Mechanical Engineering, Biofuel, Diesel engine, Emissions, Spray Visualization, Spray Simulation, CFD, Automotive Engineering. Their current project is biofuel as an additive fuel for CI engines.
18
Scopus Publications
Scopus Publications
A review of the pathways, limitations, and perspectives of plastic waste recycling Hayder A. Alrazen, Saiied M. Aminossadati, Hussein A. Mahmood, Ahmed Kadhim Hussein, Kamarul Arifin Ahmad, et al. Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2025 The valorisation of plastic waste through diverse recycling technologies offers a strategic response to the escalating global plastic crisis, combining waste reduction with resource and energy recovery. This review critically examines both conventional and emerging methods—including mechanical recycling, incineration for energy recovery, pyrolysis, gasification, hydrogenation, hydrocracking, and solvent-based treatments—focusing on their technical efficacy, environmental footprint, and economic feasibility. Mechanical recycling remains the most widely adopted method, involving collection, sorting, grinding, washing, drying, and granulation processes. However, challenges such as polymer degradation, contamination, and incompatibility among mixed plastics limit the quality and applicability of recycled products. Advanced sorting technologies, including Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and electrostatic separation, are increasingly employed to enhance recycling outcomes. Incineration provides energy in the form of electricity, heat, or steam while significantly reducing waste volume, yet it raises environmental concerns due to the release of toxic gases and particulates. Chemical recycling emerges as a critical pillar of the circular plastic economy, enabling the breakdown of polymers into valuable chemical feedstocks. Techniques such as pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrocracking produce valuable by-products, including char, syngas, and bio-oil. The review underscores the potential of integrating incineration with carbon capture technologies to mitigate emissions and improve sustainability. It advocates for region-specific strategies supported by comprehensive techno-economic and environmental assessments. This work provides a comparative framework to inform the selection of recycling technologies, guide policy development, and identify research priorities in advancing plastic waste valorisation.
Sugarcane Biomass as a Source of Biofuel for Internal Combustion Engines (Ethanol and Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol): A Review of Economic Challenges Sattar Jabbar Murad Algayyim, Talal Yusaf, Naseer H. Hamza, Andrew P. Wandel, I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, et al. Energies, 2022 The objective of this review is to provide a deep overview of liquid biofuels produced from sugarcane bagasse and to address the economic challenges of an ethanol and acetone-butanol-ethanol blend in commercial processes. The chemistry of sugarcane bagasse is presented. Pretreatment technologies such as physical, chemical pretreatment, biological, and combination pretreatments used in the fermentation process are also provided and summarised. Different types of anaerobic bacteria Clostridia (yeast) are discussed to identify the ingredient best suited for sugarcane bagasse, which can assist the industry in commercializing ethanol and acetone-butanol-ethanol biofuel from biomass sugarcane. The use of an acetone-butanol-ethanol mixture and ethanol blend in internal combustion engines is also discussed. The literature then supports the proposal of the best operating conditions for fermentation to enhance ethanol and acetone-butanol-ethanol plant efficiency in the sugar waste industry and its application in internal combustion engines.
Performance and emission levels of butanol, acetone-butanol-ethanol, butanol-acetone/diesel blends in a diesel engine Sattar Jabbar Murad Algayyim, Andrew P. Wandel Biofuels, 2022 This paper evaluates and compares the effect of using three types of alcohol as additives butanol (B), Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) and Butanol-acetone (BA) each blended with diesel (D). The test was conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine at 10% and 20% of B, ABE, BA and D by volume at different engine speeds of 1400, 2000 and 2600 rpm. Diesel fuel was also tested as a baseline for comparison. This study has shown that the brake power (BP) was like all B, ABE and BA-diesel blend ratios and comparable with the brake power of diesel fuel at all engine speeds. Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was increased in all alcohol blend. The maximum reduction of exhaust gas temperature (EGT) compared to D100 was by 5% for 20BA. The maximum reduction of NO x emission by 7% was observed for 10B90D and 10BA90D at all engine speeds. However, the mixture with 10% ABE showed a higher NO x emissions at all engine speeds. The maximum reduction in CO emission was observed in 20B80D, 20ABE80D and 20BA80D blend at all engine speeds when compared with pure diesel. The mixture with 10% and 20% ABE presented a significant decrease in unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) emission with a 20% reduction compared to those of D100. However, the mixture with 10% BA and 20BA showed a significant increase in UHC emissions in all engine speeds when compared with those of D100.
Mixtures of n-butanol and iso-butanol blended with diesel: experimental investigation of combustion characteristics, engine performance and emission levels in a compression ignition engine Sattar Jabbar Murad Algayyim, Andrew P. Wandel, Talal Yusaf Biofuels, 2021 The isomers of butanol have slightly different properties, which can be exploited to improve combustion characteristics. To investigate the potential of this concept, normal-butanol (nB) and iso-butanol (isoB) were blended together in four different ratios (5% of each, 10% of each, and 7% plus 13% of each in both variations, by volume) with conventional diesel. The experimental data were analyzed via analysis of variance to evaluate significant differences between engine parameters. Brake power for the 5% isoB–5% normal-butanol–90% diesel blend was slightly improved while specific fuel consumption was increased with the increase in all dual blends. The high blend ratios of isoB (10% and 13% isoB) produced higher peak in-cylinder pressures and heat release rates as well as a substantial reduction in carbon monoxide emissions. The higher blend ratios of nB (10% and 13% nB) produced much lower unburnt hydrocarbon emissions because the energy required to crack the C–H bonds of nB is less than that required for isoB. Therefore, the hydrocarbons are more easily oxygenated. A slight reduction was found in NOx emissions when increasing either nB or isoB, with nB being slightly more effective. Therefore, a blend of n- and isoB could be a promising alternative to a single isomer additive (iso/nB) to optimize engine performance.
Comparative assessment of spray behavior, combustion and engine performance of ABE-Biodiesel/Diesel as fuel in di diesel engine Sattar Jabbar Murad Algayyim, Andrew P. Wandel Energies, 2020 This study investigates the impact of an acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) mixture on spray parameters, engine performance and emission levels of neat cottonseed biodiesel and neat diesel blends. The spray test was carried out using a high-speed camera, and the engine test was conducted on a variable compression diesel engine. Adding an ABE blend can increase the spray penetration of both neat biodiesel and diesel due to the low viscosity and surface tension, thereby enhancing the vaporization rate and combustion efficiency. A maximum in-cylinder pressure value was recorded for the ABE-diesel blend. The brake power (BP) of all ABE blends was slightly reduced due to the low heating values of ABE blends. Exhaust gas temperature (EGT), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were also reduced with the addition of the ABE blend to neat diesel and biodiesel by 14–17%, 11–13% and 25–54%, respectively, compared to neat diesel. Unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions were reduced with the addition of ABE to diesel by 13%, while UHC emissions were increased with the addition of ABE to biodiesel blend by 25–34% compared to neat diesel. It can be concluded that the ABE mixture is a good additive blend to neat diesel rather than neat biodiesel for improving diesel properties by using green energy for compression ignition (CI) engines with no or minor modifications.
Experimental and numerical investigation of spray characteristics of butanol-diesel blends 11th Asia Pacific Conference on Combustion Aspacc 2017, 2017
The effect of Butanol-Acetone Mixture-Cottonseed Biodiesel Blend on Spray Characteristics, Engine Performance and Emissions in Diesel Engine 11th Asia Pacific Conference on Combustion Aspacc 2017, 2017
Experimental study of spray characteristics, engine performance and emission levels of acetone-butanol-ethanol mixture-diesel blends in a diesel engine 11th Asia Pacific Conference on Combustion Aspacc 2017, 2017
