Pradyut Kumar Sanki
@srmap.edu.in
Assistant Professor and Department of ECE
SRM University AP
Scopus Publications
Scopus Publications
P. N. S. B. S. V. Prasad V, Ali Hussain Syed, Mudigonda Himansh, Biswabandhu Jana, Pranab Mandal, and Pradyut Kumar Sanki
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AbstractPhotoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) is a potential method for the noninvasive detection of blood glucose. However random blood glucose testing can help to diagnose diabetes at an early stage and is crucial for managing and preventing complications with diabetes. In order to improve the diagnosis, control, and treatment of Diabetes Mellitus, an appropriate approach of noninvasive random blood glucose is required for glucose monitoring. A polynomial kernel-based ridge regression is proposed in this paper to detect random blood glucose accurately using PAS. Additionally, we explored the impact of the biological parameter BMI on the regulation of blood glucose, as it serves as the primary source of energy for the body’s cells. The kernel function plays a pivotal role in kernel ridge regression as it enables the algorithm to capture intricate non-linear associations between input and output variables. Using a Pulsed Laser source with a wavelength of 905 nm, a noninvasive portable device has been developed to collect the Photoacoustic (PA) signal from a finger. A collection of 105 individual random blood glucose samples was obtained and their accuracy was assessed using three metrics: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Difference (MAD), and Mean Absolute Relative Difference (MARD). The respective values for these metrics were found to be 10.94 (mg/dl), 10.15 (mg/dl), and 8.86%. The performance of the readings was evaluated through Clarke Error Grid Analysis and Bland Altman Plot, demonstrating that the obtained readings outperformed the previously reported state-of-the-art approaches. To conclude the proposed IoT-based PAS random blood glucose monitoring system using kernel-based ridge regression is reported for the first time with more accuracy.
Nagamalleswari Katragadda, Soham Kumar, Sam K. Jacob, Pradyut Kumar Sanki, Jyotika Nanda, Gopal K. Pradhan, and Pranab Mandal
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Vasudeva Bevara, Syed Alihussain, P. N. S. B. S. V. Prasad, and Pradyut K. Sanki
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Vasudeva Bevara, Shakamuri Narendra Chowdary, Bolem Venkata Surendra Babu, and Pradyut Kumar Sanki
Wiley
Quantum‐dot Cellular Automata (QCA) lead to fundamental changes in nanoscale technology. It promises small area, low power, & high‐speed structures for digital circuit design. This paper presents efficient low power structures of reversible multiplexer & demultiplexer (RMD) modules based on the QCA technology. The simulation result shows that the proposed RMD module has utilized less area & low power consumption. The simulation, layout, & energy dissipation of the proposed RMD module have been carried out using the QCA Designer‐E simulation tool.
Syed Ali Hussain, P N S B S V Prasad V, Vasudeva Bevara, and Pradyut K Sanki
IEEE
The wearable gadgets facilitate the continuous real-time monitoring of personal health. The VLSI industry is attempting to incorporate more functional modules that run at high speed and consume less power inside the prescribed space. Several methodologies and procedures are designed to implement practical VLSI circuits to meet the market requirements. The Comparator is a basic arithmetic unit in high-end Processors for IoT-based applications. The concept of hybridization facilitates a promising solution to realize high-speed, low-power systems with a minimum number of transistors as compared to the CMOS technology. On the other hand, m_GDI-based logic circuit design is very popular for high-speed & low-power applications. These strategies demonstrate the trade-off between several parameters. In this paper, we have designed a novel CMOS-Memristors-based hybrid 16-bit magnitude compactor using the modified Gate Diffusion Input (m_GDI) technique. The proposed comparator operates at Vdd=1V and offers 12.71nw, 2.44ps, and 31.02zJ of power dissipation, delay, and PDP respectively. All the prescribed circuits have been designed and simulated using a 45nm Generic Process Design Kit (GPDK) in the Cadence Virtuoso tool.
Pradyut Kumar Sanki and Rakesh Biswas
IEEE
Ultrasound images often get distorted by impulse noise during data acquisition and processing in the Back-end of the system, which overlay the finer details of the scanned body parts. Generally, a portable low-cost USG system doesn't have an impulse noise-cleaning module which hinders detections of smaller details in the images. A Depth Invariant Impulse Noise Removal (DIINoR) algorithm for real-time impulse noise removal from the corrupt USG image is proposed in this paper. In this decision-based algorithm, the corrupt pixel is first detected depending on the homogeneity of the processing window and is restored with the median of the window or previous pixel value. Testing of the DIINoR algorithm on different USG images establishes that the denoised images have superior quantitative performance compared to those of existing schemes which proves its suitability for the real-time fixed and random valued impulse noise cleaning in the Back-end of the portable USG system.
Vasudeva Bevara, Bevara Srinu, and Pradyut Kumar Sanki
The Electrochemical Society
A new Decision Based Adaptive Denoising Filter (DBADF) algorithm & hardware architecture are proposed for restoring the digital image that is highly corrupted with impulse noise. The proposed DBADF detects only the corrupted pixels and that pixel is restored by the noise-free median value or previous value based upon the noise density in the image. The proposed DBADF uses a window initially and adaptively goes up to window based on the noise corruption more than 50% by impulse noise in the current processing window. The proposed architecture was found to exhibit better visual qualitative and quantitative evaluation based on PSNR, IEF, EKI, SSIM, FOM, and error rate. The DBAMF architecture also preserves the original information of digital image with a high density of salt & pepper noise, when compared to many standard conventional algorithms. The proposed architecture has been simulated using the VIRTEX7 FPGA device and the reported maximum post place and route frequency are 149.995MHz and the dynamic power consumption is 179mW.
Pradyut Kumar Sanki, Vasudeva Bevara, Medarametla Deepthi Supriya, Devireddy Vignesh, Peram Bhanu Sai Harshath, and Siavya Kuchina
IEEE
In this paper, a Real-Time Impulse Noise Removal (RTINR) algorithm and its hardware architecture are proposed for denoising images corrupted with fixed valued impulse noise. A decision-based algorithm is modified in the proposed RTINR algorithm where the corrupted pixel is first detected & is restored with median or previous pixel value depending on the number of corrupted pixels in the image. The proposed RTINR architecture has been designed to reduce the hardware complexity as it requires 21 comparators, 4 adders, and 2 line buffers which in turn improve the execution time. The proposed architecture results better in qualitative and quantitative performance in comparison to different denoising schemes while evaluated based on PSNR, IEF, MSE, EKI, SSIM,& FOM. The proposed architecture has been simulated using the VIRTEX7 FPGA device and the reported maximum post place& route frequency is 360.88 MHz. The proposed RTINR architecture is capable of denoising images of size 512 × 512 at a frame rate of 686. The architecture has also been synthesized using UMC 90 nm technology where 103 mW power is consumed at a clock frequency of 100 MHz with a gate count of 2.3K (NAND2) including two memory buffers.
Vasudeva Bevara and Pradyut K Sanki
IEEE
With the rapid development of Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) technology, it is important to achieve a robust design with low power consumption. CMOS design has been affected by several problems over the past few years. Increasing the dissipation of power is a major problem in CMOS devices and circuits. Reversible computing can solve this issue, and reversible logic circuits serve as the foundation of quantum computing. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) can be such a nanoscale technology and thus emerges as a promising alternative to the traditional CMOS VLSI. This work focuses on the design of a reversible multiplexer and demultiplexer in the quantum dot cell automata (QCA) framework. Experimentation reveals that the new reversible mux and demux is superior to the traditional reversible modules. The simulation, layout & energy dissipation of the proposed RMD, RM module has been carried out using the QCA Designer-E simulation tool.
Vasudeva Bevara and Pradyut Kumar Sanki
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Vasudeva Bevara and Pradyut Kumar Sanki
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Praful P. Pai, Pradyut K. Sanki, Sudeep K. Sahoo, Arijit De, Sourangshu Bhattacharya, and Swapna Banerjee
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Near infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy is utilized for the development of a continuous non-invasive glucose monitoring system for diabetics. A portable embedded system for taking photoacoustic measurements on tissues to estimate glucose concentration is implemented using field programmable gate array (FPGA). The back-end architecture for high-speed data acquisition and de-noising of photoacoustic measurements operates at 274.823 MHz on a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro FPGA. The glucose measurement technique is verified in vitro on glucose solutions and in vivo on tissues, with photoacoustic signal amplitude varying linearly with sample glucose concentration. A kernel-based regression algorithm using multiple features of the photoacoustic signal is used to estimate glucose concentration from photoacoustic measurements. The calibration algorithm provides a superior performance over previous efforts with a mean absolute relative difference of 8.84% and Clarke Error Grid distribution of 92.86% and 7.14% over Zones A and B of the grid. A cloud computing platform for automated monitoring of blood glucose levels is proposed to enable individuals with diabetes to connect with doctors and caretakers. The developed system is connected to the cloud service using a mobile device, which facilitates implementation of computationally intensive calibration tasks and the storage and analysis of measurement data for treatment and monitoring.
Pradyut Kumar Sanki
Springer India
Praful P. Pai, Pradyut K. Sanki, and Swapna Banerjee
IEEE
The paper examines the use of photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) for making continuous non-invasive blood glucose measurements. An apparatus for performing photoacoustic (PA) measurements is constructed and the technique is verified in vitro and in vivo through measurements on glucose solutions and live tissue. The signal amplitude is observed to increase with the glucose concentration in both cases. A linear calibration method is applied on each individual to obtain a glucose concentration value from each PA measurement. The glucose values obtained are compared with reference glucose concentrations measured using a standard glucose meter, giving a mean absolute difference (MAD) of 23.75 mg/dl and a mean absolute relative difference (MARD) of 18.03%. A plot of 196 measurement pairs taken over 30 normal subjects on a Clarke Error Grid gives a point distribution of 67.86%, 31.12%, 0.0%, 1.02% and 0.0% over zones A to E of the grid. This performance is an improvement over those obtained previously using PAS and point to the potential of the technique for non-invasive glucose measurements. An FPGA based reconfigurable embedded architecture is proposed for high speed data acquisition, noise reduction and display of PA measurements. The architecture operates at 274.823 MHz on a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro FPGA providing an SNR improvement of 30 dB and enabling a portable blood glucose monitoring system.
Praful P. Pai, Pradyut K. Sanki, Satyabrata Sarangi, and Swapna Banerjee
AIP Publishing
This paper examines the use of photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) at an excitation wavelength of 905 nm for making continuous non-invasive blood glucose measurements. The theoretical background of the measurement technique is verified through simulation. An apparatus is fabricated for performing photoacoustic measurements in vitro on glucose solutions and in vivo on human subjects. The amplitude of the photoacoustic signals measured from glucose solutions is observed to increase with the solution concentration, while photoacoustic amplitude obtained from in vivo measurements follows the blood glucose concentration of the subjects, indicating a direct proportionality between the two quantities. A linear calibration method is applied separately on measurements obtained from each individual in order to estimate the blood glucose concentration. The estimated glucose values are compared to reference glucose concentrations measured using a standard glucose meter. A plot of 196 measurement pairs taken over 30 normal subjects on a Clarke error grid gives a point distribution of 82.65% and 17.35% over zones A and B of the grid with a mean absolute relative deviation (MARD) of 11.78% and a mean absolute difference (MAD) of 15.27 mg/dl (0.85 mmol/l). The results obtained are better than or comparable to those obtained using photoacoustic spectroscopy based methods or other non-invasive measurement techniques available. The accuracy levels obtained are also comparable to commercially available continuous glucose monitoring systems.
Pradyut Kumar Sanki
IEEE
This paper proposes low cost reconfigurable embedded back-end architecture for high speed data acquisition, noise cleaning and real time display for a photoacoustic based continuous noninvasive blood glucose monitoring system to combat deadly Diabetes. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) improvement of repeated photoacoustic signal is accomplished by the coherent averaging with trigger unit added as intellectual property (IP) core to the embedded back-end. The maximum sampling speed of the analog to digital converter (ADC) AD9265 interfaced with the embedded system is 125 MSPS which supports digitization of the signal in real-time. The architecture for embedded back-end has been implemented using XC2VP-30-7FF896VIRTEX-II PRO device and the result of the proposed architecture is displayed on LCD in real-time.
Satyabrata Sarangi, Praful P. Pai, Pradyut Kumar Sanki, and Swapna Banerjee
IEEE
This paper presents a method for improvement in SNR and resolution of photo acoustic (PA) signal using Golay coded excitation for a non-invasive and continuous glucose monitoring. The simulation results with a Golay code of length 4 has been shown, which gives a coding gain of 9.03 dB in comparison to regular pulse triggering. Furthermore, Golay coded excitation results in better resolution of PA signal as compared to coherent averaging technique, which can help in improving calibration accuracy.