Fuel Injection Strategies for Optimized Combustion and Emissions in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Ankur Kalwar, Avinash Kumar Agarwal Journal of Energy Resources Technology Part A Sustainable and Renewable Energy, 2026 With gasoline direct injection, fuel injection parameters should be optimally tuned since they are critical in determining the fuel–air mixing and the charge quality during combustion. Fuel injection timing and pressure are two critical parameters examined in this study to investigate their combined impact on fuel–air mixture characteristics. The study aims to investigate the effect of these fuel injection parameters on varying spark timings and engine speeds. The results were analyzed for the engine's combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics. The experiments were conducted on a 500-cc, single-cylinder, wall-guided gasoline direct injection engine. All the tests were performed with a fixed fuel injection quantity of ∼22 mg. Three fuel injection pressures of 100, 150, and 200 bar, and three fuel injection timings, indicating different stages of the intake stroke, were considered for the experiments, namely early intake (315 deg bTDC), mid-intake (270 deg bTDC), and late-intake (225 deg bTDC) injection timing. For an early fuel injection timing (315 deg bTDC), the degree of complete combustion was maximized, resulting in the shortest combustion duration. A fuel injection pressure of 100 bar was found to be suitable for early injection at all engine speeds. Mid-intake injection timing (270 deg bTDC) showed deteriorated combustion at all engine speeds and injection pressures. Late injection timing (225 deg bTDC) resulted in the lowest ignition delay and early pressure rise due to spray-generated turbulence. Higher engine speeds of 1500 and 2000 rpm, along with higher fuel injection pressure, enhanced the combustion for late injection; however, cyclic variations increased. Hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions also increased with late fuel injection timing. Spark advance of ∼28 deg bTDC showed the maximum indicated mean effective pressure with superior combustion stability. Overall, a fuel injection timing of 315 deg bTDC with 100 bar fuel injection pressure resulted in the highest thermal efficiency and lower carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions at all engine speeds. However, nitric oxide emissions were significantly higher for these parameters.
E-fuels in IC engines: A key solution for a future decarbonized transport Noboru Uchida, Angelo Onorati, Ricardo Novella, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Amir FN Abdul-Manan, André Casal Kulzer, Silvana Di Iorio, Victor Gordillo, Michael Günthner, Ashutosh Jena, Tommaso Lucchini, Raul Payri, Apostolos Pesyridis, Bianca Maria Vaglieco, Hardikk Valera International Journal of Engine Research, 2025
The role of hydrogen for future internal combustion engines A Onorati, R Payri, BM Vaglieco, AK Agarwal, C Bae, G Bruneaux, M Canakci, M Gavaises, M Günthner, C Hasse, S Kokjohn, S-C Kong, Y Moriyoshi, R Novella, A Pesyridis, R Reitz, T Ryan, R Wagner, H Zhao International Journal of Engine Research, 2022
Introduction to Clean Fuels for Mobility Gabriele Di Blasio, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Giacomo Belgiorno, Pravesh Chandra Shukla Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2022
Preface Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2022
Preface Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2021
Safety Aspects of Methanol as Fuel Omkar Yadav, Hardikk Valera, Deepak Dulani, Unni Krishnan, Avinash Kumar Agarwal Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2021
Preface Padma Shukla Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2020
Preface Mrityunjoy Chakraborty Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2020
IJER editorial: The future of the internal combustion engine R D Reitz, H Ogawa, R Payri, T Fansler, S Kokjohn, Y Moriyoshi, AK Agarwal, D Arcoumanis, D Assanis, C Bae, K Boulouchos, M Canakci, S Curran, I Denbratt, M Gavaises, M Guenthner, C Hasse, Z Huang, T Ishiyama, B Johansson, TV Johnson, G Kalghatgi, M Koike, SC Kong, A Leipertz, P Miles, R Novella, A Onorati, M Richter, S Shuai, D Siebers, W Su, M Trujillo, N Uchida, B M Vaglieco, RM Wagner, H Zhao International Journal of Engine Research, 2020
Introduction to Nano-energetic Materials Shantanu Bhattacharya, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Vinay K. Patel, T. Raja Gopalan, Aviru Kumar Basu, Anubhuti Saha Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2019
Biodiesel Soot Characteristics Joonsik Hwang, Choongsik Bae, Chetankumar Patel, Tarun Gupta, Avinash Kumar Agarwal Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2018
Preface Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2018
Introduction to Air Pollution and Its Control Nikhil Sharma, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Peter Eastwood, Tarun Gupta, Akhilendra Pratap Singh Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2018
Introduction of Alternative Fuels Akhilendra P. Singh, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Rashmi Avinash Agarwal, Atul Dhar, Mritunjay Kumar Shukla Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2018
Preface Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2018
Preface David H. Nikkel Energy Environment and Sustainability, 2018
Noise, vibration and combustion inter-relationships for a compression ignition engine fuelled by ethanol-diesel Blends 24th International Congress on Sound and Vibration Icsv 2017, 2017
Experimental investigations of particulate emitted by an alcohol-fuelled HCCI/CAI combustion engine International Energy Journal, 2011
Experimental investigation on intake air temperature and air-fuel ratio dependence of random and deterministic cyclic variability in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine SAE Technical Papers, 2011
Effect of start of injection on the particulate emission from methanol fuelled HCCI engine SAE Technical Papers, 2011
Experimental investigations of preheated jatropha oil fuelled direct injection compression ignition engine - Part 1: Performance, emission, and combustion characteristics ASTM Special Technical Publication, 2011
Experimental investigation of preheated jatropha oil fuelled direct injection compression ignition engine-Part 2: Engine durability and effect on lubricating oil ASTM Special Technical Publication, 2011
Emission and combustion characteristics of vegetable oil (Jatropha curcus) blends in an indirect injection transportation engine International Energy Journal, 2008
Guest Editorial: Alternative Fuels Avinash K Agarwal Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2007
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering: Guest Editorial Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2007
Lubricating Oil Tribology of a Biodiesel-Fuelled Compression Ignition Engine American Society of Mechanical Engineers Internal Combustion Engine Division Publication ICE, 2003
Comparative life cycle impact assessment of compressed biogas with CNG and petrol: A well-to-pump approach S Biswas, AK Agarwal Fuel 418, 138596 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Particulate characteristics of methanol (M100) fuelled compression ignition engine S Shekhar, AK Agarwal Fuel 418, 138700 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Review of engine exhaust particulate formation, sampling, and characterisation techniques AK Agarwal, NN Mustafi, AP Singh Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 234, 116783 , 2026 2026
Assessing environmental impact and economic footprint of non-Indian multi-utility private vehicles powered by gasohols, compressed natural gas, compressed biogas, and battery S Biswas, A Yadav, AK Agarwal Fuel 414, 138212 , 2026 2026
Challenges and prospects of primary alcohols as global transport fuels AK Agarwal, V Kumar, AP Singh Fuel 414, 138177 , 2026 2026 Citations: 3
Alcohol-diesel blends fueled off-road compression ignition engine development: part 2− Influence of ethanol-diesel blends on engine performance, combustion, and emissions H Valera, S Mehra, RK Singh, J Čedík, M Pexa, AK Agarwal Fuel 412, 137577 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
A review of DME research applied to CI engines AK Agarwal, A Rai, V Kumar, PA Lakshminarayanan Fuel 412, 137853 , 2026 2026
Optimising CNG Premix Ratio in Dual-Fuel Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine A Kalwar, PA Lakshminarayanan, AK Agarwal Fuel 410, 137780 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Fuel Injection Strategies for Optimized Combustion and Emissions in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine A Kalwar, AK Agarwal Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Part A: Sustainable and Renewable … , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Alcohol-diesel blends fueled off-road compression ignition engine development: Part 1–Assessing the influence of methanol-diesel blends on performance, combustion, and emissions H Valera, SS Chauhan, S Biswas, J Čedík, M Pexa, AK Agarwal Fuel 407, 137025 , 2026 2026 Citations: 4
Alcohol-Diesel blends fueled Off-Road CI engine Development: Part 3− Evaluating the influence of Butanol-Diesel blends on Performance, Combustion, and emissions H Valera, RK Singh, S Mehra, J Čedík, M Pexa, AK Agarwal Fuel 405, 136611 , 2026 2026 Citations: 4
Macroscopic spray characteristics of diethyl ether-diesel blends in a double injection strategy U Sonawane, AK Agarwal Fuel 404, 136232 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Advanced NOx mitigation strategies in dimethyl ether-fuelled internal combustion engines S Mehra, AK Agarwal Fuel 402, 135507 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Gas-dynamic flow reconstruction of hydrogen-enriched natural-gas jet using proper orthogonal decomposition and hybrid deep-learning predictive models Q Pham, A Kalwar, AK Agarwal, S Park Applied Thermal Engineering, 129403 , 2025 2025
Effect of Fuel Injection Strategies on Performance, Combustion, and Emission Characteristics of Diesel–Diethyl Ether–Fueled Compression Ignition Engine U Sonawane, AK Agarwal SAE International Journal of Engines 18 (7), 829-852 , 2025 2025
Chemical and Morphological Characterisation of Soot Particles Emitted by Medium-Duty Gasoline Compression Ignition Transport Engine AK Agarwal, M Krishnamoorthi Atmospheric Environment, 121657 , 2025 2025
E-fuels in IC engines: A key solution for a future decarbonized transport N Uchida, A Onorati, R Novella, AK Agarwal, AFN Abdul-Manan, ... International Journal of Engine Research 26 (11), 1675-1702 , 2025 2025 Citations: 32
Bioethanol: Production Processes and Strategies for Utilization in Diesel Engines K Guha, AK Agarwal Alcohol Production Processes and Their Utilisation in the Transport Sector … , 2025 2025
Introduction to Alcohol Production Processes and Their Utilization in the Transport Sector A Bartl, F Winter, S Pflügl, AK Agarwal Alcohol Production Processes and Their Utilisation in the Transport Sector, 3-6 , 2025 2025
Alcohol Production Processes and Their Utilisation in the Transport Sector A Bartl, F Winter, S Pflügl, AK Agarwal Springer Nature , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines AK Agarwal Progress in energy and combustion science 33 (3), 233-271 , 2007 2007 Citations: 4742
IJER editorial: The future of the internal combustion engine RD Reitz, H Ogawa, R Payri, T Fansler, S Kokjohn, Y Moriyoshi, ... International Journal of Engine Research 21 (1), 3-10 , 2020 2020 Citations: 1035
Biodiesel development and characterization for use as a fuel in compression ignition engines AK Agarwal, LM Das Journal of engineering for gas turbines and power 123 (2), 440-447 , 2001 2001 Citations: 991
Performance and emissions characteristics of Jatropha oil (preheated and blends) in a direct injection compression ignition engine D Agarwal, AK Agarwal Applied thermal engineering 27 (13), 2314-2323 , 2007 2007 Citations: 971
Experimental investigations of performance and emissions of Karanja oil and its blends in a single cylinder agricultural diesel engine AK Agarwal, K Rajamanoharan Applied Energy 86 (1), 106-112 , 2009 2009 Citations: 659
Effect of fuel injection timing and pressure on combustion, emissions and performance characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine AK Agarwal, DK Srivastava, A Dhar, RK Maurya, PC Shukla, AP Singh Fuel 111, 374-383 , 2013 2013 Citations: 630
Evolution, challenges and path forward for low temperature combustion engines AK Agarwal, AP Singh, RK Maurya Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 61, 1-56 , 2017 2017 Citations: 568
Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on performance, emissions, deposits and durability of a constant speed compression ignition engine D Agarwal, SK Singh, AK Agarwal Applied Energy 88 (8), 2900-2907 , 2011 2011 Citations: 563
Performance evaluation of a vegetable oil fuelled compression ignition engine D Agarwal, L Kumar, AK Agarwal Renewable energy 33 (6), 1147-1156 , 2008 2008 Citations: 554
Biodiesel development from rice bran oil: Transesterification process optimization and fuel characterization S Sinha, AK Agarwal, S Garg Energy Conversion and Management 49 (5), 1248-1257 , 2008 2008 Citations: 517
Experimental investigation of control of NOx emissions in biodiesel-fueled compression ignition engine D Agarwal, S Sinha, AK Agarwal Renewable energy 31 (14), 2356-2369 , 2006 2006 Citations: 497
The role of hydrogen for future internal combustion engines A Onorati, R Payri, BM Vaglieco, AK Agarwal, C Bae, G Bruneaux, ... International Journal of Engine Research 23 (4), 529-540 , 2022 2022 Citations: 452
Development of high strength hydroxyapatite by solid-state-sintering process S Pramanik, AK Agarwal, KN Rai, A Garg Ceramics International 33 (3), 419-426 , 2007 2007 Citations: 451
Effect of fuel injection pressure and injection timing of Karanja biodiesel blends on fuel spray, engine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics AK Agarwal, A Dhar, JG Gupta, WI Kim, K Choi, CS Lee, S Park Energy Conversion and Management 91, 302-314 , 2015 2015 Citations: 399
Experimental study of combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol fuelled port injected homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion engine RK Maurya, AK Agarwal Applied Energy 88 (4), 1169-1180 , 2011 2011 Citations: 343
Performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of Karanja biodiesel in a transportation engine A Dhar, AK Agarwal Fuel 119, 70-80 , 2014 2014 Citations: 336
Production of biodiesel from high-FFA neem oil and its performance, emission and combustion characterization in a single cylinder DICI engine A Dhar, R Kevin, AK Agarwal Fuel Processing Technology 97, 118-129 , 2012 2012 Citations: 332
Experimental investigations of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Karanja oil blends fuelled DICI engine AK Agarwal, A Dhar Renewable energy 52, 283-291 , 2013 2013 Citations: 268
Effect of biodiesel utilization on wear of vital parts in compression ignition engine (vol 125, pg 604, 2003) AK Agarwal, J Bijwe, LM Das JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME … , 2004 2004 Citations: 264
Experimental investigation on the effect of intake air temperature and air–fuel ratio on cycle-to-cycle variations of HCCI combustion and performance parameters RK Maurya, AK Agarwal Applied Energy 88 (4), 1153-1163 , 2011 2011 Citations: 260
