reliable and efficient performance. The developed AI diagnostic tool presents a scalable system alongside accuracy and interpretability to enhance clinical decision outcomes. - Breast Cancer Classification Using Deep Feature Extraction and Machine Learning
Raed Alazaidah, Ghassan Samara, Hamza Abu Asi, Suhaila Abuowaida, Hamza A. Mashagba, et al.
Hightech and Innovation Journal, 2025 - Mathematical Analysis of the Elements Affecting Mobile Cloud Computing Adoption in the Technological Age
Journal of Statistics Applications and Probability, 2025 - Strategic Optimization of Convergence and Energy in Federated Learning Systems
Ghassan Samara, Raed Alazaidah, Ibrahim Obeidat, Mohammad Aljaidi, Mahmoud Odeh, et al.
International Arab Journal of Information Technology, 2025 - Protecting data in the 5G era: A critical review of cryptographic techniques for mobile cloud computing
Malak Al-Majali, Mohammad Aljaidi, Qais Al-Naamneh, Ghassan Samara, Ayoub Alsarhan, et al.
Cryptography Biometrics and Anonymity in Cybersecurity Management, 2025 - Agile Proactive Cybercrime Evidence Analysis Model for Digital Forensics
Mohammad Al-Mousa, Waleed Amer, Mosleh Abualhaj, Sultan Albilasi, Ola Nasir, et al.
International Arab Journal of Information Technology, 2025 - Arabic fake news detection using hybrid contextual features
Hussain Mohammed Turki, Essam Al Daoud, Ghassan Samara, Raed Alazaidah, Mais Haj Qasem, et al.
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2025 - Comparing Open Source with Software Code Generated by AI Tools from Software Maintainability Quality Factor Perspective
Hamed J. Fawareh, Hazim M. Al-Shdaifat, Ghassan Samara
Wseas Transactions on Computer Research, 2025 - CCSAR—Cloud Computing Security Architecture and Risks
Prakhar Arora, Hemraj Shobharam Lamkuche, Hanan Abu-Mariah, Ghassan Samara
Studies in Systems Decision and Control, 2025 - Harnessing Machine Learning for Ocular Disease Detection: Performance Evaluation of Gradient Boosting Models
Ragini Y P, Ghassan Samara, Swathi B, N E Chandra Prasad
2025 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Information Technology Electronics and Intelligent Communication Systems Iciteics 2025, 2025 - Securing the Cloud Environment: A Defense Mechanism Against DDoS Attack
Khushbu Dadhe, Hemraj Shobharam Lamkuche, Emma Qumsiyeh, Ghassan Samara
Studies in Systems Decision and Control, 2025 - A Comparative Evaluation of Vision-Language Models and a Hybrid Pipeline for Image Question Answering
Essam Al Daoud, Ghassan Samara, Ala'a Saeb Al-Sherideh, Laith Al Daoud
2025 6th International Conference on Machine Learning and Computer Application Icmlca 2025, 2025 - Transformative Asset Management Strategies: Insights from NIST CSF
Shreeganesh D. Jadhav, Hemraj Shobharam Lamkuche, Mohammad Temeiza, Ghassan Samara
Studies in Systems Decision and Control, 2025 - Deep Learning Based Analysis of the Key Scheduling Algorithm of AES Cipher
Narendra Kumar Patel, Praveen Lalwani, Hemraj Shobharam Lamkuche, Ghassan Samara, Hanan Abu-Mariah
Studies in Systems Decision and Control, 2025 - Hybrid Ensemble DL Model for Breast Cancer Detection and Classification with Enhanced Breast Lesion Segmentation using U-Net Model
M. Panneer Selvam, T. Seshaiah, I. Saidulu, Ghassan Samara, Aravinda K
Proceedings 2025 International Conference on Recent Innovation in Science Engineering and Technology Icriset 2025, 2025 - A Hybrid Scheme of ALO-GA for Localization of Urban PEVS Charging Infrastructure
Mohammad Aljaidi, Rami Almatarneh, Ghassan Samara, Mohammad BaniSalman, Ayoub Alsarhan
Proceedings 9th International Conference on Computer Software and Modeling Iccsm 2025, 2025
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
- A comprehensive review of Fuzzy Rule-based systems: Foundations, evolution, and future directions
M Hegazi, K Chebil, B Almaslukh, G Samara, SA Alqahtani
Computer Science Review 62, 100986 , 2026
2026 - An Intelligent Fuzzy Protocol with Automated Optimization for Energy-Efficient Electric Vehicle Communication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network-Based Smart Transportation Systems
G Samara, I Obeidat, M Odeh, R Alazaidah
World Electric Vehicle Journal 17 (4), 191 , 2026
2026 - Integrating Blockchain and AI for the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Overview
G Samara, A Al-Mohtaseb, R Alazaidah, E Al Daoud, M Jaidi, M Alluwaici, ...
Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Innovation Management and Risk … , 2026
2026 - Deep Learning Based Analysis of the Key Scheduling Algorithm of AES Cipher
NK Patel, P Lalwani, HS Lamkuche, G Samara, H Abu-Mariah
Business Resilience and Business Innovation for Sustainability: The Double … , 2026
2026 - Forensic Framework for Deleted Media of WhatsApp on Windows
S Pandey, RU Rahman, AK Phulre, G Samara, HS Lamkuche, A Sbaih
Business Resilience and Business Innovation for Sustainability: The Double … , 2026
2026 - CCSAR—Cloud Computing Security Architecture and Risks
P Arora, HS Lamkuche, H Abu-Mariah, G Samara
Business Resilience and Business Innovation for Sustainability: The Double … , 2026
2026 - Transformative Asset Management Strategies: Insights from NIST CSF
SD Jadhav, HS Lamkuche, M Temeiza, G Samara
Business Resilience and Business Innovation for Sustainability: The Double … , 2026
2026 - Anomaly Detection Technique for Network Intrusion Detection Using Ensemble Algorithm
S Gouri, D Vishnu, R ur-Rehman, G Samara, HS Lamkuche, S Taqatqa
Business Resilience and Business Innovation for Sustainability: The Double … , 2026
2026
Citations: 1 - Deep Dive into Malware Analysis and Their Behavior Patterns: A Systematic Technical Review
S Singh, HS Lamkuche, D Vishnu, G Samara, H Azath, E Qumsiyeh
Business Resilience and Business Innovation for Sustainability: The Double … , 2026
2026
Citations: 1 - Behavioral Profiling of Android Malwares: A Dynamic Analysis Approach
S Bhushan, S Saha, HS Lamkuche, G Samara, J Itmazi
Business Resilience and Business Innovation for Sustainability: The Double … , 2026
2026 - Securing the Cloud Environment: A Defense Mechanism Against DDoS Attack
K Dadhe, HS Lamkuche, E Qumsiyeh, G Samara
Business Resilience and Business Innovation for Sustainability: The Double … , 2026
2026 - AN INTELLIGENT WEB APPLICATION FIREWALL FUZZING FRAMEWORK INTEGRATED WITH BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR SECURE PAYLOAD ANALYSIS AND TRACEABILITY
DA Laila, I Moh’d Obeidat, M Aman, BZ Altubaishe, M Odeh, G Samara
2026 - ENHANCING SUSTAINABILITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS THROUGH PSO-BASED CLUSTER OPTIMIZATION AND ADAPTIVE SINK MOBILITY
G Samara
2026 - FORTRESS: A Hybrid Fiber-RF Communication Protocol for Anti-Jamming Resilience in UAV Systems
G Samara, M Odeh, MR Al-Mousa, OIAL Mrayat, M Aljaidi, MH Qasem, ...
2025 26th International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT … , 2025
2025 - A Framework for Effective Prediction and Classification of Breast Cancer Using Optimal Deep Enhanced Hybrid Classifier with Xai Model
S Sah, RB Sulaiman, S Abualhija, M Aljaidi, M Ahmad, G Samara, ...
2025 26th International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT), 24-39 , 2025
2025 - A Risk-Aware GMRE-ACO Framework for Energy-Efficient UAV Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks
G Samara, R Alazaidah, I Obeidat, OI Al Mrayat, M Odeh, MH Qasem, ...
2025 26th International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT … , 2025
2025 - Cybersecurity Attacks Detection Using Machine Learning: Ensemble Learning
R Alsawi, R Alazaidah, H Khafajeh, AA Zaid, G Samara, M Aljaidi
2025 26th International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT … , 2025
2025 - Comprehensive Analysis Regarding Imbalanced Class Distribution Problem: Best Classification Model and Best Feature Selection Technique
R Alazaidah, R Alsawi, G Samara, O Alidmat, O Al-Refai, S Askar
2025 26th International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT … , 2025
2025 - Multi-Task Learning for GPS Spoofing and GNSS Meaconing Detection in UAV IoT Systems
M Aljaidi, B Igried, M Aljamal, A Alsarhan, Z Jawasreh, G Samara, ...
2025 26th International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT … , 2025
2025 - Comparative Analysis of WebEx, Microsoft Teams, Zoom, and Google Meet in Terms of Features and Security
A Ghaben, R Alazaidah, G Samara, A Bani-Bakr, EA Elsoud
2025 26th International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT … , 2025
2025
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
- Security analysis of vehicular ad hoc nerworks (VANET)
G Samara, WAH Al-Salihy, R Sures
2010 second international conference on network applications, protocols and … , 2010
2010
Citations: 227 - Security issues and challenges of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET)
G Samara, WAH Al-Salihy, R Sures
4th international conference on new trends in information science and … , 2010
2010
Citations: 190 - Quantifying the managerial and practical benefits of cloud computing on information security in higher education institutions
Y Aldaaja, M Odeh, SS Badrakhan, M Sabri, Y Abdelrahim, G Samara, ...
Appl. Math. Inf. Sci 19 (1), 15-24 , 2025
2025
Citations: 180 - Website phishing detection using machine learning techniques
R Alazaidah, A Al-Shaikh, MR Al-Mousa, H Khafajah, G Samara, ...
Journal of Statistics Applications & Probability 13 (1), 119-129 , 2024
2024
Citations: 100 - An Indoor Fingerprinting Localization Approach for ZigBee Wireless Sensor Networks
T Alhmiedat, G Samara, AOA Salem
European Journal of Scientific Research , 2013
2013
Citations: 93 - Leveraging artificial intelligence for sustainable cloud computing: transitioning from physical to virtual machines
Y Aldaaja, EA Shaban, M Odeh, M Sabri, N Flayyih, G Samara, ...
Appl. Math 19 (1), 141-148 , 2025
2025
Citations: 81 - Diagnosing diabetes mellitus using machine learning techniques.
M Alzyoud, R Alazaidah, M Aljaidi, G Samara, MH Qasem, M Khalid, ...
International Journal of Data & Network Science 8 (1) , 2024
2024
Citations: 79 - Energy-efficiency routing algorithms in wireless sensor networks: A survey
G Samara, GA Besani, M Alauthman, MA Khaldy
arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.07178 , 2020
2020
Citations: 61 - Efficient energy, cost reduction, and QoS based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks
G Samara, M Aljaidi
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering , 2019
2019
Citations: 57 - Nhs wannacry ransomware attack: Technical explanation of the vulnerability, exploitation, and countermeasures
M Aljaidi, A Alsarhan, G Samara, R Alazaidah, S Almatarneh, M Khalid, ...
2022 International Engineering Conference on Electrical, Energy, and … , 2022
2022
Citations: 56 - A comprehensive review of machine learning-based intrusion detection techniques for IoT networks
G Samara, M Aljaidi, R Alazaidah, MH Qasem, M Hassan, N Al-Milli, ...
Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, and Society 5.0, 465-473 , 2023
2023
Citations: 55 - Security issues in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET): a survey
G Samara, Y Al-Raba'nah
arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.04263 , 2017
2017
Citations: 54 - Potential of machine learning for predicting sleep disorders: A comprehensive analysis of regression and classification models
R Alazaidah, G Samara, M Aljaidi, M Haj Qasem, A Alsarhan, ...
Diagnostics 14 (1), 27 , 2023
2023
Citations: 52 - Multi-label classification based on associations
R Alazaidah, G Samara, S Almatarneh, M Hassan, M Aljaidi, H Mansur
Applied Sciences 13 (8), 5081 , 2023
2023
Citations: 50 - Lane prediction optimization in VANET
G Samara
Egyptian Informatics Journal 22 (4), 411-416 , 2021
2021
Citations: 47 - A low cost zigbee sensor network architecture for indoor air quality monitoring
T Alhmiedat, G Samara
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS) , 2017
2017
Citations: 47 - Optimal number of cluster heads in wireless sensors networks based on LEACH
G Samara, M Al-okour
arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.13765 , 2020
2020
Citations: 46 - Encryption for end-user privacy: A cyber-secure smart energy management system
I Hussain, G Samara, I Ullah, N Khan
2021 22nd International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT), 1-6 , 2021
2021
Citations: 45 - Wireless sensor network MAC energy-efficiency protocols: a survey
G Samara
2020 21st International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT), 1-5 , 2020
2020
Citations: 45 - Exploring the effectiveness of different embedding methods for toxicity classification
E Al-Daoud, G Samara, MRA Sara, S Taqatqa, M Kanan
Artificial Intelligence and Economic Sustainability in the Era of Industrial … , 2024
2024
Citations: 44
