Prof Bamidele Victor Owoyele
@unilorin.edu.ng
Professor, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences
Dean, Others
University of Ilorin
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Physiology (medical), Sensory Systems
Scopus Publications
Scholar Citations
Scholar h-index
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Gideon Opeyemi Ayilara and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Patrick Oluwole Abolarin, Abdulbasit Amin, Abdulrazaq Bidemi Nafiu, Olalekan Michael Ogundele, and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Elsevier BV
Patrick Oluwole Abolarin and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
The Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology
Chronic exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide (Gly) has been associated with neurological disorders. Tannic acid (TA) is an antioxidant with attenuating action against neuroinflammation-associated conditions. This study evaluated the effect of Gly on pain perception alongside antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of TA in Gly-exposed mice. Male Swiss mice were randomly divided into six groups (n=8): control (distilled water 0.2 ml/kg), Gly (Gly 500 mg/kg), Pre-TA + Gly (TA 50 mg/kg pre-treatment, afterwards Gly-administered), TA + Gly (TA 50 mg/kg and Gly co-administered), Pre-AA + Gly (ascorbic acid (AA) 10 mg/kg pre-treatment, afterwards Gly-administered), and AA + Gly (AA 10 mg/kg and Gly co-administered). Mechanical, thermal, and chemical pain were evaluated six weeks post vehicle/drugs administrations orally, followed by brain biochemical measurements. TA treatment alleviated Gly-induced hyperalgesia in similar version to the values of control and AA groups by increasing significantly (p < 0.05) nociceptive thresholds. Moreover, TA-treatment significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) levels, significantly increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-1β) levels, and antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities compared to Gly-treated mice (p < 0.05). Conclusively, TA treatment exerted antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions, possibly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions in Gly-exposed mice. Notably, TA pre-treatment showed a better response than TA and Gly co-administration. We propose the potential neuroprotective and ameliorative functions of TA in Gly-induced hyperalgesia. This merits further clinical research into protective roles of TA against pesticide-related conditions.
Gideon Opeyemi Ayilara and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Informa UK Limited
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder affecting approximately 0.32% of the global population. Despite advancements in pharmacological treatments, many patients with schizophrenia continue to experience significant impairments, and approximately one-third of these patients do not respond to antipsychotic drugs. However, various studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of herbs in managing schizophrenia due to the diverse biological activities of phytochemicals, including neuroprotective activity, anti-oxidant potential, modulation of neurotransmission, and anti-inflammatory activity. Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) is a widely studied herb used in the treatment of the central nervous system. This study conducted a systematic review to determine the effectiveness of Brahmi in managing schizophrenia. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were searched between February and March, 2024. A total of 103 articles were found, with only 9 studies meeting the eligibility criteria. Data analysis was done by using themes. The review found that Brahmi could reverse positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. It does this by changing the glutamatergic pathway and GABAergic transmission, lowering MDA levels, raising GSH levels, slowing down the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and maintaining the density of neurones. It is recommended that additional research elucidating the effects of Brahmi in other models of schizophrenia and the possible mechanisms of action be conducted.
Gideon Opeyemi Ayilara and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Elsevier BV
Olabode Oluwadare Akintoye, Ayodeji Johnson Ajibare, Isaac Adeola Oriyomi, Babatunde Ajayi Olofinbiyi, Grace Oyiza Yusuf, Damilola Christanah Afuye, Temitope Kabirat Babalola, Oluwadamilola Esther Faturoti, Seun Oludipe, and Victor Bamidele Owoyele
Elsevier BV
Adedotun A Adefolalu, Bamidele V Owoyele, and Ayoade A Adesokan
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Background: Morinda lucida leaves and fruits of Capsicum frutescens are used locally in the management of fever in Nigeria. No scientific credence has been lent to this claim.
 Objective: To investigate the antipyretic effect and potency of aqueous extracts of Morinda lucida leaves and fruits of Capsicum frutescens in albino rats.
 Method: Brewer's yeast was used to induce pyrexia. Thirty animals were divided into six groups. Group A was orally administered normal saline (103 mg/kg). Group B was served indomethacin (5 mg/kg), while groups C and D received aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens at 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg, 17 hours post induction of pyrexia. Groups E and F were administered extract of Morinda lucida at the same doses. Rectal temperature of the animals was taken at 60-, 90- and 120-minutes post-treatment.
 Results: Both C. frutescens and M. lucida produced significant reduction (p<0.05) in rectal temperature after 120 minutes in the rats compared with animals in the control group. Also, the antipyretic activities of the two extracts at 100mg/kg and 200mg/ kg were comparable to 5mg/kg of indomethacin, with apparent dose dependence in the antipyretic activities of both extracts.
 Conclusion: Morinda lucida leaves and fruits of Capsicum frutescens exhibit dose-dependent antipyretic activities.
 Keywords: Morinda lucida; Capsicum frutescens; brewer’s yeast; antipyretic; rectal temperature.
Prof Victor Owoyele and Samira Malekzadeh
Physiological Society of Nigeria
The oral microbiota dysbiosis, as well as lifestyle, geographical location, drug consumption, and dietary habits, are involved in the incidence and progression of dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and some diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, preterm birth, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurodegenerative disease e.g., Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). AD is the most common cause of neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. Also, neuroinflammation is the most common cause of AD pathogenesis. This study investigated the possible relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Alzheimer’s Disease. This review is based on research studies indexed in Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. The oral microbiota comprised various microorganisms, such as fungi, archaea, and bacteria. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is one of the microorganisms, it stimulates host immune cells and releases cytokines, lysosomal enzymes, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species that lead to cell damage, apoptosis, and inflammation. Therefore, periodontal disease (PerioD) through systemic inflammation leads to some problems like the progression of MCI, production and aggregation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau protein in the brain of the elderly population. In addition, some treatment methods could modulate the adverse effects of P. gingivalis like probiotic dietary supplements, maintaining personal hygiene, as well as gingipain inhibitors which modulate cytokines through blocked Aβ production, ApoE proteolysis, and reduced neuroinflammation. In addition, therapeutic compounds like COR388 and COR286, as gingipain inhibitors, prevent P. gingivalis colonization in the brain and have a beneficial action in some conditions like aspiration pneumonia, low birth rate, rheumatoid arthritis, PerioD and AD.
Adedamola Bayo-Olugbami, AbdulRazaq Bidemi Nafiu, Abdulbasit Amin, Olalekan Michael Ogundele, Charles C. Lee, and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Physiological Society of Nigeria
L-DOPA, the gold standard for managing Parkinson’s disease (PD) is fraught by motor fluctuations termed L-Dopa-Induced Dyskinesia (LID). LID has very few therapeutic options. Hence, the need for preclinical screening of new interventions. Cholecalciferol (VD3) treatment reportedly improves motor deficit in experimental Parkinsonism. Therefore, the novel anti-dyskinetic effect of VD3 and its underlying mechanisms in LID was investigated. Dyskinesia was induced by chronic L-DOPA administration in parkinsonian (6-OHDA- lesioned) mice. The experimental groups: Control, Dyskinesia, Dyskinesia/VD3, and Dyskinesia/Amantadine were challenged with L-DOPA to determine the abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) score during 14 days of VD3 (30 mg/kg) or Amantadine (40 mg/kg) treatment. Behavioral Axial, Limb & Orolingual (ALO) AIMs were scored for 1 min at every 20 mins interval, over a duration of 100 mins on days 1,3,7,11 and 14. Using western blot, striatum was assessed for expression of dopamine metabolic enzymes: Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and Monoamine Oxidase-B (MAO-B); CD11b, BAX, P47phox, and IL-1β. Cholecalciferol significantly attenuated AIMs only on days 11 & 14 with maximal reduction of 32.7%. Expression of TH and MAO-B was not altered in VD3 compared with dyskinetic mice. VD3 significantly inhibited oxidative stress (P47phox), apoptosis (BAX), inflammation (IL-1β) and microglial activation (CD11b). VD3 showed anti-dyskinetic effects behaviorally by attenuating abnormal involuntary movements, modulation of striatal oxidative stress, microglial responses, inflammation, and apoptotic signaling; without affecting dopamine metabolic enzymes. Its use in the management of dyskinesia is promising. More studies are required to further evaluate these findings. Keywords: Cholecalciferol; L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia; Parkinson’s Disease; Microglial; Oxidative stress; Inflammation
Olutayo Folajimi Olaseinde and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AbstractNeuropathic pain (NP) is an abnormality resulting from lesion or damage to parts of the somatosensory nervous system. It is linked to defective quality of life and often poorly managed. Due to the limited number of approved drugs, limited efficacy and side effects associated with the approved drugs, drugs or drug combinations with great efficacy and very minimal or no side effects will be of great advantage in managing NP. This study aimed at investigating the synergistic antinociceptive effects of the combination of glucosamine sulphate (GS) (240 mg/kg) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) (900 mg/kg) in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathy in rats. Forty-two Wistar rats were randomly distributed into seven groups (n = 6). Sciatic nerve was ligated with four loose ligatures to induce NP. Effects of drugs were examined on stimulus and non-stimulus evoked potentials, expression of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) pain modulators and structural architecture of DRG. Oral administration of GS and CS for 21 days reduced hyperalgesia, allodynia, sciatic nerve functional aberration and DRG pain modulators. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry revealed restoration of structural integrity of DRG. Our result showed that the combination of GS and CS produced antinociceptive effects by attenuating hyperalgesia, allodynia and downregulation of NP mediators. GS and CS additionally produced synergistic analgesic effect over its individual components.
Bamidele Victor Owoyele, Roi Treister, Télesphore Benoît Nguelefack, and Daniel Ciampi De Andrade
Frontiers Media SA
COPYRIGHT © 2022 Owoyele, Treister, Nguelefack and Andrade. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Editorial: Translational research on neuropathic pain and headache
Patrick Oluwole Abolarin, Abdulrazaq Bidemi Nafiu, Aboyeji Lukuman Oyewole, Abdulbasit Amin, Olalekan Michael Ogundele, and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Elsevier BV
Mosunmola Busayo Oyeleke and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Elsevier BV
Mosunmola Busayo Oyeleke, Heritage Tolulope Oni, Oluwatamilore Lois Arokoyo, and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Elsevier BV
Olawale Mathias Akinlade, Bamidele Owoyele, and Olufemi Ayodele Soladoye
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Abstract Objectives There has been increasing recognition of the significant relationship between the autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular sequel in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy (DCAN) still poses a treatment challenge in the clinical settings despite several research interventions. This study was designed to investigate the effect of carvedilol on experimentally induced DCAN in type 2 DM rat model. Methods DCAN was induced in 42 Wistar rats using high fat diet (HFD) for eight weeks, thereafter streptozotocin (STZ) at 25 mg/kg daily for five days. DCAN features were then assessed using non-invasive time and frequency varying holter electrocardiogram (ECG), invasive biomarkers, cardiac histology and cardiac nerve density. Results Carvedilol significantly ameliorated the effects of DCAN on noradrenaline (p=0.010) and advanced glycated end products (AGEs) (p<0.0001). Similarly, carvedilol reversed the reduction in levels of antioxidants, sorbitol dehydrogenase (SD) activity (p=0.009) nerve growth factors (p<0.0001) and choline acetyl-transferase (p=0.031) following DCAN induction. Furthermore, heart rate variability (HRV) indices which were also reduced with DCAN induction were also ameliorated by carvedilol. However, carvedilol had no significant effect on cardiac neuronal dystrophy and reduced cardiac nerve densities. Conclusions Carvedilol improves physiological HRV indices and biomarkers but not structural lesions. Early detection of DCAN and intervention with carvedilol may prevent progression of autonomic neurologic sequel.
Kingsley Dominic Esu, Ahmed Olalekan Bakare, and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Wiley
This study investigated the antinociceptive effects of co‐administration of lithium chloride (LiCl) and vitamin E (Vit E) on chronic constriction injury (CCI)‐induced peripheral neuropathy in male Wistar rats. It further explored the anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of LiCl and Vit E, which may be complementary to the antinociceptive effects of the two substances.
Bamidele Victor Owoyele, Ahmed Olalekan Bakare, Olutayo Folajimi Olaseinde, Mohammed Jelil Ochu, Akorede Munirdeen Yusuff, Favour Ekebafe, Oluwadamilare Lanre Fogabi, and Roi Treister
Korean Pain Society
Aminat Imam-Fulani and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Physiological Society of Nigeria
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of caffeine and adrenaline administration on memory and anxiety in male rats. Rats weighing about 140-200g were used for the study. They were divided into three groups (4 animals per group). Study groups 1; a,b,c,d were healthy rats administered normal saline, 5,10 and 15mg/kg bw caffeine intraperitoneally (i.p.), respectively for 6 weeks. Study groups 2; a,b,c,d administered normal saline, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.31mg/kg bw adrenaline (i.p.), respectively for 6 weeks. Study groups 3; a,b,c,d administered normal saline, 5mg/kg caffeine (i.p.) + 0.1mg/kg adrenaline (i.p.), 10mg/kg Caffeine (i.p.) + 0.2mg/kg Adrenaline (i.p.) and 15mg/kg Caffeine (i.p.) + 0.3mg/kg Adrenaline (i.p.) respectively for 6 weeks. The result showed no significant difference in spatial memory across all animals in study groups 1: b,c,d when compared to control (a). Study groups 2: (b, c) showed increase in spatial memory when compared to control (a). 2(d) showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease. Study groups 3: b, c, d showed no significant difference in spatial memory when compared to control (a). Study groups 1: b, c showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in duration for the short and long term memory test when compared to control. Study groups 2 showed reduction in duration for both the long and short term memory test when compared to control Study groups 3 no significant (p<0.05) difference in short and long term memory test across all animals in the group. It was also observed that adrenaline enhanced short and long term memory and only high dose of adrenaline distorted spatial memory. Study groups 1; (b,c) showed significant (p<0.05) increase in the number of entries to the open arm of the elevated plus maze when compared to control (a). Study groups 2; (b), showed significant (p<0.05) increase in the frequencies of entries to the closed arm of the elevated plus maze when compared to control (a). Study groups 2; (d), showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the frequency of entries to the open and closed arm when compared to control (a). The study revealed that co- administration of caffeine and adrenaline led to elevation of mood, increased activity and reduction of anxiety in Wistar rats. In addition, it was observed that only high dose of adrenaline increased anxiety. It was also observed that caffeine and adrenaline enhanced short and long term memory and only high dose of adrenaline distorted spatial memory.
Bamidele Victor Owoyele, Ahmed Olalekan Bakare, Olutayo Folajimi Olaseinde, Mohammed Jelil Ochu, Akorede Munirdeen Yusuff, Favour Ekebafe, Oluwadamilare Lanre Fogabi, and Treister Roi
Korean Pain Society
Background Inflammation is known to underlie the pathogenesis in neuropathic pain. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms involved in antinociceptive effects of co-administration of acetaminophen and L-carnosine in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced peripheral neuropathy in male Wistar rats. Methods Fifty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven experimental groups (n = 8) treated with normal saline/acetaminophen/acetaminophen + L-carnosine. CCI was used to induce neuropathic pain in rats. Hyperalgesia and allodynia were assessed using hotplate and von Frey tests, respectively. Investigation of spinal proinflammatory cytokines and antioxidant system were carried out after twenty-one days of treatment. Results The results showed that the co-administration of acetaminophen and L-carnosine significantly (P < 0.001) increased the paw withdrawal threshold to thermal and mechanical stimuli in ligated rats compared to the ligated naïve group. There was a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the levels of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer B cell inhibitor, calcium ion, interleukin-1-beta, and tumour necrotic factor-alpha in the spinal cord of the group coadministered with acetaminophen and L-carnosine compared to the ligated control group. Co-administration with acetaminophen and L-carnosine increased the antioxidant enzymatic activities and reduced the lipid peroxidation in the spinal cord. Conclusions Co-administration of acetaminophen and L-carnosine has anti-inflammatory effects as a mechanism that mediate its antinociceptive effects in CCI-induced peripheral neuropathy in Wistar rat.
Adedamola Bayo-Olugbami, Abdulrazaq Bidemi Nafiu, Abdulbasit Amin, Olalekan Michael Ogundele, Charles C. Lee, and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Informa UK Limited
ABSTRACT Background: L-DOPA, the predominant therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with motor deficits after prolonged use. The nigrostriatal tract, a primary target of neurodegeneration in PD, contains abundant Vitamin-D receptors, suggesting a potential role for VD in the disease. Therefore, we tested the impact of Vitamin D3 (VD3) in a mouse model of PD. Methods: PD was induced in adult male C57BL6 mice by a single intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Two weeks post lesion, these mice received injections of a vehicle, VD3, L-DOPA, or a combination of VD3/L-DOPA and compared with sham controls. Treatment lasted three weeks, during which motor-cognitive neurobehaviour was assessed. Five weeks post lesion, brains were collected and striatal levels of the following proteins assessed: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine decarboxylase (DDC), monoamine oxidase (MAO-B), Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), dopamine transporter (DAT), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), microglia marker (CD11b), inflammation (IL-1β), apoptotic signaling (BAX) and oxidative stress (p47phox). Results: Treatment with VD3 attenuated behavioural deficits induced by 6-OHDA, protein associated with dopamine metabolism and biomarkers of oxidative stress. VD3 significantly increased contralateral wall touches, exploratory motor and cognitive activities. VD3 significantly enhanced the expression of TH, DAT, BDNF, while significantly reducing expression of MAO-B, CD11b, IL-I β and p47phox. Conclusion: VD3 reversed some of the 6-OHDA induced changes in proteins involved in modulating the dopamine system, behavioural deficits and oxidative stress biomarkers. The data suggests that VD3 might be beneficial in reducing L-DOPA dosage, thereby reducing problems associated with dosage and prolonged use of L-DOPA in PD management.
Ahmed O. Bakare and Bamidele V. Owoyele
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AbstractThe involvement of pro-inflammatory mediators complicates the complex mechanism in neuropathic pain (NP). This study investigated the roles of bromelain against pro-inflammatory mediators as a mechanism that underpins its antinociceptive and anti-anxiety effects in the peripheral model of NP. Sixty-four male Wistar rats randomly divided into eight groups, were used for the study. A chronic constriction injury model of peripheral neuropathy was used to induce NP. Tail-immersion and von Frey filaments tests were used to assess hyperalgesia while open field and elevated plus mazes were used to assess anxiety-like behaviour. NF-кB, iNOS, nitrate, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were investigated in the plasma, sciatic nerve, and brain tissues using ELISA, spectrophotometer, and immunohistochemistry techniques after twenty-one days of treatment. Bromelain significantly (p < 0.05) improved the cardinal signs of NP and inhibited anxiety-like behaviours in ligated Wistar rats. It mitigated the increases in cerebral cortex interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-6, and PGE2 levels. Bromelain reduced NF-кB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2, and nitrate concentrations as well as the expression of iNOS in the sciatic nerve. Hence, the antinociceptive and anxiolytic effects of bromelain in the sciatic nerve ligation model of NP is in part due to its ability to reduce nitrosative and inflammatory activities.
Olawale Mathias Akinlade, Bamidele Victor Owoyele, and Ayodele Olufemi Soladoye
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Background: Several animal models are continually being developed to study diabetic complication. Several conflicting regimen for diabetes induction exist in the literature with varying dose strength and regimen for different study interest in diabetes. This study aims to show the effect of high dose streptozotocin (STZ) on the one hand compared with multiple low doses after high fat diet induction on diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy (DCAN). Methodology: Eighty-four Wistar rats were used to demonstrate DCAN induction using 2 approaches one for T1DM (STZ 50mg/kg) and the other for T2DM (HFD for 8 weeks with STZ 25mg/Kg daily for five days). DCAN features were assessed using invasive biomarkers, histology patterns and cardiac nerve densities. Results: Diabetes induction rate was 76% and 89% in T1DM and T2DM model respectively. T1DM group had significant weight loss, reduced c-peptide, and insulin level post induction. The T2DM additionally showed significantly higher total cholesterol and Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) compared with control. Serum levels of catecholamine, choactase, nerve growth factor and cardiac nerve density confirms development of DCAN. Conclusion: High single dose of STZ and HFD with multiple low doses of STZ may be recommended for DCAN study in T1DM and T2DM rat model respectively.
 Keywords: Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy; Diabetes mellitus; Heart rate variability; Streptozotocin.
Hidaayah Oluwamayowa Jimoh-Abdulghaffaar and Bamidele Victor Owoyele
Elsevier BV
Aboyeji L. Oyewole, Oluwole Akinola, and Bamidele V. Owoyele
AOSIS
Various types of pain were reported by people with Plasmodium falciparum and were mostly attributed to a symptom of malarial infection. Neural processes of pain sensation during malarial infection and their contributions to malaria-related death are poorly understood. Thus, these form the focus of this study. Swiss mice used for this study were randomly divided into two groups. Animals in the first group (Pb-infected group) were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei to induce malaria whilst the other group (intact group) was not infected. Formalin test was used to assess pain sensitivity in both groups and using various antagonists, the possible mechanism for deviation in pain sensitivity was probed. Also, plasma and brain samples collected from animals in both groups were subjected to biochemical and/or histological studies. The results showed that Pb-infected mice exhibited diminished pain-related behaviours to noxious chemical. The observed parasite-induced analgesia appeared to be synergistically mediated via µ-opioid, α2 and 5HT2A receptors. When varied drugs capable of decreasing pain threshold (pro-nociceptive drugs) were used, the survival rate was not significantly different in the Pb-infected mice. This showed little or no contribution of the pain processing system to malaria-related death. Also, using an anti-CD68 antibody, there was no immunopositive cell in the brain to attribute the observed effects to cerebral malaria. Although in the haematoxylin and eosin-stained tissues, there were mild morphological changes in the motor and anterior cingulate cortices. In conclusion, the pain symptom was remarkably decreased in the animal model for malaria, and thus, the model may not be appropriate for investigating malaria-linked pain as reported in humans. This is the first report showing that at a critical point, the malaria parasite caused pain-relieving effects in Swiss mice.
Bamidele Victor Owoyele, Ahmed Olalekan Bakare, Maryam Tayo Ayinla, Kehinde Ahmed Adeshina, Damilola Onietan, and Saheed O. Azeez
Springer Science and Business Media LLC