Wireless Networks, Internet of Things, Embedded Systems
53
Scopus Publications
767
Scholar Citations
15
Scholar h-index
21
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Performance Evaluation of ZigBee Protocol in Lunar Wireless Sensor Network Deployments Kaival Prajapati, Sachin Gajjar Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Electronics Communication and Aerospace Technology Iceca 2025, 2025 Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are expected to play a key role in future lunar surface missions, enabling environmental monitoring, infrastructure health tracking, and in situ resource utilization (ISRU). Lunar exploration supports sustainable operations, habitat development, and autonomous surface monitoring; however, protocol-specific studies—particularly for low-power ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) remain largely unexplored in such extreme environments, which motivates this work. This paper presents a MATLAB-based simulation framework to evaluate ZigBee, under lunar-specific constraints. The model integrates beacon-enabled superframes, guaranteed time slots (GTS), CSMA/CA contention, duty cycling, and reconfiguration mechanisms, while accounting for free-space path loss, crater-induced attenuation, shadowing variability, and terrain-dependent busy probabilities. A detailed energy model covering transmit, receive, idle, and sleep states is also incorporated. Simulation results over a 14-day lunar cycle show that ZigBee sustains low-data-rate sensing with an average packet delivery ratio of ~33.18% and throughput and goodput of 5.8684 bps and 2.1814 bps, respectively. The corresponding FND, HND, and LND are observed at 1.23, 6.60, and 11.92 days, demonstrating ZigBee's feasibility for long-duration, energy-constrained lunar WSN applications.
Design, Development, and Testing of Real Time Intelligent Traffic Control System using FreeRTOS Divyani Patel, Devanshu Upadhyay, Sachin Gajjar Conference Proceedings 2025 4th International Conference on Advances in Computing Communication Embedded and Secure Systems Access 2025, 2025 This paper presents a Real-Time Intelligent Traffic Signal Control System (RTITSCS) designed to optimize urban traffic flow by dynamically adjusting signal phases based on real-time vehicle density. Unlike conventional fixed-timing systems that allocate equal green time to all lanes, RTITSCS utilizes infrared (IR) sensors for precise vehicle detection and employs FreeRTOS for efficient real-time task management. FreeR-TOS enables rapid signal adjustments, improving responsiveness to traffic conditions. Analytical evaluation demonstrates that RTITSCS reduces average vehicle wait time from 6 seconds in a fixed-timing system to 2.49 seconds — a 58.5% improvement. This reduction in idling time leads to a corresponding 58.5% decrease in fuel consumption and CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions, enhancing energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. With real-time adaptability, minimal infrastructure modifications, and cost-effectiveness, RTITSCS offers a scalable solution for smart city traffic management.
Implementation and testing of single point positioning on IRNSS/NavIC receiver data Mahek Vyas, Sachin Gajjar, Manisha Asit Upadhyay, Rajat Acharya International Journal of Communication Systems, 2024 SummaryIndia has developed its own regional navigation satellite system called the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), also known as Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC). IRNSS/NavIC provides standard positioning and timing services for civilians and restricted services for authorized users. In this paper, single point positioning is implemented on the NavIC receiver data. Estimation techniques of the least squares method and extended Kalman filter are implemented after applying broadcast‐based clock corrections, orbit computation, relative time correction, and ionosphere delay correction for single and dual frequency. A data extraction and storage module is developed to store computed parameters at every intermediate stage in separate files. This is followed by an error plotter module to plot the extracted parameters for each satellite and to separately analyze their performance and the obtained errors. The estimated receiver position is visualized on Google Earth. The absolute error in both estimation techniques ranges between 5 and 15 m throughout the period.
Design and UVM based Verification of UART, SPI, and I2C Protocols Nishant Sahay, Sachin Gajjar Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication Icosec 2024, 2024 There are several hardware communication protocols available today, but the three most prevalent and frequently used are UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), and $\\mathbf{I}^{\\mathbf{2}} \\mathbf{C}$ (Inter-Integrated Circuit). This article discusses the working, implementation and verification of these protocols. It aims to highlight the difference in hardware requirements for implementation of each of these designs, and the difference in the approach of verification of these designs. The implementation of the design is done using Quartus Prime tool. An FSM is designed for each of these protocols which is then used to write the Verilog code for the design. The design is then synthesized for Cyclone V SE Base FPGA board. The resource utilisation for each protocol is discussed based on Combinational ALUTs and Dedicated Logic Registers used. UVM (Universal Verification Methodology) based verification is preformed for each of the design. A verification environment is developed using UVM. These environments were then compiled in QuestaSim 10.7c. UVM sequences are used to create the stimuli. The verification for each protocol differs in term of the sequences that are applied. UART verification proves to be a lot more challenging because of different parameters that are configurable, such as setting the baud rate, data length, stop bits and parity types. While SPI and $I^{2} \\mathbf{C}$ have a similar type of sequences which are used for their verification, these are read, write, reset, and error sequences. However, upon implementation it can be seen that $I^{2} \\mathbf{C}$ proves to be more resource efficient.
Fuzzy-based unequal clustering protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks Hetal Panchal, Sachin Gajjar International Journal of Communication Systems, 2023 SummaryUnderwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is a network made up of underwater sensor nodes, anchor nodes, surface sink nodes or surface stations, and the offshore sink node. Energy consumption, limited bandwidth, propagation delay, high bit error rate, stability, scalability, and network lifetime are the key challenges related to underwater wireless sensor networks. Clustering is used to mitigate these issues. In this work, fuzzy‐based unequal clustering protocol (FBUCP) is proposed that does cluster head selection using fuzzy logic as it can deal with the uncertainties of the harsh atmosphere in the water. Cluster heads are selected using linguistic input variables like distance to the surface sink node, residual energy, and node density and linguistic output variables like cluster head advertisement radius and rank of underwater sensor nodes. Unequal clustering is used to have an unequal size of the cluster which deals with the problem of excess energy usage of the underwater sensor nodes near the surface sink node, called the hot spot problem. Data gathered by the cluster heads are transmitted to the surface sink node using neighboring cluster heads in the direction of the surface sink node. Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm is used for multi‐hop and inter‐cluster routing. The FBUCP is compared with the LEACH‐UWSN, CDBR, and FBCA protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks. A comparative analysis shows that in first node dies, the FBUCP is up to 80% better, has 64.86% more network lifetime, has 91% more number of packets transmitted to the surface sink node, and is up to 58.81% more energy efficient than LEACH‐UWSN, CDBR, and FBCA.
Design, Development and Testing of Electronic Control Unit Prototype in an Electric Vehicle Riththika Sukanandan, Sachin Gajjar Proceedings 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems Ises 2023, 2023 An Electronic Control Unit (ECU) acts as a vehicle's the central hub, managing functions through microcontrollers that interpret sensor input and ensure smooth operation. Over 50 microcontrollers govern the operation of low-voltage components like indicators, horns, regenerative brakes, air conditioners, power windows and airbag deployment to monitor control, and enhance diverse aspects, such as engine and motor modules' suspension, powertrain, transmission, brakes, and body functions. This paper delves into the hardware design of an electric vehicle powered by a 48V Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (Li-NMC) battery. To efficiently utilize this voltage, a buck converter steps it down to 12V for the low-voltage system, with voltage regulators further reducing it to 5V for the microcontroller board's operation. Inputs from buttons like start, brake, charge, accelerator, forward, and reverse are processed by the microcontroller board and Motor Controller. They, in turn, control various LED pins to indicate different states of the car system. The system, designed for an all-terrain vehicle, underwent rigorous testing with a Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor, achieving 45 km/hr and 5.16 m/s2 acceleration. The implementation uses an Arduino board and C language to enhance the vehicle functionality by enabling user interactions, such as starting the car, applying brakes, charging, and controlling acceleration, all while providing clear visual feedback through LED indicators. This paper exemplifies the potential of readily available microcontroller applications for EVs and provides a forward looking vision for an all-terrain four-wheel electric vehicle, showcasing the energy-efficient utilization of low-voltage systems through readily available electronic circuit boards.
Design and Development of Embedded System for Loom Data Monitoring System 14th International Conference on Advances in Computing Control and Telecommunication Technologies Act 2023, 2023
Gesture Based Computer Control System Akshat Baheti, Dev Patwa, Sachin Gajjar 2023 9th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems Icaccs 2023, 2023
Design and Development of Smart Waste Management System Palak Jain, Taneesha Chaudhary, Sachin Gajjar 2023 4th International Conference on Communication Systems Computing and IT Applications Cscita 2023 Proceedings, 2023
Design and development of flash rescue: Emergency rescue system for the road accidents 11th International Conference on Advances in Computing Control and Telecommunication Technologies Act 2020, 2020
Design, development and testing of SmaTra: A smart traffic light control system Technologies for Sustainable Development Proceedings of the 7th Nirma University International Conference on Engineering Nuicone 2019, 2019
High speed SRT divider for intelligent embedded system Bhavana Mehta, Jonti Talukdar, Sachin Gajjar 2017 International Conference on Soft Computing and Its Engineering Applications Harnessing Soft Computing Techniques for Smart and Better World Icsoftcomp 2017, 2017
Improved fuzzy-driven clustering and routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks H Panchal, S Gajjar International Journal of Information Technology, 1-20 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Performance Evaluation of ZigBee Protocol in Lunar Wireless Sensor Network Deployments K Prajapati, S Gajjar 2025 9th International Conference on Electronics, Communication and … , 2025 2025
Design, Development, and Testing of Real Time Intelligent Traffic Control System using FreeRTOS D Patel, D Upadhyay, S Gajjar 2025 4th International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication … , 2025 2025
Fuzzy C Means Clustering and Ant Colony Optimization based Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks H Panchal, S Gajjar 2025
Design and UVM based Verification of UART, SPI, and I 2 C Protocols N Sahay, S Gajjar 2024 5th International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication … , 2024 2024 Citations: 6
Implementation and testing of single point positioning on IRNSS/NavIC receiver data M Vyas, S Gajjar, M Asit Upadhyay, R Acharya International Journal of Communication Systems 37 (13), e5823 , 2024 2024
Real time voice recognition system using tiny ml on arduino nano 33 ble P Patel, N Gupta, S Gajjar 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems (iSES), 385-388 , 2023 2023 Citations: 15
Data Acquisition System for Abrasive Wheel Manufacturing Industry D Pujara, T Selarka, S Gajjar 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems (iSES), 413-416 , 2023 2023
Design, Development and Testing of Electronic Control Unit Prototype in an Electric Vehicle R Sukanandan, S Gajjar 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems (iSES), 377-380 , 2023 2023
Fuzzy‐based unequal clustering protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks H Panchal, S Gajjar International Journal of Communication Systems 36 (16), e5581 , 2023 2023 Citations: 11
Design, development and testing of a 16-bit reduced instruction set computer architecture based processor M Jain, H Kanzariya, N Joshi, Y Masharu, S Gajjar, D Shah Sādhanā 48 (4), 244 , 2023 2023 Citations: 6
Cycle slip detection on IRNSS/NavIC data for single and dual frequency receiver M Vyas, S Gajjar, M Upadhyay, R Acharya 2023 14th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking … , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Smart door system to prevent covid-19 transmission H Trivedi, S Parmar, S Gajjar 2023 International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT … , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Design and development of smart waste management system P Jain, T Chaudhary, S Gajjar 2023 international conference on communication system, computing and IT … , 2023 2023 Citations: 14
Performance Comparison of IEEE 802.11 ax, 802.11 ac and 802.11 n Using Network Simulator NS3 M Chotalia, S Gajjar International Conference on Computing Science, Communication and Security … , 2023 2023 Citations: 9
Cluster head selection based on type-II fuzzy logic system in wireless sensor networks: A review H Panchal, S Gajjar Proceedings of the International Conference on Cognitive and Intelligent … , 2023 2023 Citations: 3
Performance analysis of cache memory in cpu V Mankad, V Shah, S Gajjar, D Shah International Conference on Soft Computing and its Engineering Applications … , 2022 2022 Citations: 1
GUI Development of IRNSS Receiver R Gautam, V Chaudhary, S Gajjar Emerging Technology Trends in Electronics, Communication and Networking … , 2022 2022 Citations: 1
Design and Implementation of Fault Tolerance and Diagnosis Technique for Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in Soft-Core Processor S Jain, S Gajjar Advances in VLSI and Embedded Systems: Select Proceedings of AVES 2021, 113-121 , 2022 2022 Citations: 1
Survey of data processing software tools for global navigation satellite system S Gajjar, M Upadhyay, M Vyas, A Samridhi, B Patel ICT Analysis and Applications: Proceedings of ICT4SD 2022, 1-9 , 2022 2022 Citations: 3
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
FAMACROW: Fuzzy and Ant Colony Optimization Based Combined MAC, Routing, and Unequal Clustering Cross-Layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks KD Sachin Gajjar, Mohanchur Sarkar Applied Soft Computing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2016.02 , 2016 2016 Citations: 146
Comparative analysis of wireless sensor network motes S Gajjar, N Choksi, M Sarkar, K Dasgupta Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), 2014 International … , 2014 2014 Citations: 64
Cluster Head Selection Protocol using Fuzzy Logic for Wireless Sensor Networks MSKD Sachin Gajjar International Journal of Computer Applications 97 (7), 38-43 , 2014 2014 Citations: 62
FAMACRO: Fuzzy and Ant Colony Optimization Based MAC/Routing Cross-layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks KD Sachin Gajjar, Mohanchur Sarkar International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies … , 2015 2015 Citations: 55
Lifetime improvement of LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network SH Gajjar, KS Dasgupta, SN Pradhan, KM Vala Nirma University International Conference on Engineering (NUiCONE), 1-6 , 2012 2012 Citations: 49
Wireless Sensor Network: Application led research perspective SH Gajjar, SN Pradhan, KS Dasgupta Recent Advances in Intelligent Computational Systems (RAICS), 2011 IEEE, 025 … , 2011 2011 Citations: 47
FUCP: Fuzzy based unequal clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks S Gajjar, A Talati, M Sarkar, K Dasgupta 2015 39th national systems conference (NSC), 1-6 , 2015 2015 Citations: 33
Design, development and testing of automatic pothole detection and alert system D Desai, A Soni, D Panchal, S Gajjar 2019 IEEE 16th India council international conference (INDICON), 1-4 , 2019 2019 Citations: 25
Design and development of E-Sense: IoT based environment monitoring system D Pujara, P Kukreja, S Gajjar 2020 IEEE Students Conference on Engineering & Systems (SCES), 1-5 , 2020 2020 Citations: 19
Cross layer architectural approaches for Wireless Sensor Networks SH Gajjar, SN Pradhan, KS Dasgupta Recent Advances in Intelligent Computational Systems (RAICS), 557-562 , 2011 2011 Citations: 18
High speed SRT divider for intelligent embedded system B Mehta, J Talukdar, S Gajjar 2017 International Conference on Soft Computing and Its Engineering … , 2017 2017 Citations: 16
LEFT: A Latency and Energy Efficient Flexible TDMA Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks S Gajjar, N Choksi, M Sarkar, K Dasgupta International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security(IJCNIS) 7 … , 2015 2015 Citations: 16
Self Organized, Flexible, Latency and Energy Efficient Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks KD Sachin Gajjar, Mohanchur Sarkar International Journal of Wireless Information Networks 21 (4), 290-305 , 2014 2014 Citations: 16
Improving performance of adhoc TCP in Mobile Adhoc Networks S Gajjar, HM Gupta India Conference, 2008. INDICON 2008, 144 - 147 , 2008 2008 Citations: 16
Real time voice recognition system using tiny ml on arduino nano 33 ble P Patel, N Gupta, S Gajjar 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems (iSES), 385-388 , 2023 2023 Citations: 15
Design and development of smart waste management system P Jain, T Chaudhary, S Gajjar 2023 international conference on communication system, computing and IT … , 2023 2023 Citations: 14
Performance analysis of clustering protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks MSKD Sachin Gajjar International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering … , 2013 2013 Citations: 14
Performance Analysis of Cross Layer Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks KSD Sachin Gajjar, S. N. Pradhan Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computing … , 2012 2012 Citations: 13
Fuzzy‐based unequal clustering protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks H Panchal, S Gajjar International Journal of Communication Systems 36 (16), e5581 , 2023 2023 Citations: 11
FARMNET: Agriculture support system using wireless sensor and actuator network S Gajjar, D Kothari, M Upadhyay, V Dhingra 2017 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing … , 2017 2017 Citations: 11