Potentially toxic metals in irrigation water, soil, and vegetables and their health risks using Monte Carlo models Muyiwa Michael Orosun, Samuel Nwabachili, Reem F. Alshehri, Maxwell Omeje, Ibtehaj F. Alshdoukhi, Hussein K. Okoro, Clement O. Ogunkunle, Hitler Louis, Fakoya A. Abdulhamid, Stephen Erhonmonsele Osahon,et al. Springer Science and Business Media LLC AbstractFood safety has become a serious global concern because of the accumulation of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in crops cultivated on contaminated agricultural soils. Amongst these toxic elements, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) receive worldwide attention because of their ability to cause deleterious health effects. Thus, an assessment of these toxic metals in the soils, irrigation waters, and the most widely consumed vegetables in Nigeria; Spinach (Amaranthushybridus), and Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The mean concentration (measured in mg kg−1) of the PTMs in the soils was in the sequence Cr (81.77) > Pb(19.91) > As(13.23) > Cd(3.25), exceeding the WHO recommended values in all cases. This contamination was corroborated by the pollution evaluation indices. The concentrations (measured in mg l−1) of the PTMs in the irrigation water followed a similar pattern i.e. Cr(1.87) > Pb(1.65) > As(0.85) > Cd(0.20). All the PTMs being studied, were found in the vegetables with Cr (5.37 and 5.88) having the highest concentration, followed by Pb (3.57 and 4.33), and As (1.09 and 1.67), while Cd (0.48 and 1.04) had the lowest concentration (all measured in mg kg−1) for cabbage and spinach, respectively. The concentration of the toxic metals was higher in spinach than in cabbage, which may be due to the redistribution of the greater proportion of the metals above the ground tissue, caused by the bioavailability of metals in the aqueous phase. Expectedly, the hazard index (HI),and carcinogenic risk values of spinach were higher than that of cabbage. This implies that spinach poses potentially higher health risks. Similarly, the Monte Carlo simulation results reveal that the 5th percentile, 95th percentile, and 50th percentile of the cumulative probability of cancer risks due to the consumption of these vegetables exceeds the acceptable range of 1.00E−6 and 1.00E−4. Thus, the probable risk of a cancerous effect is high, and necessary remedial actions are recommended.
Potentially Toxic Elements in Pharmaceutical Industrial Effluents: A Review on Risk Assessment, Treatment, and Management for Human Health Hussein K. Okoro, Muyiwa M. Orosun, Faith A. Oriade, Tawakalit M. Momoh-Salami, Clement O. Ogunkunle, Adewale G. Adeniyi, Caliphs Zvinowanda, and Jane C. Ngila MDPI AG Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are metallic chemicals with densities that are higher than that of water. Water pollution by PTEs due to the discharge of untreated pharmaceutical industrial effluents is a risk to human health and ecological integrity. The present review paper provides an overview of the threats to human health due to water contamination by PTEs such as lead, cobalt, cadmium, nickel, and arsenic originating from pharmaceutical industrial wastewater. This review reveals the associated advantages and shortcomings of the outmoded and the modern methods and the challenges involved in addressing the shortcomings. Additionally, due to the increasing amount of uncontrollable pharmaceutical effluents entering the ecosystem, this paper reviewed the management approach supported by the World Health Organization and the Environmental Protection Agency. Studies revealed that PTEs find their way into human bodies through different pathways, which include drinking water, edibles, and dermal vulnerability at intervals. This paper focuses on how pharmaceutical effluents can be handled and how regulations and strategies can be reinforced step by step. To preserve public health and the environment, a comprehensive study on the environmental evaluation of carcinogenic substances, particularly toxic elements and metalloids, should be supported and advocated. To protect living organisms and the welfare of consumers, efforts should be made to reduce the presence of potentially hazardous elements on land and water.
Phytoaccumulation potential of nine plant species for selected nutrients, rare earth elements (REEs), germanium (Ge), and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil Precious Uchenna Okoroafor, Clement Oluseye Ogunkunle, Hermann Heilmeier, and Oliver Wiche Informa UK Limited Abstract Given the possible benefits of phytoextraction, this study evaluated the potential of nine plant species for phytoaccumulation/co-accumulation of selected nutrients, rare earth elements, germanium, and potentially toxic elements. Plants were grown on 2 kg potted soils for 12 weeks in a greenhouse, followed by a measurement of dry shoot biomass. Subsequently, elemental concentrations were determined using inductively coupled mass spectrometry, followed by the determination of amounts of each element accumulated by the plant species. Results show varying accumulation behavior among plants for the different elements. Fagopyrum esculentum and Cannabis sativa were better accumulators of most elements investigated except for chromium, germanium, and silicon that were better accumulated by Zea mays, the only grass species. F. esculentum accumulated 9, 24, and 10% of Copper, Chromium, and Rare Earth Elements in the mobile/exchangeable element fraction of the soils while Z. mays and C. sativa accumulated amounts of Cr and Ge ∼58 and 17% (for Z. mays) and 20 and 9% (for C. sativa) of the mobile/exchangeable element fraction of the soils. Results revealed co-accumulation potential for some elements e.g., (1) Si, Ge, and Cr, (2) Cu and Pb, (3) P, Ca, Co, and REEs based on chemical similarities/sources of origin. NOVELTY STATEMENT This is a novel study because it focuses on evaluating plant species not only the accumulation behavior but the possibilities of co-accumulation of elements comprising selected nutrients, PTEs and CRMs (Ge and REEs) by plants. It provides new information on the biomass production and accumulation behavior of some plant species for some elements, some of which have not been previously studied. It also provides information on the possibility of predicting species accumulation behavior for some elements based on similarities in the source of origin, chemical similarities, or antagonism.