Materials Science, Metals and Alloys, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
187
Scopus Publications
11757
Scholar Citations
56
Scholar h-index
145
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Scopus Publications
On effects of composition and single and double annealing of medium-manganese steels for hot press forming: a review K.F. Rodriguez-Galeano, M. Franceschi, C. Garcia-Mateo, R. Rana Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 2026 Recent breakthroughs in medium-manganese steels have redefined paradigms for metastable austenite engineering in advanced high-strength steels. The present contribution elucidates the thermodynamic and kinetic principles governing microstructure evolution during intercritical annealing and subsequent hot/warm forming. Particular attention is given to steel processing, highlighting how double annealing and hot/warm stamping can tailor mechanical properties (e.g., achieving 1000 MPa of tensile strength with 35% total elongation) through controlled austenite retention. Emerging evidence suggests that strain-induced martensite transformation kinetics during stamping are critically dependent on prior austenite grain morphology—a relationship requiring further atomistic investigation. The discussion analyses different roadmaps for implementing medium-Mn steels for various components in the automotive body-in-white, requiring different properties. It also identifies unresolved questions regarding how the chemistry of the steel, in addition to the processing parameters, influences the retained austenite fraction and its impact on the tensile properties.
Multi-step phase transformations in a medium carbon steel with large prior austenite grain size Ehsan Tolouei, Simin Dourandish, Carlos Garcia-Mateo, Mohammad Jahazi Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2026 The influence of different prior austenite grain sizes (PAGS) on phase transformation during slow continuous cooling was investigated by high-resolution dilatometry in a medium-carbon low-alloy steel. The selection of different PAGS values was motivated by an industrial case study of a large steel block, in which significant grain size variation occurs between the center and the surface. PAGS of 101 μm, 202 and 304 μm, were achieved through austenitization at 1150 ˚C for 10 seconds, 10 and 35 minutes followed by continuous cooling with a rate of 0.05 ˚C/s to room temperature, representative of the cooling of the large size steel block. Analysis of the dilatometry results combined with microstructure investigation using scanning electron microscopy revealed a two-stage phase transformation process. The first one occurred at high temperature and led to the formation of granular bainite and plate-like bainite. The second stage proceeded slowly over an extended duration, leading to the tempering of the bainite formed in the first stage and the formation of martensite from the residual austenite, accompanied by the auto-tempering. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that, an increase in PAGS led to a rise in the volume fraction of retained austenite from 10% to 24.4%. Average microhardness values remained very similar despite variations in PAGS and volume fraction of phases. In contrast, nanohardness measurements revealed that bainitic ferrite in granular bainite exhibits the lowest hardness, whereas plate-like morphology shows intermediate hardness, and the (M-A) constituents display the highest hardness.
Effect of Double Annealing on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Medium Manganese Steel Mattia Franceschi, Jose A. Jimenez, Carlos Garcia‐Mateo, Radhakanta Rana Steel Research International, 2026 In this study, the evolution of microstructure and mechanical behavior in medium manganese steel subjected to double intercritical annealing was investigated. Austenite reversion transformation (ART) occurred during both single (730°C) and double intercritical annealing (700°C and 750°C). A complex ultrafine microstructure consisting of three phases—retained austenite, martensite, and ferrite—with fine carbides was formed after single annealing. Following double annealing at 700°C, the martensite generated during the first intercritical annealing reverted to austenite, resulting in the maximum stabilized austenite fraction and a final microstructure composed mainly of ferrite and retained austenite. When the second annealing temperature was increased to 750°C, a larger amount of austenite was formed; however, its reduced thermal stability caused partial transformation into martensite. Double intercritical annealing thus produced multiple populations of austenite and ferrite/martensite phases with varying thermal and mechanical stabilities, enhancing the overall mechanical performance. The strength was maximized after high‐temperature (750°C) double annealing, whereas elongation and ductility were optimized at the lower annealing temperature (700°C).
Effect of Intercritical Austenitization and Starting Matrix on Martensite Start Temperature and Austenite Carbon Concentration in Ductile Iron Harold D. Machado, Carlos Garcia-Mateo, Ricardo Aristizábal-Sierra International Journal of Metalcasting, 2025 In this work, the effect of the intercritical austenitization temperature and time, Ni + Cu concentration and starting matrix (fully ferritic or fully pearlitic) on the volume fraction of austenite (fγ), martensite start temperature (Ms) and carbon concentration of the parent austenite (C0) in ductile iron was investigated using standard metallographic techniques and high-resolution dilatometry. The results showed that a fully pearlitic starting matrix gives higher fγ and C0 and lower Ms than a fully ferritic starting matrix at the same austenitization temperature under continuous heating. On the other hand, the austenitization time has an effect on the parameters under study only during the first minutes of intercritical austenitization. Finally, at the same intercritical austenitization temperature, the addition of Ni + Cu increases the volume fraction of austenite.
Mechanical behaviour and microstructural characteristics of high-silicon ultra-strong bainitic steels for hot rolling practice Radhakanta Rana, Erick Cordova-Tapia, Lucia Morales-Rivas, Jose A. Jimenez, Carlos Garcia-Mateo Materials Science and Engineering A, 2025 High-silicon (1.5–2.5 wt%) steels were designed to achieve carbide-free bainitic matrices with retained austenite through industrial hot rolling, with coiling temperatures of 310 °C and 350 °C. The resulting ultrahigh strength steels (1409–1644 MPa) were characterized through tensile testing, Charpy impact toughness, and Kahn tear tests, while microstructural analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Both yield and tensile strengths correlated strongly with bainitic matrix characteristics, including phase fraction, dislocation density, carbon content, and plate thickness. Ductility showed dependence on film-type austenite content and M d temperature, mechanical stability. The steels exhibited exceptional impact toughness meeting industrial requirements, with ductile fracture behaviour observed down to −100 °C, challenging previous findings. Crack resistance values matched or exceeded those of comparable ultrahigh strength steels. The lower coiling temperature (310 °C) produced retained austenite with higher mechanical stability, benefiting tensile properties and crack resistance, while impact toughness remained largely unaffected by austenite stability due to high strain rates.
A first-principles study on influence of elemental doping on mechanical properties in nickel-based single-crystal superalloys PENG Bo, CHEN Yinping, WANG Yu, CHEN Hui, SHI Zhenxue, et al. Journal of Aeronautical Materials, 2025 The mechanical properties and thermodynamic stability of nickel-based single-crystal superalloys are largely dependent on the charateristics of the precipitated phase interface. In this work,density functional theory(DFT)is utilized to investigate the influence of alloying elements,specially Co,Cr,Mo,W,Re and Ta,on the mechanical properties of γ-Ni/γ′-Ni3Al interface. Following a convergence analysis to the optimal computational model,our findings reveal that Re and W exhibit the most significant strengthening effects within both the γ and γ′ phases. Notably,Re stands out for its substantial enhancement of Young’s modulus(27 GPa and 11 GPa)and shear modulus(16 GPa and 6 GPa) in the γ and γ′ phases,respectively,while Ta demonstrates a unique proficiency in augmenting the bulk modulus of 21 GPa and 14 GPa in the γ and γ′ phases,respectively. Analysis of interfacial tensile properties indicates that the Re-doped system exhibit the highest ideal tensile strength(approximately 25 GPa)and deformation energy(approximately 1.84 J·m−2). Furthermore,the strengthening impact of alloying elements on interface tensile properties diminishes in the order:Re>W>Cr>Mo>Ta>Co>undoped. Analyses of differential charge density and density of states reveal that the strengthening mechanisms of theses alloying elements are attributable to the augmentation in the chemical bonding strength between doped atoms and their nearest-neighbouring host atoms. Electron orbital characteristics indicate that these alloying elements contribute to retarding interfacial fracture by maintaining local structural stability. A series of results provide ideas for the development of novel nickel-based single-crystal superalloys.
Study of bainite and martensite tempering in a medium C high Si steel. microstructural disparities and equilibrium convergence Mattia Franceschi, Lucia Morales-Rivas, Erick Cordova-Tapia, Jose A. Jimenez, Manuele Dabalà, Carlos Garcia-Mateo Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024 This study investigates the tempering behavior of bainite and martensite in a medium carbon, high silicon steel, with a focus on the microstructural evolution and the attainment of equilibrium, over a temperature range of 200–650 °C. The dissimilarities between the characteristics of the two initial microstructures, both comprising a C-saturated tetragonal ferrite matrix and retained austenite, are reflected in the differences observed in their evolution towards equilibrium as the tempering temperature increases. Therefore, while retained austenite plays a pivotal role in the bainitic microstructure, in the martensitic microstructure it is the ferritic matrix, which is highly dislocated and enriched in carbon, that plays a determinant role. The findings demonstrate that while both bainite and martensite can converge towards the same equilibrium state upon high-temperature tempering (600–650 °C), the pathway to this convergence is markedly different, with bainite exhibiting a slower transformation rate. This path to equilibrium has been characterised by means of high-resolution dilatometry, scanning electron microscopy and detailed X-ray diffraction analysis. This has provided a dynamic and detailed picture of the most relevant microstructural changes and tempering mechanisms in high silicon steels. It has also provided a foundation for tailoring heat treatment processes to optimise the mechanical properties of advanced bainitic and martensitic steels.
Fatigue Properties at Elevated Temperatures of Secondary Tempered Nanostructured Bainite: A Study of Deformation Mechanisms Matthias Kuntz, Garry Wicks, Thomas Sourmail, Carlos Garcia‐Mateo Steel Research International, 2024 Nanostructured bainitic steel obtained through austempering or bainitic transformation of high Si steels consists of bainitic ferrite and carbon‐enriched retained austenite. Secondary tempering of those microstructures tailors their mechanical properties through its unique nanostructure and austenite stability. Herein, fatigue and tensile properties of a nanobainitic steel in different secondary tempering conditions are presented and the results are discussed based on the deformation mechanisms taking place due to the microstructure evolution during secondary tempering. Influence of secondary tempering and elevated testing temperature on tensile and fatigue properties at room temperature and 250 °C is presented. Based on the present deformation, mechanism results are discussed supported by microstructure evolution results obtained through dilatometry, X‐ray diffraction, and microscopy. Depending on secondary tempering temperature, main influencing mechanisms are martensite formation after secondary tempering during cooling, transformation‐induced plasticity effect, and precipitation hardening obtained by secondary tempering.
Tailored steel microstructures for fatigue applications Matthias Kuntz, , Simon Lille, Garry Wicks, Thomas Sourmail, Victor Jimenez, Carlos Garcia-Mateo, , , , , and 2021 International Conference on Advances in Metallurgy of Long and Forged Conference, 2021
Carbon Clustering in Low-Temperature Bainite Rosalia Rementeria, Carlos Capdevila, Ricardo Domínguez-Reyes, Jonathan D. Poplawsky, Wei Guo, Esteban Urones-Garrote, Carlos Garcia-Mateo, Francisca G. Caballero Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 2018
Low-Temperature Bainite: A Thermal Stability Study Miguel A. Santajuana, Rosalia Rementeria, Matthias Kuntz, Jose A. Jimenez, Francisca G. Caballero, Carlos Garcia-Mateo Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 2018
Nanostructured steel industrialisation: Plausible reality C. Garcia-Mateo, T. Sourmail, F. G. Caballero, V. Smanio, M. Kuntz, C. Ziegler, A. Leiro, E. Vuorinen, R. Elvira, T. Teeri Materials Science and Technology United Kingdom, 2014
Mechanical properties of continuous cooled steels for long products applications: Bainite vs. acicular ferrite nucleated on v(c,n) precipitates New Developments on Metallurgy and Applications of High Strength Steels Buenos Aires 2008 Proc Int Conf New Developments on Metallurgy and Applications of High Strength Steels, 2008
Acicular ferrite transformation under the influence of V precipitates New Developments on Metallurgy and Applications of High Strength Steels Buenos Aires 2008 Proc Int Conf New Developments on Metallurgy and Applications of High Strength Steels, 2008
Ductility of advanced bainitic steels New Developments on Metallurgy and Applications of High Strength Steels Buenos Aires 2008 Proc Int Conf New Developments on Metallurgy and Applications of High Strength Steels, 2008
Design of carbide-free low-Temperature ultra high strength bainitic steels Zeitschrift Fuer Metallkunde Materials Research and Advanced Techniques, 2007
Low temperature bainite: An analysis at atomic level Proceedings of an International Conference on Solid Solid Phase Transformations in Inorganic Materials 2005, 2005
Neural network modelling for the prediction of bainite and martensite start temperature in steels Proceedings of an International Conference on Solid Solid Phase Transformations in Inorganic Materials 2005, 2005
On effects of composition and single and double annealing of medium-manganese steels for hot press forming: a review Rodriguez-Galeano, K. f., M Franceschi, C Garcia-Mateo, R Rana JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 33 (6) , 2026 2026
On effects of composition and single and double annealing of medium-manganese steels for hot press forming: a review: KF Rodriguez-Galeano et al. KF Rodriguez-Galeano, M Franceschi, C Garcia-Mateo, R Rana Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 33 (6), 167 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Interface engineering enables fast bainitic transformations with minimal alloying D dos Santos Avila, S van Bohemen, C Garcia-Mateo, T Sourmail, Y Ma, ... 2026
Effect of Double Annealing on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Medium Manganese Steel M Franceschi, JA Jimenez, C Garcia‐Mateo, R Rana steel research international , 2026 2026
Bainite and Martensite in Steels: Phase Transformations, Tempering and Pathways to Equilibrium C García Mateo 2025
Engineering Carbide-Free Bainitic Steels with High Silicon for Superior Strength and Toughness R Rana, L Morales-Rivas, JA Jiménez, C García Mateo The Chinese Society for Metals (CSM) , 2025 2025
Development High-Strength Medium Manganese Steels for Automotive Industry M Franceschi, C García Mateo, R Rana 2025
Martensitic Transformation Kinetics in Medium-Manganese Steels: A Dilatometry-Based Transformation Analysis and Determination of Transformation Temperatures A Chakraborty, O Gulbay, R Rana, C Garcia-Mateo, A Gramlich Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 56 (11), 4964-4975 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Influence of bainitic transformation temperature on microstructure evolution during isothermal holding and subsequent cooling E Tolouei, M Saadati, JB Morin, C Garcia-Mateo, M Jahazi Materials Chemistry and Physics 345, 131248 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Effect of intercritical austenitization and starting matrix on martensite start temperature and austenite carbon concentration in ductile iron HD Machado, C Garcia-Mateo, R Aristizábal-Sierra International Journal of Metalcasting 19 (4), 2094-2104 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Mechanical behaviour and microstructural characteristics of high-silicon ultra-strong bainitic steels for hot rolling practice R Rana, E Cordova-Tapia, L Morales-Rivas, JA Jimenez, C Garcia-Mateo Materials Science and Engineering: A 931, 148236 , 2025 2025 Citations: 9
Bainite in steel: A century of microstructural discovery, mechanistic debate, and dynamic transformation C García Mateo 2025
Characterization of high-strength medium manganese zinc-coated steels for the automotive industry M Franceschi, A Chakraborty, A Gramlich, C García Mateo, ... Federation of European Materials Societies , 2025 2025
Convergence of Pathways to Equilibrium During Tempering of Bainitic and Martensitic Structures in a High-Si Medium Carbon Steel M Franceschi, L Morales-Rivas, JA Jiménez, C García Mateo Federation of European Materials Societies , 2025 2025
Influence of isothermal bainitic phase transformation temperature on the microstructure and hardness evolution of medium-carbon high strength steel E Tolouei, M Saadati, JB Morin, C Garcia-Mateo, M Jahazi 2025
A first-principles study on influence of elemental doping on mechanical properties in nickel-based single-crystal superalloys 镍基单晶高温合金元素掺杂对力学性能影响的第一性原理研究 B Peng, Y Chen, Y Wang, H Chen, Z Shi, Y Song, F Zhang, ... Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Design of carbide free bainitic steels for hot rolling practices R Rana, E Cordova-Tapia, JA Jimenez, L Morales-Rivas, C Garcia-Mateo Philosophical Magazine Letters 104 (1), 2322552 , 2024 2024 Citations: 17
Development of new Si-rich bainitic steels for hot rolling practises. C García Mateo 2024
Understanding Bainite Scale: A Comprehensive Review C García Mateo 2024
Unveiling Bainite: Characterization Techniques and Insights C García Mateo 2024
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Acceleration of low-temperature bainite C Garcia-Mateo, C FG, B HKDH ISIJ international 43 (11), 1821-1825 , 2003 2003 Citations: 666
Development of hard bainite C Garcia-Mateo, C FG, B HKDH ISIJ international 43 (8), 1238-1243 , 2003 2003 Citations: 536
Atomic scale observations of bainite transformation in a high carbon high silicon steel FG Caballero, MK Miller, SS Babu, C Garcia-Mateo Acta materialia 55 (1), 381-390 , 2007 2007 Citations: 485
Ultra-high-strength bainitic steels C GARCIA-MATEO, FG Caballero ISIJ international 45 (11), 1736-1740 , 2005 2005 Citations: 404
The role of retained austenite on tensile properties of steels with bainitic microstructures C García-Mateo, FG Caballero Materials Transactions 46 (8), 1839-1846 , 2005 2005 Citations: 329
Theoretical design and advanced microstructure in super high strength steels FG Caballero, MJ Santofimia, C García-Mateo, J Chao, CG De Andres Materials & design 30 (6), 2077-2083 , 2009 2009 Citations: 284
Tempering of hard mixture of bainitic ferrite and austenite C Garcia-Mateo, M Peet, FG Caballero, H Bhadeshia Materials Science and Technology 20 (7), 814-818 , 2004 2004 Citations: 260
Tensile behaviour of a nanocrystalline bainitic steel containing 3 wt% silicon C Garcia-Mateo, FG Caballero, T Sourmail, M Kuntz, J Cornide, V Smanio, ... Materials Science and Engineering: A 549, 185-192 , 2012 2012 Citations: 255
Carbon supersaturation of ferrite in a nanocrystalline bainitic steel FG Caballero, MK Miller, C Garcia-Mateo Acta Materialia 58 (7), 2338-2343 , 2010 2010 Citations: 245
Mechanical properties of low-temperature bainite C García-Mateo, FG Caballero, HKDH Bhadeshia Materials Science Forum 500, 495-502 , 2005 2005 Citations: 225
Wear of nano-structured carbide-free bainitic steels under dry rolling–sliding conditions A Leiro, E Vuorinen, KG Sundin, B Prakash, T Sourmail, V Smanio, ... Wear 298, 42-47 , 2013 2013 Citations: 217
New experimental evidence on the incomplete transformation phenomenon in steel FG Caballero, C Garcia-Mateo, MJ Santofimia, MK Miller, CG De Andres Acta Materialia 57 (1), 8-17 , 2009 2009 Citations: 216
Influence of bainite morphology on impact toughness of continuously cooled cementite free bainitic steels FG Caballero, H Roelofs, S Hasler, C Capdevila, J Chao, J Cornide, ... Materials Science and Technology 28 (1), 95-102 , 2012 2012 Citations: 212
Stability of retained austenite in TRIP-assisted steels MY Sherif, CG Mateo, T Sourmail, HKDH Bhadeshia Materials Science and Technology 20 (3), 319-322 , 2004 2004 Citations: 193
Redistribution of alloying elements during tempering of a nanocrystalline steel FG Caballero, MK Miller, C Garcia-Mateo, C Capdevila, SS Babu Acta materialia 56 (2), 188-199 , 2008 2008 Citations: 174
Evaluation of potential of high Si high C steel nanostructured bainite for wear and fatigue applications T Sourmail, FG Caballero, C García-Mateo, V Smanio, C Ziegler, M Kuntz, ... Materials science and technology 29 (10), 1166-1173 , 2013 2013 Citations: 168
Low temperature bainite C García-Mateo, FG Caballero, H Bhadeshia Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 112, 285-288 , 2003 2003 Citations: 165
Toughness deterioration in advanced high strength bainitic steels FG Caballero, J Chao, J Cornide, C García-Mateo, MJ Santofimia, ... Materials Science and Engineering: A 525 (1-2), 87-95 , 2009 2009 Citations: 154
Design of cold rolled and continuous annealed carbide-free bainitic steels for automotive application FG Caballero, S Allain, J Cornide, JDP Velásquez, C Garcia-Mateo, ... Materials & Design 49, 667-680 , 2013 2013 Citations: 153
Low temperature bainitic ferrite: Evidence of carbon super-saturation and tetragonality C Garcia-Mateo, JA Jiménez, HW Yen, MK Miller, L Morales-Rivas, ... Acta Materialia 91, 162-173 , 2015 2015 Citations: 149