Sustainable Spectrofluorimetric Sensing Platform for Enoxaparin Estimation: Compliance With Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Goals Safa M. Megahed, Ahmed A. Habib Luminescence, 2026 A sensitive, sustainable, and effortless turn off–on fluorescent sensor was constructed for rapid determination of the non hromophoric drug, enoxaparin sodium (ENX). Enoxaparin is an anticoagulant utilized as a blood thinner for the treatment and prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. The developed sensing platform depends on the quenching of salicylate fluorescence at 410 nm after excitation at 299 nm upon addition of ferric ammonium sulfate. The ability of ENX to displace salicylate from ferric salicylate chelate leads to restoration of salicylate fluorescence. Implementation of Box–Behnken Design (BBD) helps in optimization of different experimental parameters. A linear response was attained over a range of concentrations of ENX 0.4–2.0 μg/mL (equivalent to 0.09–0.43 μM) with detection and quantitation limits of 0.1 and 0.3 μg/mL, respectively. The developed platform was successfully employed for estimation of ENX in injection dosage form with mean recovery of 100.11 ± 1.24. The environmental sustainability of this sensor was assessed using various tools for greenness, blueness, violetness, and whiteness. Furthermore, the adherence to different sustainability development goals (SDGs) was proved.
Development of Sustainable Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dot Nanoprobe Using Red Onion for Ultrasensitive Estimation of Fluoride Ion in Human Saliva Sherin F. Hammad, Doaa N. Kamel, Amira H. Kamal, Safa M. Megahed Luminescence, 2026 A quick, eco‐friendly, and economical approach for the synthesis of self‐nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots (N‐CQDs) utilizing onion extract was created in the current study. This method used a microwave to heat an onion for 4 min, providing a sustainable source of carbon and nitrogen. The provided N‐CQDs exhibited great stability and a fluorescence quantum yield of 12.1% at λex/λem of 340/430 nm, respectively. The produced N‐CQDs served as a successful nanoprobe for fluoride measurement, within a concentration range of 20–300 ng/mL with a detection limit of 4.557 ng/mL. In the presence of several potentially conflicting medications, the N‐CQDs showed remarkable fluoride selectivity. For the assessment of water's fluoride content, a mean percentage recovery of 100.955 ± 0.416 was obtained. The N‐CQDs were employed to measure fluoride in human saliva within the 50–1000 ng/mL concentration range, with a limit of detection of 15.693 ng/mL. Making use of AGREE and complexGABI and complexMoGABI approach, the suggested probe's greenness was assessed. Its good greenness was ascribed to the use of a low‐cost plant, low‐energy consumption through microwave‐assisted synthesis, and avoiding dangerous chemicals and organic solvents. The blueness of the developed approach was assessed using the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI).
Quality by design paradigm for optimization of green stability indicating HPLC method for concomitant determination of fluorescein and benoxinate Amira H. Kamal, Ahmed A. Habib, Sherin F. Hammad, Safa M. Megahed Scientific Reports, 2023 A green, robust and fast stability indicating chromatographic method has been developed for concomitant analysis of fluorescein sodium and benoxinate hydrochloride in the presence of their degradation products within four minutes. Two different designs including fractional factorial and Box–Behnken designs were implemented for screening and optimization steps, respectively. The optimum chromatographic analysis was achieved using a mixture of isopropanol and 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (pH 3.0) in the ratio 27:73 as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.5 mL/min and column oven temperature was 40 °C. Chromatographic analysis was performed on Eclipse plus C18 (100 mm × 4.6 mm × 3.5 μm) column with DAD detector set at 220 nm. A linear response was acquired over the range of 2.5–60 μg/mL and 1–50 μg/mL for benoxinate and fluorescein respectively. Stress degradation studies were executed under acidic, basic, and oxidative stress conditions. The method was implemented for quantitation of cited drugs in ophthalmic solution with mean percent recovery ± SD of 99.21 ± 0.74 and 99.88 ± 0.58 for benoxinate and fluorescein respectively. The proposed method is more rapid and eco-friendly compared to the reported chromatographic methods for determination of cited drugs.
Design of experiment-oriented development of solvent-free mixed micellar chromatographic method for concomitant determination of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride Sherin F. Hammad, Ahmed A. Habib, Amira H. Kamal, Safa M. Megahed Scientific Reports, 2023 A green, fast and robust solvent-free chromatographic method has been developed for concomitant analysis of ciprofloxacin HCl and metronidazole in bulk powder as well as in dosage form using levofloxacin as internal standard (I.S.). Two different designs including fractional factorial (FFD) and Box–Behnken (BBD) designs were implemented for screening and optimization steps, respectively. The optimum chromatographic separation was accomplished using mobile phase composed of 0.13 M sodium dodecyl sulfate and 0.02 M Birij-35 solution adjusted to pH 2.5 using phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min and column oven temperature of 40 °C. Chromatographic analysis was performed on X-Bridge (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with UV detection at 280 nm. A linear response was acquired over the range of 0.4–50 μg/mL for both drugs. The developed method was applied for quantitation of cited drugs in commercially available tablet with mean percent recovery ± SD of 99.45 ± 0.72 and 100.13 ± 0.81 for metronidazole and ciprofloxacin respectively. The method was proven to be green as evaluated by three greenness assessment tools. The run time was 8 min, thus saving time and reagent.
Novel experimental design paradigm for development of eco-friendly gradient chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of metronidazole and spiramycin Safa M Megahed, Ahmed A. Habib, Sherin F. Hammad, Amira H. Kamal Journal of Separation Science, 2023 This work describes the innovative experimental design‐assisted development of a green gradient chromatographic method for concomitant analysis of metronidazole (MTR) and spiramycin (SPR). Two different designs including fractional factorial and Box‐Behnken designs were implemented for screening and optimization steps, respectively. The optimum chromatographic conditions involved a mobile phase consisting of ethanol and 20 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution (pH adjusted to 2.5) in the ratio 2:98 (v/v) for 2 min then the ratio changed to 30:70 (v/v). The flow rate was 1.3 mL/minute. Separation and analysis were performed on X‐bridge C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm × 3.5 μm) column with diode array detector set at 230 nm. Column oven temperature was 40°C. A linear response was acquired over the range of 5–125 μg/mL for both drugs. Detection and quantitation limits were 0.86 and 2.62 μg/mL for MTR and 0.92 and 2.83 μg/mL for SPR, respectively. The method was implemented for determination of both drugs in three tablet formulations. The method was proved to be green as evaluated by three assessment tools. The application of experimental designs assists in development of a robust green chromatographic method in gradient elution mode for determination of both drugs within reasonable time.
Implementation of factorial design for optimization of forced degradation conditions and development of validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method for Lidocaine hydrochloride Der Pharma Chemica, 2015
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Sustainable Spectrofluorimetric Sensing Platform for Enoxaparin Estimation: Compliance With Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Goals SM Megahed, AA Habib Luminescence 41 (5), e70498 , 2026 2026.0
The first validated HPLC method with UV detection for concurrent assay of lidocaine and fluorescein in their co-formulated ophthalmic solution SM Megahed, MM Elshahawy BMC chemistry , 2026 2026.0
Development of Sustainable Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Quantum Dot Nanoprobe Using Red Onion for Ultrasensitive Estimation of Fluoride Ion in Human Saliva SF Hammad, DN Kamel, AH Kamal, SM Megahed Luminescence 41 (2), e70447 , 2026 2026.0
Green direct and ratio-based spectrophotometric manipulated methods for tinidazole and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride concomitant assay in their tablet dosage form SM Megahed, MM Amer Green Analytical Chemistry 12, 100197 , 2025 2025.0
Novel experimental design paradigm for development of eco‐friendly gradient chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of metronidazole and spiramycin SM Megahed, AA Habib, SF Hammad, AH Kamal Journal of Separation Science 46 (21), 2300216 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 10
Design of experiment-oriented development of solvent-free mixed micellar chromatographic method for concomitant determination of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride SF Hammad, AA Habib, AH Kamal, SM Megahed Scientific Reports 13 (1), 17352 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 9
Quality by design paradigm for optimization of green stability indicating HPLC method for concomitant determination of fluorescein and benoxinate AH Kamal, AA Habib, SF Hammad, SM Megahed Scientific Reports 13 (1), 10471 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 13
Chemometric approach based on factorial and box-Behnken designs for determination of Anti coronavirus drug; Favipiravir in bulk and spiked human plasma by green HPLC method S Megahed, A Habib, S Hammad, A Kamal Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry 3 (2), 70-78 , 2021 2021.0 Citations: 19
Experimental design approach for development of spectrofluorimetric method for determination of favipiravir; a potential therapeutic agent against COVID-19 virus: Application … SM Megahed, AA Habib, SF Hammad, AH Kamal Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 249, 119241 , 2021 2021.0 Citations: 116
Innovative quality by design approach for development of green micellar HPLC method for simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and amlodipine AA Habib, SF Hammad, SM Megahed, AH Kamal Chromatographia 83 (10), 1221-1231 , 2020 2020.0 Citations: 25
Application of chromatographic response function in development of stability indicating HPLC method for determination of benoxinate hydrochloride and fluorescein sodium mixture … SM Megahed, A Habib, M Mabrouk, S Hammad Journal of Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research 1 (1), 1-8 , 2020 2020.0 Citations: 7
Implementation of factorial design for optimization of forced degradation conditions and development of validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method for Lidocaine hydrochloride AA Habib, MM Mabrouk, SF Hammad, SM Megahed Der Pharma Chemica 7 (6), 198-211 , 1981 1981.0 Citations: 10
Green Analytical Chemistry SM Megahed, MM Amer
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Experimental design approach for development of spectrofluorimetric method for determination of favipiravir; a potential therapeutic agent against COVID-19 virus: Application … SM Megahed, AA Habib, SF Hammad, AH Kamal Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 249, 119241 , 2021 2021.0 Citations: 116
Innovative quality by design approach for development of green micellar HPLC method for simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and amlodipine AA Habib, SF Hammad, SM Megahed, AH Kamal Chromatographia 83 (10), 1221-1231 , 2020 2020.0 Citations: 25
Chemometric approach based on factorial and box-Behnken designs for determination of Anti coronavirus drug; Favipiravir in bulk and spiked human plasma by green HPLC method S Megahed, A Habib, S Hammad, A Kamal Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry 3 (2), 70-78 , 2021 2021.0 Citations: 19
Quality by design paradigm for optimization of green stability indicating HPLC method for concomitant determination of fluorescein and benoxinate AH Kamal, AA Habib, SF Hammad, SM Megahed Scientific Reports 13 (1), 10471 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 13
Novel experimental design paradigm for development of eco‐friendly gradient chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of metronidazole and spiramycin SM Megahed, AA Habib, SF Hammad, AH Kamal Journal of Separation Science 46 (21), 2300216 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 10
Implementation of factorial design for optimization of forced degradation conditions and development of validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method for Lidocaine hydrochloride AA Habib, MM Mabrouk, SF Hammad, SM Megahed Der Pharma Chemica 7 (6), 198-211 , 1981 1981.0 Citations: 10
Design of experiment-oriented development of solvent-free mixed micellar chromatographic method for concomitant determination of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride SF Hammad, AA Habib, AH Kamal, SM Megahed Scientific Reports 13 (1), 17352 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 9
Application of chromatographic response function in development of stability indicating HPLC method for determination of benoxinate hydrochloride and fluorescein sodium mixture … SM Megahed, A Habib, M Mabrouk, S Hammad Journal of Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research 1 (1), 1-8 , 2020 2020.0 Citations: 7
Sustainable Spectrofluorimetric Sensing Platform for Enoxaparin Estimation: Compliance With Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Goals SM Megahed, AA Habib Luminescence 41 (5), e70498 , 2026 2026.0
The first validated HPLC method with UV detection for concurrent assay of lidocaine and fluorescein in their co-formulated ophthalmic solution SM Megahed, MM Elshahawy BMC chemistry , 2026 2026.0
Development of Sustainable Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Quantum Dot Nanoprobe Using Red Onion for Ultrasensitive Estimation of Fluoride Ion in Human Saliva SF Hammad, DN Kamel, AH Kamal, SM Megahed Luminescence 41 (2), e70447 , 2026 2026.0
Green direct and ratio-based spectrophotometric manipulated methods for tinidazole and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride concomitant assay in their tablet dosage form SM Megahed, MM Amer Green Analytical Chemistry 12, 100197 , 2025 2025.0
