Sushil Kr Singh
@ancpatna.ac.in
Associate Professor, Department of Botany
A.N.College, Patna
EDUCATION
M.Sc., Ph.D.
RESEARCH INTERESTS
Groundwarer pollution due to Arsenic and Fluoride, Littoral Ecology
Scopus Publications
Scopus Publications
M. R. D. Rodrigues, A. Bonasera, M. Scisciò, J. A. Pérez-Hernández, M. Ehret, F. Filippi, P. L. Andreoli, M. Huault, H. Larreur, D. Singappuli,et al.
AIP Publishing
The discovery of chirped pulse amplification has led to great improvements in laser technology, enabling energetic laser beams to be compressed to pulse durations of tens of femtoseconds and focused to a few micrometers. Protons with energies of tens of MeV can be accelerated using, for instance, target normal sheath acceleration and focused on secondary targets. Under such conditions, nuclear reactions can occur, with the production of radioisotopes suitable for medical application. The use of high-repetition lasers to produce such isotopes is competitive with conventional methods mostly based on accelerators. In this paper, we study the production of 67Cu, 63Zn, 18F, and 11C, which are currently used in positron emission tomography and other applications. At the same time, we study the reactions 10B(p,α)7Be and 70Zn(p,4n)67Ga to put further constraints on the proton distributions at different angles, as well as the reaction 11B(p,α)8Be relevant for energy production. The experiment was performed at the 1 PW laser facility at Vega III in Salamanca, Spain. Angular distributions of radioisotopes in the forward (with respect to the laser direction) and backward directions were measured using a high purity germanium detector. Our results are in reasonable agreement with numerical estimates obtained following the approach of Kimura and Bonasera [Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 637, 164–170 (2011)].
E.A. Vishnyakov, A. Sagisaka, K. Ogura, T.Zh. Esirkepov, B. Gonzalez Izquierdo, C. Armstrong, T.A. Pikuz, S.A. Pikuz, W. Yan, T.M. Jeong,et al.
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Josef Krása, Tomáš Burian, Věra Hájková, Jaromír Chalupský, Šimon Jelínek, Kateřina Frantálová, Michal Krupka, Zuzana Kuglerová, Sushil Kumar Singh, Vojtěch Vozda,et al.
AIP Publishing
We report on an experiment performed at the FLASH2 free-electron laser (FEL) aimed at producing warm dense matter via soft x-ray isochoric heating. In the experiment, we focus on study of the ions emitted during the soft x-ray ablation process using time-of-flight electron multipliers and a shifted Maxwell–Boltzmann velocity distribution model. We find that most emitted ions are thermal, but that some impurities chemisorbed on the target surface, such as protons, are accelerated by the electrostatic field created in the plasma by escaped electrons. The morphology of the complex crater structure indicates the presence of several ion groups with varying temperatures. We find that the ion sound velocity is controlled by the ion temperature and show how the ion yield depends on the FEL radiation attenuation length in different materials.
T Pisarczyk, O Renner, R Dudzak, T Chodukowski, Z Rusiniak, J Dostal, M Krupka, D Klir, J Domański, J Krasa,et al.
IOP Publishing
Abstract Magnetized plasma studies are necessary for many applied studies, including laser-driven inertial fusion, modeling astrophysically relevant phenomena, and innovative industrial and medical applications. An interesting method of generating highly magnetized plasma can be based on the interaction of a laser with spiral-shaped cavity (snail-like) targets. A target shaped in this way can represent the central area of a spherical pellet that is not irradiated radially, but rather through an entrance hole allowing the laser beam to almost impact its inner surface tangentially (Pisarczyk et al 2018 Sci. Rep. 8 17 895). In the reported experiment, snail targets of various diameters were irradiated by linearly or circularly polarized radiation of a Prague asterix laser system (PALS) iodine laser delivering ∼500 J, 350 ps and 1.315 μm pulses on targets. Three-frame complex interferometry demonstrated that plasma is generated on the entire inside and outside surfaces of the snail target, starting from the very beginning of the laser–target interaction. The time-resolved records of the magnetic field and the electron density distribution inside and outside the snail target characterize the changes in the structure of the magnetized plasma. Inside the target, the magnetic field survives long after the termination of the laser–matter interaction, namely longer than 10 ns. Compared to a circularly polarized laser pulse, the irradiation of targets with a p-polarized beam increases both the emission of hot electrons (HEs) and the intensity of the magnetic field. The emission of HEs is not isotropic, and their energy distribution cannot be characterized by a single temperature.
Pablo Perez-Martin, Irene Prencipe, Manfred Sobiella, Fabian Donat, Ning Kang, Zhiyu He, Huiya Liu, Lei Ren, Zhiyong Xie, Jun Xiong,et al.
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Abstract A new approach to target development for laboratory astrophysics experiments at high-power laser facilities is presented. With the dawn of high-power lasers, laboratory astrophysics has emerged as a field, bringing insight into physical processes in astrophysical objects, such as the formation of stars. An important factor for success in these experiments is targetry. To date, targets have mainly relied on expensive and challenging microfabrication methods. The design presented incorporates replaceable machined parts that assemble into a structure that defines the experimental geometry. This can make targets cheaper and faster to manufacture, while maintaining robustness and reproducibility. The platform is intended for experiments on plasma flows, but it is flexible and may be adapted to the constraints of other experimental setups. Examples of targets used in experimental campaigns are shown, including a design for insertion in a high magnetic field coil. Experimental results are included, demonstrating the performance of the targets.
Deepak Kumar, Ajit K. Mahapatro, and Sushil Kumar Singh
IEEE
In this article, a potential landslide early warning system (LEWS) based on acoustic emission (AE) technology is discussed. The most critical components of proposed LEWS are active waveguide system (AWS), AE sensor, and correlation between soil slope deformation dynamics and AE behaviour of the slope. We have calibrated the AWS in the laboratory with help of universal testing machine. Multiple AWS and AE sensor assemblies have been used in the study. We have used both resonant and broadband AE sensors. AE characteristics of the AWS in response to its deformation dynamics are analyzed and a correlation between the two is established. Based on the correlation, a threshold deformation velocity parameter of 1 mm/min is proposed for the LEWS. Post calibration, the AWS and AE sensor assemblies are tested on an artificial soil slope created inside a tilt trolley machine. AE behaviour of the artificial soil slope in response to slope angle, water content, and slope displacement is also studied to visualize the performance of the proposed LEWS on real-time landslide prone soil slope. The results from both the experiments are in consistency with each-other that solidifies the potential application of the entire AE sensor system on real-time soil slope for generating early warnings when slope displacement rates breach 1 mm/min.
Eugene A. Vishnyakov, Akito Sagisaka, Koichi Ogura, Tatiana A. Pikuz, Chris D. Armstrong, Sergey A. Pikuz, Bruno Gonzalez-Izquierdo, Timur Z. Esirkepov, Wenchao Yan, Tae Moon Jeong,et al.
SPIE
We review a number of instruments employed in a high-intensity J-KAREN-P laser-solid interaction experiment and discuss the applicability of the diagnostics to the best target position determination with a ~10 μm accuracy, while the focal spot size was ~1 μm and peak intensity was up to 7×1021 W/cm2. We discuss both front- and back-side diagnostics, some of them operated in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet ranges, while others in the extreme ultraviolet, soft X-ray and gamma-ray ranges. We found that the applicability of some of the instruments to the best at-focus target position determination depends on the thickness of the target.
Josef Krása, Vincenzo Nassisi, Tomas Burian, Vera Hajkova, Jaromir Chalupsky, Simon Jelinek, Katerina Frantálová, Michal Krupka, Zuzana Kuglerová, Sushil K. Singh,et al.
SPIE
We report on ion emission from plasma produced on thick targets irradiated with nanosecond and femtosecond pulses delivered by mid-ultraviolet and soft x-ray lasers, respectively. To distinguish between different ion acceleration mechanisms, the maximum kinetic energy of ions produced under different interaction conditions is plotted versus laser fluence. The transformation of the time-of-flight detector signal into ion charge density distance-of-flight spectra makes it possible to determine the mean kinetic energy of the fastest ion groups based on the influence of the acoustic velocity of ion expansion. This allows obtaining additional characteristics of the ion production. The final energy of the group of fast ions determined using the ion sound velocity model is an order of magnitude larger in the fs-XFEL interaction than in the ns-UV one. On the contrary, the ablation yield of ions in our experiment is seven orders of magnitude greater when applying ns-UV laser pulses, not only due to higher energies of UV laser pulses, but also due to a significant difference in interaction and ion formation mechanisms.
T Pisarczyk, O Renner, R Dudzak, T Chodukowski, Z Rusiniak, J Domanski, J Badziak, J Dostal, M Krupka, S Singh,et al.
IOP Publishing
Abstract Optical generators of strong magnetic fields based on the laser-driven-coil target concept are considered to be useful tools for studies of magnetized plasmas in particular, for the study of implosion of magnetized fusion targets in inertial fusion research and astrophysical applications. This paper presents the results of the research directed at an investigation of the plasma properties in a laser-induced magnetic field. In the experiment carried out on the kilojoule PALS laser facility, a generator of the magnetic field was a disc-coil (DC) target composed of a Cu disk coupled to a single-turn coil irradiated by a 1ω laser beam with an energy of 500 J. The attention was focused on examining the influence of the magnetic field on properties of the hot electron (HE) flux emitted from the front surface of the irradiated target. The three-frame complex interferometry and four-frame x-ray camera combined with the measurements of the HE population and energy using a multi-channel magnetic electron spectrometer and 2D-resolved imaging of the induced Cu Kα line emission were applied to characterize the ablative plasma and the generated particles. Based on the measured angular distributions of the electron energy spectra, 3D simulations have been performed to visualize the effect of the magnetic field on the HE flux and to provide information on space-time distribution of the electron and current density both without and with the presence of an axial magnetic field. The obtained results confirmed the possibility of generating magnetic fields above 5 T using the proposed DC target design as well as the significant impact of these fields on properties of the ablative plasma and the HE emission.
Sushil Singh, Michal Krupka, Valeria Istokskaia, Josef Krasa, Lorenzo Giuffrida, Roman Dudzak, Jan Dostal, Tomas Burian, Roberto Versaci, Daniele Margarone,et al.
IOP Publishing
Abstract This paper presents experimental investigation of temperature scaling and threshold of instability in hot electron and bremsstrahlung radiation from the interaction of sub-nanosecond and kilo-joule class laser pulses with a tantalum foil target at Prague Asterix Laser System. The laser intensity was varied between 4 × 10 15 and 3 × 10 16 W · cm−2 at the target focus. The energy distribution functions of electrons were measured by an angular array of magnetic spectrometers indicating the electron temperature in the range between 30 keV and 70 keV. The bremsstrahlung spectrum was characterized using a scintillator-based calorimeter. In particular, we show the laser-energy scaling of the total flux of hot electrons in the forward and backward directions with respect to the laser vector, the conversion efficiency of the laser energy to the energy carried by hot electrons, and the temperature of hot electrons as well as the unfolded bremsstrahlung temperature using a Monte Carlo code consistent with signals of the scintillator detector. The scaling shows that the electron flux increases discontinuously with increasing laser intensity from ∼ 1 − 2 × 10 16 W · cm−2 with consequent instability in the production of hot electrons and bremsstrahlung radiation.
Arun Kumar, Vikas Kumar, Vivek Akhouri, Ranjit Kumar, Mohammad Ali, Tuhin Rashmi, Gyanendra Bahadur Chand, Sushil Kumar Singh, and Ashok Kumar Ghosh
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Arun Kumar, Md. Samiur Rahman, Mohammad Ali, Ranjit Kumar, Pintoo Kumar Niraj, Vivek Akhouri, Sushil Kumar Singh, Dhruv Kumar, Tuhin Rashmi, Akhouri Bishwapriya,et al.
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Sushil Singh, Chris D Armstrong, Ning Kang, Lei Ren, Huiya Liu, Neng Hua, Dean R Rusby, Ondřej Klimo, Roberto Versaci, Yan Zhang,et al.
IOP Publishing
Abstract Relativistic electrons generated by the interaction of petawatt-class short laser pulses with solid targets can be used to generate bright x-rays via bremsstrahlung. The efficiency of laser energy transfer into these electrons depends on multiple parameters including the focused intensity and pre-plasma level. This paper reports experimental results from the interaction of a high intensity petawatt-class glass laser pulses with solid targets at a maximum intensity of 1019 W cm−2. In-situ measurements of specularly reflected light are used to provide an upper bound of laser absorption and to characterize focused laser intensity, the pre-plasma level and the generation mechanism of second harmonic light. The measured spectrum of electrons and bremsstrahlung radiation provide information about the efficiency of laser energy transfer.
V. Istokskaia, V. Stránský, L. Giuffrida, R. Versaci, F. Grepl, M. Tryus, A. Velyhan, R. Dudžák, J. Krása, M. Krupka,et al.
IOP Publishing
With the development of high-intensity and high-repetition rate laser systems, it has become crucial to be able to detect and characterize in real time the high-energy byproducts (mainly electrons and photons) of laser-generated plasma. A novel multi-purpose scintillator-based electromagnetic calorimeter focused on high-energy particle and photon measurements and capable of working on a shot-by-shot basis at high-repetition rate is being developed at the ELI Beamlines center. Preliminary tests of this device under photon and electron irradiation from conventional and laser-driven sources are summarized and the results are here presented. A corresponding signal unfolding technique which was ad-hoc developed to reconstruct energies of one or two thermal populations in short time is described in detail.
M. Krupka, S. Singh, T. Pisarczyk, J. Dostal, M. Kalal, J. Krasa, R. Dudzak, T. Burian, S. Jelinek, T. Chodukowski,et al.
AIP Publishing
This paper describes design, development, and implementation of a multi-channel magnetic electron spectrometer for the application in laser–plasma interaction experiments carried out at the Prague Asterix Laser System. Modular design of the spectrometer allows the setup in variable configurations to evaluate the angular distribution of hot electron emission. The angular array configuration of the electron spectrometers consists of 16 channels mounted around the target. The modules incorporate a plastic electron collimator designed to suppress the secondary radiation by absorbing the wide angle scattered electrons and photons inside the collimator. The compact model of the spectrometer measures electron energies in the range from 50 keV to 1.5MeV using ferrite magnets and from 250 keV to 5MeV using stronger neodymium magnets. An extended model of the spectrometer increases the measured energy range up to 21MeV or 35MeV using ferrite or neodymium magnets, respectively. Position to energy calibration was obtained using the particle tracking simulations. The experimental results show the measured angularly resolved electron energy distribution functions from interaction with solid targets. The angular distribution of hot electron temperature, the total flux, and the maximum electron energy show a directional dependence. The measured values of these quantities increase toward the target normal. For a copper target, the average amount of measured electron flux is 1.36 × 1011, which corresponds to the total charge of about 21 nC.
Vikas Kumar, Vivek Akhouri, Sushil Kumar Singh, and Arun Kumar
ANSF Publications
The prime objective of the present study was to establish fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds extract as an antidote against arsenic induced hepato-renal toxicity in rats. The male Charles Foster rats (weighing 160-180 g) were selected to make arsenic intoxicated model. The arsenic treated group of rats were orally treated with sodium arsenite at the dose of 8 mg/kg body weight/day for 90 days. Thereafter, the arsenic pretreated rats were further administered with fenugreek ethanolic seeds extract at the dose of 250 mg/kg body weight/day for 90 days. After the completion of the treatment, animals of all the groups were sacrificed for the biochemical and histopathological estimation. The arsenic treated rats showed significant (p < 0.0001) alterations at the various hepatic and renal biomarker parameters and at serum MDA levels in comparison to the control rats. Significant (p < 0.0001) arsenic accumulation was also observed in the blood, liver and kidney tissues of the arsenic treated rats. However, after the administration with fenugreek seeds extract, significant (p < 0.0001) restoration was observed in the liver and kidney biomarker parameters and at haematological variables. Fenugreek seeds extract administration also significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced the serum MDA levels and arsenic concentration levels in blood, liver and kidney tissues, along with considerable restorations at the cellular architecture of liver and kidney tissues. The study concluded that fenugreek seeds possessed potential hepato-renal ameliorative effect against sodium arsenite induced toxicity in rats, and can be used for its therapeutic value against arsenic poisoning.
Valeria Istokskaia, Vojtěch Stránský, Lorenzo Giuffrida, Roberto Versaci, Veronika Olšovcová, Sushil Singh, Michal Krupka, Roman Dudžák, Josef Krása, and Daniele Margarone
SPIE
With the development of high-intensity and high-repetition-rate laser systems, it has become crucial to be able to measure and characterize the high-energy gamma radiation from laser-matter interaction in real-time. Therefore, a scintillator-based electromagnetic calorimeter aimed at high-energy electron and photon detection under high-repetition rate is being developed at the ELI Beamlines facility. Together with an ad hoc created unfolding technique, it is possible to reconstruct energies/temperatures of one or two thermal populations present in the radiation. A preliminary test of the device performed at the PALS experimental facility together with the corresponding signal unfolding is here presented.
Vikas Kumar, Vivek Akhouri, Sushil Kumar Singh, and Arun Kumar
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
T Pisarczyk, M Kalal, S Yu Gus’kov, D Batani, O Renner, J Santos, R Dudzak, A Zaras-Szydłowska, T Chodukowski, Z Rusiniak,et al.
IOP Publishing
Abstract Laser plasma created by intense light interaction with matter plays an important role in high-energy density fundamental studies and many prospective applications. Terawatt laser-produced plasma related to the low collisional and relativistic domain may form supersonic flows and is prone to the generation of strong spontaneous magnetic fields. The comprehensive experimental study presented in this work provides a reference point for the theoretical description of laser-plasma interaction, focusing on the hot electron generation. It experimentally quantifies the phenomenon of hot electron retention, which serves as a boundary condition for most plasma expansion models. Hot electrons, being responsible for nonlocal thermal and electric conductivities, are important for a large variety of processes in such plasmas. The multiple-frame complex-interferometric data providing information on time resolved spontaneous magnetic fields and electron density distribution, complemented by particle spectra and x-ray measurements, were obtained under irradiation of the planar massive Cu and plastic-coated targets by the iodine laser pulse with an intensity of above 1016 W cm−2. The data shows that the hot electron emission from the interaction region outside the target is strongly suppressed, while the electron flow inside the target, i.e. in the direction of the incident laser beam, is a dominant process and contains almost the whole hot electron population. The obtained quantitative characterization of this phenomenon is of primary importance for plasma applications spanning from ICF to laser-driven discharge magnetic field generators.
Deepak Kumar, Sushil Singh, Hamad Ahmed, Roman Dudžák, Jan Dostál, Tomasz Chodukowski, Lorenzo Giuffrida, Prokopis Hadjisolomu, Thomas Hodge, Libor Juha,et al.
IOP Publishing
Abstract Strong magnetic fields of upto 20 T, corresponding to a current of tens of kA were produced in a coil connected to a single-plate of cm2 area irradiated by a kJ-ns laser pulse. The use of such macroscopic plates protects the coil from plasma debris, while maintaining a strong magnetic field for a time-scale much longer than the laser pulse duration. By correlating the measured magnetic field in the coil to the number of electrons emitted from the interaction zone, we deduce that the target capacitance is enhanced by two orders of magnitude because of the plasma sheath in the proximity of the focal spot. The particle-in-cell simulation illustrates the dynamics of sheath potential and current flow through the coil to ground, thus closing the circuit due to the escape of laser-produced hot electrons from the target.
T. Chodukowski, S. Borodziuk, Z. Rusiniak, J. Cikhardt, K. Jach, J. Krasa, M. Rosinski, D. Terwinska, R. Dudzak, T. Pisarczyk,et al.
AIP Publishing
The laser-induced Cavity Pressure Acceleration (CPA) scheme [S. Borodziuk et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 231501 (2009)] allows for effective transformation of the laser energy into the kinetic energy of plasma streams and dense plasma objects. It has been proven that using long-wavelength laser beams, with relatively low energies (up to 500 J for λ1 = 1.315 µm and FWHM = 350 ps), it is possible to accelerate macroparticles to very high velocities (above 107 cm/s). The study of neutron yield showed the benefit of CPA in delivering ion temperatures and density sufficient to reach the thermonuclear region.