Novel Sulfonium Reagents for the Modular Synthesis of Spiro[2.3]Hexanes and Heteroatom-Containing Analogues: Synthesis, Application, and Evaluation as Bioisosteres Philipp Natho, Annarita Vicenti, Fabrizio Mastrolorito, Francesca De Franco, Lee Walsh‐Benn, Marco Colella, Ernesto Mesto, Emanuela Schingaro, Orazio Nicolotti, Antimo Gioiello, Renzo Luisi Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2026 Molecular scaffolds with a high fraction of sp 3 ‐hybridized centers have attracted considerable attention in medicinal chemistry as bioisosteres for a wide range of aromatic and nonstrained heterocycles. In particular, strained spiro‐heterocycles have garnered popularity for this purpose, although access to spiro[2.3]hexane analogues is underrepresented. We herein report modular access to nine different spiro[2.3]hexane analogues, including previously underdeveloped 5‐oxa‐1‐azaspiro[2.3]hexane and 1,5‐diazaspiro[2.3]hexane motifs. Our synthetic approach leverages novel cyclobutane‐, oxetane‐, and azetidine‐substituted sulfonium salts, which can undergo Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky type reactions with alkenes, carbonyls and imines to provide access to the desired spiro[2.3]hexanes. Here, we also report the first comprehensive computational and predictive in silico evaluation of their bioisosteric potential, with validation provided by in vitro experiments.
Flow Chemistry Applied for Late-Stage Functionalization and Other Functional Group-Tolerant Manipulation Philipp Natho, Marco Colella, Renzo Luisi Late Stage Functionalization and Diversification in Organic Synthesis Methods and Applications, 2026 The introduction of flow technology as an alternative to classic batch systems in organic synthesis has allowed not only the improvement of already established chemistry but also enabled access to reactivity which was previously impossible or little explored. Flow technology allows precise control of reaction conditions, enabling often milder reaction conditions or higher functional group tolerance than batch protocols, making it ideal for the late-stage functionalization of natural products, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), or initial hit identification. In this chapter, we highlight the impact of flow technology on late-stage functionalization within the last five years, with a particular focus on the following four key areas: photochemical flow, electrochemical flow, flash technology, and homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis in flow.
A Decade of NH-Transfer via Iodonitrene: A Journey of NH-Transfer from Sulfur and Nitrogen to Alkenes Philipp Natho, Marco Colella, Renzo Luisi Synlett, 2026 The incorporation of nitrogen atoms in lead compounds can significantly alter their physicochemical properties so that efficient methodologies for their introduction are highly sought after. In the last decade, electrophilic NH-transfer via in situ-generated intermediates from ammonia sources and hypervalent iodine reagents has attracted interest for its varied reactivity ranging from N-transfer to heteroatoms to core remodeling tactics. We herein describe the journey from the introduction of this tactic to its most recent application for the synthesis of NH-aziridines.
Strain Release of 1-Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes as a Gateway to Highly Functionalized Azetidines: New Strategies and Structural Motifs Yuri Gelato, Philipp Natho, Marco Colella, Renzo Luisi Chemistry A European Journal, 2026 Over the past decade, the interest of synthetic and medicinal chemists in the azetidine ring has continuously risen, given its impact on (positive) modulation of various physicochemical properties. In fact, the exploration of new azetidine‐based monocyclic, spirocyclic, and bridged scaffolds has led to the discovery of new potential 3D bioisosteres for 2D or nonstrained 3D rings frequently employed in drug discovery programs. A popular and recently revived strategy en route to azetidines relies on the use of 1‐azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes as precursors, leveraging the inherent reactivity of the “spring‐loaded” transannular bond, connecting the bridgehead carbon to the nitrogen. This review provides an overview of synthetic advances since 2021, emphasizing newly accessed structural motifs, patterns in activation tactics, and use of enabling technologies such as photocatalysis and flow chemistry.
Iodonitrene-mediated synthesis of NH-aziridines Yuri Gelato, Laura Marraffa, Francesco Pasca, Philipp Natho, Giuseppe Romanazzi, Arianna Tota, Marco Colella, Renzo Luisi Trends in Chemistry, 2025
Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl-Substituted Sulfonimidoyl Fluoride: Electrophilic Hub Bridging Late-Stage Azetidine Incorporation with Sufex Chemistry Defne Şerbetçi, Philipp Natho, Ernesto Mesto, Emanuela Schingaro, Marco Colella, et al. Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis, 2025 The development of electrophilic strained small motifs is of increasing importance for chemical biology and drug discovery, enabling precise, late‐stage functionalization and targeted covalent inhibition. In this work, we report the efficient synthesis of a novel azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl‐substituted sulfonimidoyl fluoride, a bench‐stable electrophilic hub combining strain‐release reactivity and SuFEx chemistry. The dual reactivity of this motif was demonstrated through selective ABB ring‐opening reactions, and SuFEx‐mediated ligations with diverse nucleophiles, including pharmaceutically relevant derivatives. Further derivatization of the resulting sulfonimidates and sulfonimidamides showcased the synthetic versatility of this system. These findings open avenues for the development of modular, multifunctional platforms in drug discovery.
Tunable Preparation of α-Aminoacyl Fluorides and α-Fluoroamides via Base-Induced Cascade Multiple-Cleavage Processes from Bromodifluorohydrin Reagents and Amines Giulia De Santis, Andrea Maranzana, Federica Lauria, Mauro Spennacchio, Michael Andresini, Rosa Purgatorio, Marco Colella, Renzo Luisi, Leonardo Degennaro Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis, 2025 A concise strategy for the divergent synthesis of α‐fluoroamides and α‐aminoacyl fluorides is developed via multiple bond‐cleavage processes of 2‐bromo‐2,2‐difluoro alcohols in the presence of amines. The transformation proceeds under mild conditions, displays a broad substrate scope, and features operational simplicity. Mechanistic studies, supported by density functional theory calculations, suggest the involvement of a putative gem‐difluoroepoxide intermediate that triggers a cascade of atom recombination events.
Generation and Use of Cyclopropenyllithium under Continuous Flow Conditions Francesco Soddu, Iktedar Mahdi, Maria Chiara Cabua, Francesco Secci, Philipp Natho, Riccardo Tassoni, Paolo Dambruoso, Ernesto Mesto, Marco Colella, Renzo Luisi Organic Letters, 2025 The cyclopropene scaffold has emerged as a valuable platform in modern synthesis. Here, we present a streamlined flow-based approach for the generation of cyclopropenyllithium and its functionalization with various electrophiles in a single, continuous flow process. This method eliminates the need for laborious temperature changes and cryogenic conditions, and significantly reduces the process time from starting material to products. Compared to traditional batch processes, our flow approach enables the use of a single organolithium reagent and operates efficiently at 0 °C, avoiding the cool-warm-cool temperature cycles typical of batch methods. This not only simplifies the workflow but also enhances practicality, scalability, and extends the accessible chemical space.
Shifting Lithium Amide Reactivity to the Radical Domain: Regioselective Radical C−H Functionalization of 3-Iodooxetane for the Synthesis of 1,5-Dioxaspiro[2.3]hexanes Philipp Natho, Marco Colella, Annarita Vicenti, Giuseppe Romanazzi, Faizan Ullah, Nadeem S. Sheikh, Andrew J. P. White, Francesco Pasca, Renzo Luisi Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2025 Strained spiro‐heterocycles (SSHs) have gained significant attention within the medicinal chemistry community as promising sp3‐rich bioisosteres for their aromatic and non‐spirocyclic counterparts. We herein report access to an unprecedented spiro‐heterocycle—1,5‐dioxaspiro[2.3]hexane. Our synthetic approach leverages a lithium‐amide induced single‐electron transfer to benzophenones generating an N‐centered radical and a ketyl radical anion—reminiscent of a frustrated radical pair. This pair works synergistically to selectively abstract the β‐hydrogen from 3‐iodooxetane, initiating an exergonic radical‐radical coupling reaction. This process enables the formation of the desired bond between the oxetane core and benzophenone derivatives, ultimately yielding the novel 1,5‐dioxaspiro[2.3]hexane core. The stability and synthetic utility of the novel 1,5‐dioxaspiro[2.3]hexane motif are showcased. An in‐depth mechanistic investigation is presented, including cyclic voltammetry studies, as well as computational calculations and experiments to support the mechanism of this new single electron synthetic tactic.