Research Communities in Smart Homes Security: A Systematic Mapping Study Fazeleh Dehghani Ashkezari, Andreas Jacobsson, Kayode S. Adewole, Klara Svalin, Martin Höst Iot, 2026 Smart homes are becoming increasingly common, bringing convenience to users but also raising serious security concerns. As the number of connected devices grows, so does the research interest in securing smart homes. However, the literature is broad, making it difficult to understand the main research directions and how they are connected. Given the scope and diversity of existing research, a systematic mapping study was chosen to provide a high-level overview of smart home security research by mapping research communities, identifying dominant themes, and examining their evolution over time. We retrieved articles from the Scopus database published between 2000 and April 2025, resulting in approximately 13,600 articles. After filtering out unrelated domains such as smart vehicles, smart industry, and general IoT, a final set of 6313 publications specifically focused on smart home security was used for analysis. We applied a citation-based network analysis approach, constructed an author citation graph, and used the Louvain community detection algorithm to identify 12 main research communities. Each community was further analyzed based on its keywords, most-cited publications, leading authors, and institutions. Our results provide a structured overview of the field, highlighting its key themes and evolution over time. This work can help researchers better navigate the smart home security landscape and identify future research opportunities.
Enhancing IoT Security with Generative AI: Threat Detection and Countermeasure Design Alex Oacheșu, Kayode S. Adewole, Andreas Jacobsson, Paul Davidsson Electronics Switzerland, 2026 The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has increased the attack surface for cyber threats. Traditional intrusion detection systems often struggle to keep pace with novel or evolving threats. This study proposes an end-to-end generative AI-based intrusion detection and response pipeline designed for automated threat mitigation in smart home IoT environments. It leverages a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) trained on benign traffic to flag anomalies, a fine-tuned Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model to classify anomalies into five attack categories (C&C, DDoS, Okiru, PortScan, and benign), and Grok3—a large language model—to generate tailored countermeasure recommendations. Using the Aposemat IoT-23 dataset, the VAE model achieves a recall of 0.999 and a precision of 0.961 for anomaly detection. The BERT model achieves an overall accuracy of 99.90% with per-class F1 scores exceeding 0.99. End-to-end prototype simulation involving 10,000 network traffic samples demonstrate a 98% accuracy in identifying cyber attacks and generating countermeasures to mitigate them. The pipeline integrates generative models for improved detection and automated security policy formulation in IoT settings, enhancing detection and enabling quicker and actionable security responses to mitigate cyber threats targeting smart home environments.
Intrusion Detection Framework for Internet of Things with Rule Induction for Model Explanation Kayode S. Adewole, Andreas Jacobsson, Paul Davidsson Sensors, 2025 As the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices grows, challenges in security, privacy, and interoperability become increasingly significant. IoT devices often have resource constraints, such as limited computational power, energy efficiency, bandwidth, and storage, making it difficult to implement advanced security measures. Additionally, the diversity of IoT devices creates vulnerabilities and threats that attackers can exploit, including spoofing, routing, man-in-the-middle, and denial-of-service. To address these evolving threats, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) have become a vital solution. IDS actively monitors network traffic, analyzing incoming and outgoing data to detect potential security breaches, ensuring IoT systems remain safeguarded against malicious activity. This study introduces an IDS framework that integrates ensemble learning with rule induction for enhanced model explainability. We study the performance of five ensemble algorithms (Random Forest, AdaBoost, XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost) for developing effective IDS for IoT. The results show that XGBoost outperformed the other ensemble algorithms on two publicly available datasets for intrusion detection. XGBoost achieved 99.91% accuracy and 99.88% AUC-ROC on the CIC-IDS2017 dataset, as well as 98.54% accuracy and 93.06% AUC-ROC on the CICIoT2023 dataset, respectively. We integrate model explainability to provide transparent IDS system using a rule induction method. The experimental results confirm the efficacy of the proposed approach for providing a lightweight, transparent, and trustworthy IDS system that supports security analysts, end-users, and different stakeholders when making decisions regarding intrusion and non-intrusion events.
Privacy Preserving A-Priori and ECLAT with Local Differential Privacy Christine Wong, Abdulrauf Gidado, Kayode S. Adewole Proceedings 29th IEEE Acis International Conference on Software Engineering Artificial Intelligence Networking and Parallel Distributed Computing Snpd 2025 Summer, 2025 Privacy-preserving frequent itemset mining is crucial for extracting valuable patterns from high-dimensional user data while safeguarding sensitive information. This research investigates the performance of A-Priori and Equivalence Class Clustering and Bottom-Up Lattice Traversal (ECLAT) algorithms, such that Local Differential Privacy (LDP), a privacy preservation technique that obscures the true transactions generated from user activities, can be implemented to protect user privacy. We implement these algorithms for frequent itemset mining in two scenarios - one with LDP and the second without the use of LDP. The proposed approach shows promising results when compared with itemset mining from noisy data without any counter mechanisms. The performance trade-off between execution time and accuracy of the algorithm is also examined. The challenges and limitations of implementing the proposed approach for privacy-preserving frequent itemset mining are discussed, and future directions are highlighted.
RAM-IoT: Risk Assessment Model for IoT-Based Critical Assets Kayode Adewole, Andreas Jacobsson, Paul Davidsson International Conference on Internet of Things Big Data and Security Iotbds Proceedings, 2025 : As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices continues to grow, understanding and mitigating potential vulnerabilities and threats is crucial. With IoT devices becoming ubiquitous in critical sectors like healthcare, transportation, energy, and industrial automation, identifying and addressing risks is increasingly important. A comprehensive risk management approach enables IoT stakeholders to safeguard user data and privacy, as well as system integrity. Existing risk assessment frameworks focus on qualitative risk analysis methodologies, such as operationally critical threat, asset, and vulnerability evaluation (OCTAVE). However, security risk assessment, particularly for IoT ecosystem, demands both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment. This paper proposes RAM-IoT, a risk assessment model for IoT-based critical assets that integrates qualitative and quantitative risk assessment approaches. A multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach based on fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (fuzzy AHP) is proposed to address the subjective assessment of the IoT risk analysts and their corresponding stakeholders. The applicability of the proposed model is illustrated through a use case connected to service delivery in the IoT. The proposed model provides a guideline to researchers and practitioners on how to quantify the risks targeting assets in IoT, thereby providing adequate support for protecting IoT ecosystems.
A Framework for ML-Based Intrusion Detection and Prevention: A Containerized, Cloud-Native Approach Nikolas Naydenov, Stela Ruseva, Naomy Jerono Chemungor, Kayode Sakariyah Adewole Ismsit 2025 9th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies Proceedings, 2025 The operational deployment of machine learning (ML) based security systems in production cloud environments remains a significant challenge, often hindered by a disconnect between offline training and real-time inference known as train-serve skew. This paper presents a novel, dual-workflow, cloud-native architecture for an Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS) that bridges this gap. Our architecture builds upon a flexible ML framework from foundational research, which was validated in an offline-only proof-of-concept. The primary contributions of this paper are twofold: first, we provide a complete blueprint for orchestrating the framework as a containerized, microservice-based cluster using platforms like Kubernetes. Second, we introduce a minimal-overhead online workflow that uses high-performance, kernel-level probes and a real-time agent to replicate the feature-rich vectors required for accurate detection, thus solving the train-serve skew problem. This dual-workflow design separates low-latency real-time detection from deep offline analysis, which leverages the foundational two-stage ML pipeline and context-aware capture tools. This work provides a validated blueprint for an effective IDPS that achieves the scalability, resilience, and maintainability required for a modern cloud security service.
Simulation and Modeling of NLOS P2P 5G and Future Wireless Communication Systems in FR2 within an Urban Environment Nasir Faruk, Emmanuel Alozie, Abubakar Abdulkarim, Aliyu D. Usman, Yusuf Olayinka Imam-Fulani, Salisu Garba, Kayode S. Adewole, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, Abdulkarim A. Oloyede, Bashir Abdullahi Baba, Hawau I. Olagunju IEEE International Conference on Emerging and Sustainable Technologies for Power and ICT in A Developing Society Nigercon, 2024
A systematic review and Meta-data analysis on the applications of Deep Learning in Electrocardiogram Nehemiah Musa, Abdulsalam Ya’u Gital, Nahla Aljojo, Haruna Chiroma, Kayode S. Adewole, Hammed A. Mojeed, Nasir Faruk, Abubakar Abdulkarim, Ifada Emmanuel, Yusuf Y. Folawiyo, James A. Ogunmodede, Abdukareem A. Oloyede, Lukman A. Olawoyin, Ismaeel A. Sikiru, Ibrahim Katb Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 2023
Terrestrial Radio Propagation Research Datasets Repository Kayode S. Adewole, Hawau Olagunju, Nasir Faruk, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, Emmanuel Alozie, Olugbenga A. Sowande, Abubakar Abdulkarim, Aliyu D. Usman, Yusuf Olayinka Imam-Fulani, Abdulkarim A. Oloyede, Salisu Garba, Bashir Abdullahi Baba, Abdulwaheed Musa, Yinusa A. Adediran, Lawan S. Taura 2023 2nd International Conference on Multidisciplinary Engineering and Applied Science Icmeas 2023, 2023
Investigation of the Impact of Height and Bandwidth on Path Loss Exponent of 5G FR1 Wireless Networks at 800, 3500, and 5900 MHz Yusuf Olayinka Imam-Fulani, Nasir Faruk, Aliyu D. Usman, Abubakar Abdulkarim, Abdoulie M.S Tekanyi, Abdulmalik S. Yaro, Emmanuel Alozie, Salisu Garba, Kayode S. Adewole, Abdulkarim A. Oloyede, Olugbenga A. Sowande, Bashir Abdullahi Baba, Abdulwaheed Musa, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, Yinusa A. Adediran, Hawau I. Olagunju, Lawan S. Taura 2023 2nd International Conference on Multidisciplinary Engineering and Applied Science Icmeas 2023, 2023
ANN-based model for multiband path loss prediction in built-up environments Nasir Faruk, Quadri Ramon Adebowale, Imam-Fulani Yusuf Olayinka, Kayode S. Adewole, Abubakar Abdulkarim, Abdulkarim A. Oloyede, Haruna Chiroma, Olugbenga A. Sowande, Lukman A. Olawoyin, Salisu Garba, Aliyu D. Usman, Yinusa A. Adediran, Lawan S. Taura Scientific African, 2022
Application of Machine Learning Algorithms to Path Loss Modeling: A Review Abubakar Abdulkarim, Nasir Faruk, Emmanuel Alozie, Olugbenga. A. Sowande, Imam-Fulani Yusuf Olayinka, Aliyu D. Usman, Kayode S. Adewole, Abdulkarim A. Oloyede, Haruna Chiroma, Salisu Garba, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, Abdulwaheed Musa, Lawan S. Taura Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Technology for Education and Development Changing the Narratives Through Building A Secure Society with Disruptive Technologies Ited 2022, 2022
Optimized Decision Forest for Website Phishing Detection Abdullateef O. Balogun, Hammed A. Mojeed, Kayode S. Adewole, Abimbola G. Akintola, Shakirat A. Salihu, Amos O. Bajeh, Rasheed G. Jimoh Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 2021
Temporal Variation of Duty Cycle in the GSM Bands Ganiyu A. Ishola, Balogun V. Segun, Nasir Faruk, Kayode S. Adewole, Abdulkarim A. Oloyede, Lukman A. Olawoyin, Rasheed. G. Jimoh 2019 2nd International Conference of the IEEE Nigeria Computer Chapter Nigeriacomputconf 2019, 2019
Hybrid Rule-Based Model for Phishing URLs Detection Kayode S. Adewole, Abimbola G. Akintola, Shakirat A. Salihu, Nasir Faruk, Rasheed G. Jimoh Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering Lnicst, 2019
Malicious accounts: Dark of the social networks Kayode Sakariyah Adewole, Nor Badrul Anuar, Amirrudin Kamsin, Kasturi Dewi Varathan, Syed Abdul Razak Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 2017
The role of big data in smart city Ibrahim Abaker Targio Hashem, Victor Chang, Nor Badrul Anuar, Kayode Adewole, Ibrar Yaqoob, Abdullah Gani, Ejaz Ahmed, Haruna Chiroma International Journal of Information Management, 2016
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Combating Intimate Partner Violence KS Adewole, FD Ashkezari, A Jacobsson Proceedings of the International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and … , 2026 2026
Research Communities in Smart Homes Security: A Systematic Mapping Study F Dehghani Ashkezari, A Jacobsson, KS Adewole, K Svalin, M Höst IoT 7 (1), 19-19 , 2026 2026
Enhancing IoT Security with Generative AI: Threat Detection and Countermeasure Design A Oacheșu, KS Adewole, A Jacobsson, P Davidsson Electronics 15 (1), 92 , 2025 2025
Self-supervised Behavioral Anomaly Detection for Internet of Things Environments KS Adewole, A Jacobsson, P Davidsson 2025 IEEE Annual Congress on Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT), 231-238 , 2025 2025
Combating Intimate Partner Violence Through Emotion Detection in Smart Connected Homes KS Adewole, FD Ashkezari, A Jacobsson International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence, 57-68 , 2025 2025
A Framework for ML-Based Intrusion Detection and Prevention: A Containerized, Cloud-Native Approach N Naydenov, S Ruseva, NJ Chemungor, KS Adewole 2025 9th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative … , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
A Systematic Literature Review of Privacy Related to Sensing in Smart Buildings KS Adewole, JA Persson, A Jacobsson, E Akin, A Shokrollahi, R Malekian, ... IEEE Access , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Unsupervised Transformer-Based Anomaly Detection for IoT Networks P Kołpa, KS Adewole, JA Persson, F Karlsson 2025 12th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud … , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Privacy Preserving A-Priori and ECLAT with Local Differential Privacy C Wong, A Gidado, KS Adewole 2025 IEEE/ACIS 29th International Conference on Software Engineering … , 2025 2025
Secure SDN-IOT Framework with Adaptive Gbell PRF-MAC and Convolutional GRU for IDS SH Grandhi, DKR Basani, RK Gudivaka, BR Gudivaka, RL Gudivaka, ... IETE Journal of Research, 1-15 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Evaluation of the Effects of Antenna Height and Bandwidth on Path Loss Exponent at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies 24, 38, and 66 GHz YO Imam-Fulani, AD Usman, AMS Tekanyi, AS Yaro, A Abdulkarim, ... International Conference on Connected Objects and Artificial Intelligence … , 2025 2025
A Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for 5G Networks Across 28, 36, and 48 GHz in Urban Environments YO Imam-Fulani, AD Usman, AMS Tekanyi, AS Yaro, A Abdulkarim, ... International Conference on Connected Objects and Artificial Intelligence … , 2025 2025
Intrusion detection framework for Internet of Things with rule induction for model explanation KS Adewole, A Jacobsson, P Davidsson Sensors 25 (6), 1845 , 2025 2025 Citations: 38
RAM-IoT: Risk Assessment Model for IoT-Based Critical Assets KS Adewole, A Jacobsson, P Davidsson 2025 Citations: 1
Simulation and Modeling of NLOS P2P 5G and Future Wireless Communication Systems in FR2 within an Urban Environment N Faruk, E Alozie, A Abdulkarim, AD Usman, YO Imam-Fulani, S Garba, ... 2024 IEEE 5th International Conference on Electro-Computing Technologies for … , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Privacy-aware Hydra (PA-Hydra) for 3D Scene Graph Construction E Akin, KS Adewole, H Caltenco, R Malekian, JA Persson 2024 IEEE 10th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 822-827 , 2024 2024
ARAM: Assets-based Risk Assessment Model for Connected Smart Homes KS Adewole, A Jacobsson, P Davidsson 2024 11th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud … , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
Advances in the design of renewable energy power supply for rural health clinics, case studies, and future directions A Abdulkarim, N Faruk, E Alozie, H Olagunju, RY Aliyu, AL Imoize, ... Clean Technologies 6 (3), 921-953 , 2024 2024 Citations: 10
A systematic review and meta-data analysis of clinical data repositories in Africa and beyond: recent development, challenges, and future directions KS Adewole, E Alozie, H Olagunju, N Faruk, RY Aliyu, AL Imoize, ... Discover Data 2 (1), 8 , 2024 2024 Citations: 14
LPM: A Lightweight Privacy-Aware Model for Data Fusion in Smart Connected Homes KS Adewole, A Jacobsson 2024 9th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies … , 2024 2024 Citations: 9
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
The role of big data in smart city IAT Hashem, V Chang, NB Anuar, K Adewole, I Yaqoob, A Gani, E Ahmed, ... International Journal of information management 36 (5), 748-758 , 2016 2016 Citations: 1717
Malicious accounts: Dark of the social networks KS Adewole, NB Anuar, A Kamsin, KD Varathan, SA Razak Journal of Network and Computer Applications 79, 41-67 , 2017 2017 Citations: 226
5G frequency standardization, technologies, channel models, and network deployment: Advances, challenges, and future directions YO Imam-Fulani, N Faruk, OA Sowande, A Abdulkarim, E Alozie, ... Sustainability 15 (6), 5173 , 2023 2023 Citations: 175
Microarray cancer feature selection: Review, challenges and research directions MA Hambali, TO Oladele, KS Adewole International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering 1, 78-97 , 2020 2020 Citations: 122
Twitter spam account detection based on clustering and classification methods: KS Adewole et al. KS Adewole, T Han, W Wu, H Song, AK Sangaiah The Journal of Supercomputing 76 (7), 4802-4837 , 2020 2020 Citations: 116
A comprehensive survey on low-cost ECG acquisition systems: Advances on design specifications, challenges and future direction N Faruk, A Abdulkarim, I Emmanuel, YY Folawiyo, KS Adewole, ... biocybernetics and biomedical engineering 41 (2), 474-502 , 2021 2021 Citations: 97
Stock trend prediction using regression analysis–a data mining approach SAS Olaniyi, KS Adewole, RG Jimoh ARPN Journal of Systems and Software 1 (4), 154-157 , 2011 2011 Citations: 96
A review on rain signal attenuation modeling, analysis and validation techniques: Advances, challenges and future direction E Alozie, A Abdulkarim, I Abdullahi, AD Usman, N Faruk, IFY Olayinka, ... Sustainability 14 (18), 11744 , 2022 2022 Citations: 90
A systematic review and Meta-data analysis on the applications of Deep Learning in Electrocardiogram N Musa, AY Gital, N Aljojo, H Chiroma, KS Adewole, HA Mojeed, N Faruk, ... Journal of ambient intelligence and humanized computing 14 (7), 9677-9750 , 2023 2023 Citations: 78
Efficient data hiding system using cryptography and steganography C Abikoye Oluwakemi, S Adewole Kayode, J Oladipupo Ayotunde International Journal of Applied Information Systems (IJAIS)–ISSN, 2249-0868 , 2012 2012 Citations: 73
STUDENTS’ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND DROPOUT PREDICTION AO Ameen, MA Alarape, KS Adewole Malaysian Journal of Computing 4 (2), 278-303 , 2019 2019 Citations: 67
SMSAD: a framework for spam message and spam account detection KS Adewole, NB Anuar, A Kamsin, AK Sangaiah Multimedia Tools and Applications 78 (4), 3925-3960 , 2019 2019 Citations: 66
Fingerprint biometric authentication for enhancing staff attendance system O Oloyede Muhtahir, O Adedoyin Adeyinka, S Adewole Kayode system 5 (3) , 2013 2013 Citations: 55
Development of fingerprint biometric attendance system for non-academic staff in a tertiary institution KS Adewole, SO Abdulsalam, RS Babatunde, TM Shittu, MO Oloyede Development 5 (2), 62-70 , 2014 2014 Citations: 52
Large scale survey for radio propagation in developing machine learning model for path losses in communication systems H Chiroma, P Nickolas, N Faruk, E Alozie, IFY Olayinka, KS Adewole, ... Scientific African 19, e01550 , 2023 2023 Citations: 51
Ensemble-based logistic model trees for website phishing detection VE Adeyemo, AO Balogun, HA Mojeed, NO Akande, KS Adewole International Conference on Advances in Cyber Security, 627-641 , 2020 2020 Citations: 49
Improving the phishing website detection using empirical analysis of Function Tree and its variants AO Balogun, KS Adewole, MO Raheem, ON Akande, FE Usman-Hamza, ... Heliyon 7 (7) , 2021 2021 Citations: 42
Hybrid rule-based model for phishing URLs detection KS Adewole, AG Akintola, SA Salihu, N Faruk, RG Jimoh International Conference for Emerging Technologies in Computing, 119-135 , 2019 2019 Citations: 39
Multi-objective scheduling of MapReduce jobs in big data processing IAT Hashem, NB Anuar, M Marjani, A Gani, AK Sangaiah, AK Sakariyah Multimedia Tools and Applications 77 (8), 9979-9994 , 2018 2018 Citations: 39
Intrusion detection framework for Internet of Things with rule induction for model explanation KS Adewole, A Jacobsson, P Davidsson Sensors 25 (6), 1845 , 2025 2025 Citations: 38