S. M. Mahmudul Hasan

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Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering
World University of Bangladesh

S. M. Mahmudul Hasan


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RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Aging, Health (social science), Health Information Management
23

Scopus Publications

14908

Scholar Citations

14

Scholar h-index

16

Scholar i10-index

Scopus Publications

  • The global, regional, and national burden of cancer, 1990–2023, with forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
    Lisa M Force, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Miranda L May, Kayleigh Bhangdia, Andrew Crist, Louise Penberthy, Natalie Pritchett, Alistair Acheson, Lee Deitesfeld, Bhoomadevi A, Hasan Aalruz, Nasir Abbas, Maryam Abbasalipour bashash, Abdallah H A Abd Al Magied, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Ashraf Nabiel Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdalla, Wael M Abdel-Rahman, Parsa Abdi, Wakgari Mosisa Abdisa, Daba Abdissa, Arash Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Arman Abdous, Auwal Abdullahi, Mesfin Abebe, Armita Abedi, Syed Hani Abidi, Alemwork Abie, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Ulric Sena Abonie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Aminu Kende Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Hana J Abukhadijah, Salahdein Aburuz, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Raghu Ram Achar, Juan Manuel Acuna, Lisa C Adams, Lawan Hassan Adamu, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Kamoru Ademola Adedokun, Nurudeen A Adegoke, Victor Adekanmbi, Ibukun Modupe Adesiyan, Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi, Usha Adiga, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Prince Owusu Adoma, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Ahmed M Afifi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Fatemeh Afrashteh, Arya Afrooghe, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Navidha Aggarwal, Feleke Doyore Agide, César Agostinis Sobrinho, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Faisal Ahmad, Khurshid Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Elham Ahmadi, Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade, Mohadese Ahmadzade, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Gasha Salih Ahmed, Ibrar Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Nesredin Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Dolapo Emmanuel Ajala, Marjan Ajami, Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe, Karolina Akinosoglou, Salah Al Awaidy, Hanadi Al Hamad, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Omar Al Omari, Mohammad Al Qadire, Yazan Al Thaher, Omar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi, Khurshid Alam, Zufishan Alam, Amani Alansari, Fahmi Y Al-Ashwal, Laila Ismael Al-Daken, Wafa A Aldhaleei, Shereen M Aleidi, Bezawit Abeje Alemayehu, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Dari Alhuwail, Abid Ali, Endale Alemayehu Ali, Mohammad Daud Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Samah W Al-Jabi, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ahmad Alkhatib, Nihad A Almasri, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Mohmmad Minwer Alnaeem, Hasan Yaser Alniss, Margret Beaula Alocious Sukumar, Mahmoud A Alomari, Mohammad R Alosta, Saleh A Alqahtani, Ahmad Rajeh Al-Qudimat, Rajaa M Mohammad Al-Raddadi, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Intima Alrimawi, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Najim Z Alshahrani, Awais Altaf, Alaa B Al-Tammemi, Elysia M Alvarez, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Alyahya, Abdallah Alzoubi, Karem H Alzoubi, Md Akib Al-Zubayer, Masoud Aman Mohammadi, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Shiva Aminnia, Nafiu Aminu, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, Abhishek Anil, Amir Anoushiravani, Hossein Ansariniya, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Saeid Anvari, Saleha Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel Anyabolo, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Angela Esi Apeagyei, Juan Pablo Arab, Jalal Arabloo, Razman Arabzadeh Bahri, Elshaimaa A Arafa, Mosab Arafat, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Martina Arcieri, Demelash Areda, Hany Ariffin, Mesay Arkew, Anton A Artamonov, Santhosh Arul, Deepavalli Arumuganainar, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Akram Ashames, Muhammad Abdul Basit Ashraf, Tahira Ashraf, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Asiamah-Asare, Haftu Asmerom Asmerom, Batyrbek Assembekov, Smita Asthana, Prince Atorkey, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Julie Alaere Atta, Marcel Ausloos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Haleh Ayatollahi, Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, Ali Azargoonjahromi, Amirali Azimi, Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Shahkaar Aziz, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y Azzam, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Alaa Aboelnour Badran, Nasser Bagheri, Fereshteh Baghizadeh, Razieh Bahreini, Ruhai Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Lovenish Bains, Ram Chandra Bajpai, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Auwal Adam Bala, Wondu Feyisa Balcha, Mohammadreza Balooch Hasankhani, Soham Bandyopadhyay, Rajon Banik, Aleksandra Barac, Shirin Barati, Mainak Bardhan, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Zarrin Basharat, Shahid Bashir, Afisu Basiru, Pritish Baskaran, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Kavita Batra, Matteo Bauckneht, Mohsen Bayati, Feyisa Shasho Bayisa, Narasimha M Beeraka, Babak Behnam, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Payam Behzadi, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Sewunet admasu Belachew, Gokce Belge Bilgin, Luis Belo, Habib Benzian, Alemshet Yirga Yirga Berhie, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Ajeet Singh Bhadoria, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Nickhill Bhakta, Neeraj Bhala, Ravi Bharadwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Prarthna V Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Vivek Bhat, Shuvarthi Bhattacharjee, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan, Soumitra S Bhuyan, Raluca Bievel-Radulescu, Cem Bilgin, Catherine Bisignano, Mohammad Shahangir Biswas, Monirujjaman Biswas, Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni, Tone Bjørge, Trupti Bodhare, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Archith Boloor, Hamed Borhany, Samuel Adolf Bosoka, Alejandro Botero Carvajal, Souad Bouaoud, Marija M Bozic, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Hermann Brenner, Linh Phuong Bui, Katrin Burkart, Felix Busch, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Yasser Bustanji, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Guangyao Cai, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ismael Campos-Nonato, Si Cao, Yubin Cao, Angelo Capodici, Giulia Carreras, Márcia Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Luca Cegolon, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Achille Cernigliaro, Sonia Cerrai, Aditya Chakraborty, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Rama Mohan Chandika, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Sirshendu Chaudhuri, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Galmesa Bekana Chemeda, Hana Chen, Kai Chen, Meng Xuan Chen, Fatemeh Chichagi, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Patrick R Ching, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, William C S Cho, Dong-Woo Choi, Sungchul Choi, Bryan Chong, Yuen Yu Chong, Hitesh Chopra, Shivani Chopra, Hou In Chou, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Eric Chung, Sunghyun Chung, Iolanda Cioffi, Alyssa Columbus, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Bashir Dabo, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Lucio D'Anna, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Saswati Das, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Mohsen Dashti, Cornelius Dassah, Dimash Davletov, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Frances E Dean, Edward Christopher Dee, Sindhura Deekonda, Mohammad Delsoz, Abel Desalegn Demeke, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Rupak Desai, Aragaw Tesfaw Desale, Gashaw Dessie, Devananda Devegowda, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Arkadeep Dhali, Amol S Dhane, Meghnath Dhimal, Sameer Dhingra, Bibha Dhungel, Marcello Di Pumpo, Luis Antonio Diaz, Michael J Diaz, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Saeid Doaei, Francesco Dondi, Fariba Dorostkar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Leila Doshmangir, Taiwo Omotayo Dosumu, Robert Kokou Dowou, Menayit Tamrat Dresse, John Dube, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Sulagna Dutta, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Abdel Rahman E'mar, Hisham Atan Edinur, Behrad Eftekhari, Ashkan Eighaei Sedeh, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Rabie Adel El Arab, Abdelfatteh EL Omri, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Reza Elahi, Noha Mousaad Elemam, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Sherif Elkannishy, Ahmed O Elmehrath, Adel B Elmoselhi, Randa Elsheikh, Yasser Mohamed El-Sherbiny, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Abdelgawad Salah Abdelgawad Eltahawy, Mohd Elmagzoub Eltahir, Syed Emdadul Haque, Theophilus I Emeto, Talha Bin Emran, Destaw Endeshaw, Babak Eshrati, Majid Eslami, Sayeh Ezzikouri, Heidar Fadavian, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Saman Fahimi, Aamir Fahira, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Luca Falzone, Alireza Farahani, Mohammad Farahmand, Seyed Nooreddin Faraji, Mahsa Faramarzpour, Ebrahim Farashi, Zaki Farhana, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Pawan Sirwan Faris, Andre Faro, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Kiana Fasihi, Emmanuel Toluwani Fasusi, Hamed Fattahi, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Daniela Ferrante, Pietro Ferrara, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, James L Fisher, Bobirca Teodor Florin, Olumuyiwa Shola Folayan, Arianna Fornari, Ali Forouhari, Behzad Foroutan, Maryam Fotouhi, Takeshi Fukumoto, Ami Fukunaga, Muktar A Gadanya, Márió Gajdács, Silvano Gallus, Adamu Usman Gamawa, Aravind P Gandhi, Shivaprakash Gangachannaiah, Mounika Gangireddy, Jacopo Garlasco, Rupesh K Gautam, Feven Sahle Gebre, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Haftay Gebremedhin Gebreslassie, Gebremariam Wulie Geremew, Genanew K Getahun, Sadegh Ghafarian, Amir Ghaffari Jolfayi, Lobna Faiz Gharaibeh, Haniyeh Ghasrsaz, Fariba Ghassemi, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Nasim Gholizadeh, Elena Ghotbi, Konstantinos Giannakis, Artyom Urievich Gil, Syed Abdullah Gilani, Alem Abera Girmay, Alessandro Girombelli, Amit Goel, Anil Kumar Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Davide Golinelli, MReza Goodarzian, Giuseppe Gorini, Changhao Gu, Shi-Yang Guan, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Zheng Guo, Zhifeng Guo, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Jose Guzman-Esquivel, Adrina Habibzadeh, Farrokh Habibzadeh, Parham Habibzadeh, Tesfahun Simon Simon Hadaro, Najah R Hadi, Dariush Haghmorad, Nguyen Hai Nam, Haimanot Ewnetu Hailu, Hassen Mosa Mosa Halil, Islam M Hamad, Randah R Hamadeh, Nadia M Hamdy, Sajid Hameed, Nasrin Hanifi, Ashanul Haque, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Md Kamrul Hasan, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Fatemeh Hasani, Hamidreza Hasani, Alireza Hasanzadeh, Abdiwahab Hashi, Md Saquib Hasnain, Ikrama Ibrahim Hassan, Treska S Hassan, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Johannes Haubold, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Guohua He, Qiang He, Wen-Qiang He, Behzad Heibati, Mohammad Heidari, Claudiu Herteliu, Hamed Hesami, Majid Heydari, Mojtaba Heydari, Zahra Heydarifard, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Mai Hoang, Ramesh Holla, Nobuyuki Horita, Mehdi Hoseinzadeh, H Dean Hosgood, Alamgir Hossain, Md Mahbub Hossain, Md Sabbir Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Ahmad Hosseinzadeh Adli, Mihaela Hostiuc, Vivian Chia-rong Hsieh, Chengxi Hu, Junjie Hu, Junjie Huang, Kiavash Hushmandi, Javid Hussain, Salman Hussain, Dursa Hussein, Nawfal R Hussein, Mohamed Ibrahim Husseiny, Hong-Han Huynh, Ivo Iavicoli, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Reem Ibrahim, Anel Ibrayeva, Francisco Javier Idalsoaga, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Adalia Ikiroma, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Muhana Fawwazy Ilyas, Salim Ilyasu, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustapha Immurana, Lucius Chidiebere Imoh, Javed Iqbal, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Md Rabiul Islam, Faisal Ismail, Ramzy Issa, Masao Iwagami, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Mahalaxmi Iyer, Louis Jacob, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Haitham Jahrami, Ayushi Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Abhishek Jaiswal, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ali Jaliliyan, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Mohamed L Jalloh, Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Safayet Jamil, Syed Sarmad Javaid, Talha Jawaid, Umesh Jayarajah, Shubha Jayaram, Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe, Sun Ha Jee, Diptismita Jena, Shuai Jin, Wenyi Jin, Mohammad Jokar, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Jobin Jose, Abel Joseph, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Farahnaz Joukar, Mikk Jürisson, Malik E Juweid, Anupam Jyoti, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Maryam Kabiri, Dler Hussein Kadir, Ebbie Kalan, Leila R Kalankesh, Mehnaz Kamal, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah, Arun Kamireddy, Ramat T. Kamorudeen, Fatemeh Kanaani Nejad, Samuel Berchi Kankam, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Neeti Kapoor, Mehrdad Karajizadeh, Jafar Karami, Reema A Karasneh, André Karch, Aliasghar Karimi, Mohammad Amin Karimi, Sahand Karimzadhagh, Tomasz M Karpiński, Faizan Zaffar Kashoo, Joonas H Kauppila, Navjot Kaur, Mohd Adnan Kausar, Foad Kazemi, Fekadu Abera Kebede, Ariz Keshwani, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Asaad Khalid, Hazim O Khalifa, Anita Khalili, Pantea Khalili, Alireza Khalilian, Ghazaleh Khalili-Tanha, Mohamed khalis, Faham Khamesipour, Ajmal Khan, Faiz Ullah Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Moien AB Khan, Salman Ali Khan, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Daniel Kheradmand, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Atulya Aman Khosla, Mohammad Ali Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Kwanghyun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Yun Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Shivakumar KM, Michail Kokkorakis, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Jianqiu Kong, Anastasios Georgios Konstas, Karel Kostev, Ashwin Laxmikant Kotnis, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Irene Akwo Kretchy, Kewal Krishan, Raja Amir Hassan Kuchay, Mohammed Kuddus, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Dewesh Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Vijay Kumar, Satyajit Kundu, Setor K Kunutsor, Pramod Kumar Kushawaha, Christina Yeni Yeni Kustanti, Tezer Kutluk, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Assylkhan Kuttybayev, Grace Kwakyewaa Kyei, Frank Kyei-Arthur, Ville Kytö, Carlo La Vecchia, Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Chandrakant Lahariya, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Hanpeng Lai, Balzhan Lakanova, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Judit Lám, Francesco Lanfranchi, Savita Lasrado, Mahrukh Latif, Paolo Lauriola, Basira Kankia Lawal, Huu-Hoai Le, Minh Huu Nhat Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Caterina Ledda, Ivan Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Seung Won Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Awol Yemane Legesse, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Ming-Chieh Li, Wang-Zhong Li, Wei Li, Xiaopan Li, Yongze Li, Zhengrui Li, Zhihui Li, Stephen S Lim, Queran Lin, Chaojie Liu, Gang Liu, Jue Liu, Liu Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Erand Llanaj, Jailos Lubinda, Angelina M Lutambi, Miltiadis D Lytras, Ellina Lytvyak, Hawraz Ibrahim M Amin, Zheng Feei Ma, Raymond Saa-Eru Maalman, Farzan Madadizadeh, Seyedeh Panid Madani, Alireza Mafi, Azzam A Maghazachi, Abdulahi Abdiwali Mahamed, Nozad Hussein Mahmood, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Azeem Majeed, Abdelrahman M Makram, Omar M Makram, Konstantinos Christos C Makris, Satyaveni Malasala, Hadi Maleki-Kakelar, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malik, Lesibana Anthony Malinga, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Vahid Mansouri, Marjan Mansourian, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Changkun Mao, Hamid Reza Marateb, Basma Hamed Marghani, Mirko Marino, Santi Martini, Miquel Martorell, Roy Rillera Marzo, Sammer Marzouk, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Medha Mathur, Fernanda Penido Matozinhos, Indu Liz Matthew, Martin McKee, Steven M McPhail, Enkeleint A Mechili, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Elahe Meftah, Riffat Mehboob, Asim Mehmood, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Hadush Negash Meles, Addisu Melese, Max Alberto Mendez-Lopez, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Dominik Menges, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Tara P Menon, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Sultan Ayoub Ayoub Meo, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Mohamed M M Metwally, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ted R Miller, Giuseppe Minervini, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Awoke Misganaw, Sanjeev Misra, Prasanna Mithra, Yidnek Mogessie, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Jama Mohamed, Mona Gamal Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Taj Mohammad, Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Abdolreza Mohammadi, Mohammad Kazem Mohammadi, Seyed Omid Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Ibrahim Mohammadzadeh, Zeinab Mohammadzadeh, Al-Kassim Hassan Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Amin Mohsenzadeh, Ali H Mokdad, Hossein Molavi Vardanjani, Sabrina Molinaro, Shaher Momani, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Yousef Moradi, Paula Moraga, Shane Douglas Morrison, Mahmoud M Morsy, Elias Mossialos, Fatemeh Motaharinezhad, Rohith Motappa, Kimia Mozahheb Yousefi, Ahmed Msherghi, Rabia Mubarak, Sumaira Mubarik, George Duke Mukoro, Admir Mulita, Kavita Munjal, Efren Murillo-Zamora, Ali Mushtaq, Saima Mushtaq, Sherzad Ibrahim Mustafa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Woojae Myung, Amin Nabavi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Gabriele Nagel, Pirouz Naghavi, Gurudatta Naik, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Firzan Nainu, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Hae Sung Nam, Shumaila Nargus, Yvonne Nartey, Abdulqadir J Nashwan, Mahmoud Nassar, Zuhair S Natto, Javaid Nauman, Nawsherwan, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Md Fahad Shahariar Nayon, Athare Nazri-Panjaki, Pacifique Ndishimye, Amanuel Tebabal Nega, Masoud Negahdary, Ionut Negoi, Chakib Nejjari, Omid Nekouei, Gaurav Nepal, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Jean Claude Semuto Semuto Ngabonziza, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Dang Nguyen, Kieu Viet Nhi Nguyen, Nhan Nguyen, The Phuong Nguyen, Tuan Thanh Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Luciano Nieddu, Nasrin Nikravangolsefid, Vikram Niranjan, Jean Marie Vianney Niyonsenga, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi, Shuhei Nomura, Nurulamin M Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor, Mohammadamin Noorafrooz, Masoud Noroozi, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Fred Nugen, Dieta Nurrika, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Vincent Adeiza Obakachi, Ismail A Odetokun, Michael Safo Oduro, James Odhiambo Oguta, In-Hwan Oh, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Timothy Olusegun Olusegun Olanrewaju, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Folorunsho Bright Omage, Hany A Omar, Goran Latif Omer, Abidemi E Omonisi, Sok King Ong, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Marcel Opitz, Michal Ordak, Verner N Orish, Atakan Orscelik, Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Augustus Osborne, Alaa AM Osman, Samuel M Ostroff, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Elham H Othman, Oche Joseph Otorkpa, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Amel Ouyahia, Mayowa O Owolabi, Oladayo Ayobami Oyebanji, Kolapo Oyebola, Ilker Ozsahin, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Tamás Palicz, Sujogya Kumar Panda, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Deepshikha Pande Katare, Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal, Ke Pang, Georgios D Panos, Leonidas D Panos, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Mario Virgilio Papa, Parinaz Paranjkhoo, Peyvand Parhizkar Roudsari, Romil R Parikh, Eun-Cheol Park, Maja Pasovic, Roberto Passera, Jay Patel, Riya Jayesh Patel, Shankargouda Patil, Apurba Patra, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Jarmila Pekarcikova, Umberto Pensato, Prince Peprah, Jeevan Pereira, Mario F P Peres, Simone Perna, Richard G Pestell, Olumuyiwa James Peter, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, Hoang Tran Pham, Tung Thanh Pham, Daniela Pierannunzio, Julian David Pillay, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Saeed Pirouzpanah, Ramesh Poluru, Arjun Pon Avudaiappan, Maarten J Postma, Reza Pourbabaki, Farzad Pourghazi, Disha Prabhu, Jalandhar Pradhan, Peralam Yegneswaran Prakash, Chandra P Prasad, Akila Prashant, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Asma Saleem Qazi, Suli Qiu, Karzan Qurbani, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki, Ata Rafiee, Alireza Rafiei, Pracheth Raghuveer, Hawbash Mohammed-Amin Rahim, Fryad Majeed Rahman, Md Mijanur Rahman, Mohammad Meshbahur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Saeed Rahmani, Masoud Rahmati, Pramila Rai, Diego Raimondo, Ivano Raimondo, Sathish Rajaa, Rayan Rajabi, Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh, Majed Ramadan, Chitra Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Pushkal Sinduvadi Ramesh, Zahra Ramezani, Juwel Rana, Rishabh Kumar Rana, Nemanja Rancic, Fatemeh Ranjbar Noei, Christopher Rao, Kumuda Rao, Mithun Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Vahid Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Devarajan Rathish, Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, Ilari Rautalin, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Elrashdy Redwan, Sanika Rege, Ana Reis-Mendes, Stefano Restaino, Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Tércia Moreira Ribeiro da Silva, Maximiliano Ribeiro Ribeiro Guerra, Moattar Raza Rizvi, Thomas J Roberts, Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha, João Rocha Rocha-Gomes, Thales Philipe Rodrigues da Silva, Ravi Rohilla, Peter Rohloff, Kevin T Root, Gholamreza Roshandel, Amirhossein Roshanshad, Himanshu Sekhar Rout, Guido Rovera, Nitai Roy, Sharmistha Roy, Korosh Saber, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Cameron John Sabet, Siamak Sabour, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Tarannom Sadegh, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Kanza Saeed, Mohd Saeed, Umar Saeed, Amene Saghazadeh, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Mohamed A Saleh, Leili Salehi, Amir Salek Farrokhi, Marwa Rashad Salem, Sohrab Salimi, Pouria Samadi, Jayami Eshana Samaranayake, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Made Ary Sarasmita, Aswini Saravanan, Saman Sargazi, Tanmay Sarkar, Gargi Sachin Sarode, Sachin C Sarode, Arash Sarveazad, Michele Sassano, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Reza Sattarpour, Jennifer Saulam, Monika Sawhney, Juhi Saxena, Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt, Christophe Schinckus, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Art Schuermans, Austin E Schumacher, Durairaj Sekar, Saravanan Sekaran, Mario Šekerija, Mohammad H Semreen, Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie, Pallav Sengupta, Yigit Can Senol, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Dragos Serban, Yashendra Sethi, Seyed Mohammad Seyed Alshohadaei, Homa Seyedmirzaei, Allen Seylani, Maryam Shabany, Mahan Shafie, Muhammad Shahab, Ataollah Shahbandi, Samiah Shahid, Syed Ahsan Ahsan Shahid, Hamid R Shahsavari, Moyad Jamal Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Elahe Shams, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Anas Shamsi, Alfiya Shamsutdinova, Dan Shan, Mohd Shanawaz, Abhishek Shankar, Mohammed Shannawaz, Nigussie Tadesse Sharew, Amin Sharifan, Manoj Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Shamee Shastry, Ramzi Shawahna, Maryam Shayan, Fateme Sheida, Samendra P Sherchan, Pavanchand H Shetty, Premalatha K Shetty, Ranjitha S Shetty, Suraj S Shetty, Mosa Shibani, Aminu Shittu, Velizar Shivarov, Zahra Shokati Eshkiki, Sinegugu Nosipho Shongwe, Sina Shool, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Kerem Shuval, Yafei Si, Nicole R S Sibuyi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Ahmed Kamal Siddiqi, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Amit Singh, Baljinder Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Kalpana Singh, Mayank Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Prashant Kumar Singh, Puneetpal Singh, Satwinder Singh, Surjit Singh, Mukesh Kumar Sinha, Freddy Sitas, Dagne Feleke Siyoum, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Amanda E Smith, Farrukh Sobia, Solikhah Solikhah, Sameh S M Soliman, Aayushi Sood, Sandra Spearman, Bahadar S Srichawla, Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy, Devin Bailey Srivastava, Kurt Straif, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Auwal Garba Suleiman, Muritala Odidi Suleiman Odidi, Muhammad Suleman, Desy Sulistiyorini, Anusha Sultan Meo, Zhong Sun, Vinay Suresh, Hani Susianti, Chandan Kumar Swain, Lukasz Szarpak, Sree Sudha T Y, Payam Tabaee Damavandi, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Fatemeh Sadat Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Ramin Tabibi, Mohammad Tabish, Seyed Reza Taha, Yasaman Taheri Abkenar, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Jabeen Taiba, Iman M Talaat, Mircea Tampa, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker-Kan Tan, Manoj Tanwar, Saba Tariq, Seyed Mohammad Tavangar, Birhan Tsegaw Taye, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Abainash Tekola, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Dufera Rikitu Terefa, Wegen Beyene Tesfamariam, Enoch Teye-Kwadjo, Lakshmi Thangavelu, Rekha Thapar, Rasiah Thayakaran, Mahalakshmi Thayumana Sundaram, Hadiza Theyra-Enias, Nihal Thomas, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Tenaw Yimer Tiruye, Krishna Tiwari, Roman Topor-Madry, Adetunji T Toriola, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Quynh Thuy Huong Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Domenico Trico, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Mike Tuffour Amirikah, Lawrence Sena Tuglo, Atta Ullah, Saeed Ullah, Srikanth Umakanthan, Lawan Umar, Shehu Salihu Umar, Umar Muhammad Umar, Brigid Unim, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Dinesh Upadhya, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Omid Vakili, Jef Van den Eynde, Javad Varasteh, Shoban Babu Varthya, Siavash Vaziri, Balachandar Vellingiri, Madhur Verma, Massimiliano Veroux, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Simone Villa, Gabriela Ines Villanueva, Francesco S Violante, Giuseppe Vizzielli, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Vasily Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Elpida Vounzoulaki, Yasir Waheed, Cong Wang, Ruixuan Wang, Xing Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Muhammad Waqas, Paul Ward, Toyiba Hiyaru Wassie, Kosala Gayan Weerakoon, Ronny Westerman, Anggi Lukman Wicaksana, Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Darshana Wickramasinghe, Karn Wijarnpreecha, Peter Willeit, Marcin W Wojewodzic, Axel Walter Wolf, Felicia Wu, James Fan Wu, Zenghong Wu, Qing Xia, Zhijia Xia, Lishun Xiao, Wanqing Xie, Libo Xu, Suowen Xu, Mingyang Xue, Mukesh Kumar Yadav, Galal Yahya, Amir Yarahmadi, Mohamed A Yassin, Sanni Yaya, Pengpeng Ye, Subah Abderehim Yesuf, Saber Yezli, Dehui Yin, Biksegn Asrat Yirdaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Zabihollah Yousefi, Chuanhua Yu, Chun-Wei Yuan, Vesna Zadnik, Syed Nabeel Zafar, Manijeh Zaghampour, Fathiah Zakham, Nazar Zaki, Giulia Zamagni, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi, Michael Zastrozhin, Mohammed Zawiah, Mohammed G M Zeariya, Alemu Birara Zemariam, Sebastian Zensen, Jianrong Zhang, Jingya Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Xiaoyi Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Yang Zhao, David X Zheng, Jinxin Zheng, Ming-Hua Zheng, Anthony Zhong, Claire Chenwen Zhong, Jiayan Zhou, Juexiao Zhou, Bin Zhu, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Magdalena Zielińska, Osama A Zitoun, Rafat Mohammad Zrieq, Mohammed Zuber, Sa'ed H Zyoud, Shaher H Zyoud, Theo Vos, Christopher J L Murray
    Lancet, 2025
  • Asthma and Atopic Dermatitis in Asia, 1990–2021: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
    GBD 2021 Asia Allergic Disorders Collaborators
    Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 2025
    BackgroundGiven the diverse population and regional differences across Asia, a comprehensive analysis of allergic diseases is crucial for guiding healthcare planning, resource allocation, and prevention strategies. Therefore, utilising the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, we aimed to thoroughly investigate the burden of allergic conditions and their attributable risk factors in Asia.MethodsAsthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) prevalence and burden estimates were calculated across various regions within Asia (Central, South, Southeast, East Asia and high‐income Asia Pacific) from 1990 to 2021, covering age groups segmented into five‐year intervals and analysing data separately and combined for males and females. The Bayesian meta‐regression tool was employed to estimate the prevalence, incidence, and cause‐specific mortality of allergic disorders. Asthma‐related deaths and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to each risk factor were estimated using relative risks, risk exposure and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, asthma in Asia showed significant declines in age‐standardised prevalence, mortality, and DALYs, exceeding global trends. In 2021, an estimated 106 million (95% UI, 92–121) individuals in Asia had asthma, with age‐standardised rates decreasing significantly. However, asthma‐related deaths still accounted for 346,755 (278,046–464,848) cases in 2021. In contrast, the AD burden remained stable, with 68.1 million (65.4–71.0) cases in 2021, reflecting a 16.1% increase since 1990, though the age‐standardised prevalence remained unchanged. AD exhibited the highest DALYs rates in high‐income Asia Pacific and Central Asia, with significant gender disparities in prevalence.ConclusionThis study showed a declining age‐standardised asthma burden, mortality, and impact, along with a stable burden of AD in Asia from 1990 to 2021. This comprehensive data analysis would provide invaluable insights for making targeted health interventions and policies aimed at mitigating the burden of allergic diseases in Asia.
  • Global, regional, and national prevalence of kidney failure with replacement therapy and associated aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
    Quinn Rafferty, Lauryn K Stafford, Theo Vos, Fernando Saldanha Thomé, Hasan Aalruz, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Armita Abedi, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Salahdein Aburuz, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Lawan Hassan Adamu, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Abiola Victor Adepoju, Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Sanjay Kumar Agarwal, Shahin Aghamiri, Krishna Kumar Agrawaal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Marjan Ajami, Shiva Akhlaghi, Sreelatha Akkala, Ziyad Al-Aly, Mohammed Albashtawy, Khalifah A Aldawsari, Hediyeh Alemi, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Endale Alemayehu Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Omar Almidani, Rajaa M Mohammad Al-Raddadi, Farrukh Jawad Alvi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Safwat Aly, Karem H Alzoubi, Reza Amani, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Abhishek Anil, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Elshaimaa A Arafa, Mesay Arkew, Johan Ärnlöv, Tahira Ashraf, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe, Zewdu Bishaw Aynalem, Sina Azadnajafabad, Hamed Azhdari Tehrani, Shahkaar Aziz, Hassan Babamohamadi, Muhammad Badar, Arvind Bagga, Sara Bagherieh, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Sanjay Basu, Saurav Basu, Kavita Batra, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayleyegn, Neeraj Bedi, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Alehegn Bekele, Luis Belo, Bright Benfor, Isabela M Bensenor, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Mariah Malak Bilalaga, Veera R Bitra, Kaustubh Bora, Yasser Bustanji, Zahid A Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Juan Jesus Carrero, Márcia Carvalho, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alberico L Catapano, Muthia Cenderadewi, Joshua Chadwick, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Eeshwar K Chandrasekar, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Endeshaw Chekol Abebe, Patrick R Ching, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Rajiv Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Massimo Cirillo, Alyssa Columbus, Josef Coresh, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Saswati Das, Mohadese Dashtkoohi, Mogamat Razeen Davids, Ivan Delgado-Enciso, Berecha Hundessa Demessa, Xinlei Deng, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Abhinav Dixit, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Camila Bruneli do Prado, Khanh Duy Doan, Klara Georgieva Dokova, Deepa Dongarwar, Robert Kokou Dowou, Hisham Atan Edinur, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor, Francesco Esposito, Farshid Etaee, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Razana Faiz, Aida Fallahzadeh, Emerito Jose A Aquino Faraon, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Nuno Ferreira, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Florian Fischer, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Aravind P Gandhi, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Mathewos Mekonnen Gemmechu, Mansour Ghafourifard, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Ebisa Zerihun Gindaba, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Shi-Yang Guan, Mesay Dechasa Gudeta, Anish Kumar Gupta, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Najah R Hadi, Hailey Hagins, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Sobia Ahsan Halim, Rabih Halwani, Nadia M Hamdy, Samer Hamidi, Ahmad Hammoud, Habtamu Endashaw Hareru, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Md Saquib Hasnain, Johannes Haubold, Jiawei He, Keyvan Heydari, Yuta Hiraike, Praveen Hoogar, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Hong-Han Huynh, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Irena M Ilic, Md Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Muhammad Islampanah, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Hiroyasu Iso, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Mahboobeh Jafari, Khushleen Jaggi, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Vivekanand Jha, Jost B Jonas, Abel Joseph, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Ali Kabir, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Himal Kandel, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Ibraheem M Karaye, Ronit Katz, Tsegaye Melaku Kebede, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Moien AB Khan, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Sorour Khateri, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Sepehr Khosravi, Biruk Getahun Kibret, Adnan Kisa, Farzad Kompani, Oleksii Korzh, Karel Kostev, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Kewal Krishan, Hare Krishna, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Mohammed Kuddus, Avinash Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Chandrakant Lahariya, Tuo Lan, Thao Thi Thu Le, Trang Thi Bich Le, Caterina Ledda, Munjae Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Zhihui Li, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Shuke Liu, Chun-Han Lo, László Lorenzovici, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Hawraz Ibrahim M Amin, Sandeep B Maharaj, Amir Ali Mahboobipour, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Reza Malekzadeh, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Emmanuel Manu, Patrick B Mark, Winfried März, Elezebeth Mathews, Andrea Maugeri, Stephen Peter McDonald, Steven M McPhail, Hadush Negash Meles, Mohsen Merati, Tomislav Mestrovic, Tomasz Miazgowski, Niloofar Mirdamadi, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Vinaytosh Mishra, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Mustapha Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Alireza Mohseni, Ali H Mokdad, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Yousef Moradi, Linda Morales-Juárez, Negar Morovatdar, Parsa Mousavi, Kavita Munjal, Efren Murillo-Zamora, Ahmad Mustafa, Muhammad Muzaffar, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Mohsen Naghavi, Pirouz Naghavi, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Abdallah Y Naser, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Zuhair S Natto, Ashish Kumar Nayyar, Athare Nazri-Panjaki, Mohammad Negaresh, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Nawi Ng, Dang Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Muhammad A Nizam, Mamoona Noreen, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Tosin Abiola Olasehinde, Hany A Omar, Alberto Ortiz, Wael M S Osman, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Mayowa O Owolabi, Ifeoluwa Temitayo Oyeyemi, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Anamika Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Romil R Parikh, Seoyeon Park, Maja Pasovic, Jay Patel, Shrikant Pawar, Prince Peprah, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Hoang Tran Pham, Anil K Philip, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Ibrahim Qattea, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Masoud Rahmati, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Indu Ramachandra Rao, Drona Prakash Rasali, Sina Rashedi, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Salman Rawaf, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy, Elrashdy Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Nazila Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Peter Rohloff, Debby Syahru Romadlon, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Aly M A Saad, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Umar Saeed, Maryam Saeedi, Sher Zaman Safi, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Monalisha Sahu, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Luciane B Salaroli, Mohamed A Saleh, Hossein Salehi omran, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Juan Sanabria, Francesco Sanmarchi, Itamar S Santos, Aswini Saravanan, Saman Sargazi, Tanmay Sarkar, Arash Sarveazad, Jennifer Saulam, Monika Sawhney, Art Schuermans, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Sabyasachi Senapati, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Sidharth Kumar Sethi, Yashendra Sethi, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Allen Seylani, Saeed Shahabi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Amin Sharifan, Javad Sharifi Rad, Bereket Beyene Shashamo, Aminu Shittu, Abdul-karim Olayinka Shitu, Sunil Shrestha, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Jasvinder A Singh, Mahendra Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Rajiv Sinha, Ranjan Solanki, Shipra Solanki, Yonatan Solomon, Vianda S Stel, Jacqueline H Stephens, Muhammad Suleman, Jing Sun, Johan Sundström, Hani Susianti, Chandan Kumar Swain, Lukasz Szarpak, Sree Sudha T Y, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Shima Tabatabai, Mohammad Tabish, Iman M Talaat, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Roberto C Tanchanco, Wubshet H Tesfaye, Edosa Tesfaye Geta, Riki Tesler, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Marcello Tonelli, Domenico Trico, Vien T Truong, Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay, Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Rohollah Valizadeh, Jef Van den Eynde, Priya Vart, Shoban Babu Varthya, Madhur Verma, Massimiliano Veroux, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Loc Tri Vu, Henok Toga Wada, Yasir Waheed, Fang Wang, Muhammad Waqas, Ronny Westerman, YiFan Wu, Suowen Xu, Habib Yaribeygi, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mazyar Zahir, Sojib Bin Zaman, Nelson Zamora, Moein Zangiabadian, Iman Zare, Haijun Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Jingjing Zhou, Magdalena Zielińska, Yossef Teshome Zikarg, Samer H Zyoud, Bruce B Duncan, Simon I Hay, Christopher J L Murray, Kanyin Liane Ong
    Lancet Global Health, 2025
    BACKGROUND: Kidney failure with replacement therapy (KFRT) such as dialysis or transplantation represents a severe stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and poses a major global health burden. Although many CKD cases are diagnosed in the earlier stages, the greatest risk occurs when CKD progresses to KFRT. Despite its considerable financial and imposing impact on public health, there is a notable gap in international policies addressing CKD and KFRT. To bridge this gap and help policy makers and health systems effectively tackle the public health challenge of KFRT, a better understanding of the disease burden is essential. Thus, this analysis aims to provide a detailed overview of the global prevalence of KFRT and its associated aetiologies with estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) from 1990 to 2023. METHODS: This study defined KFRT as individuals on maintenance dialysis for 90 days or more or those who have undergone a kidney transplant, aligning with the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Renal registries served as the primary data sources. Prevalence and underlying aetiology estimates (type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and other causes) were generated with DisMod-MR 2.1, an epidemiological Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression modelling tool. Both all-age and age-standardised estimates were reported and accompanied with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). FINDINGS: In 2023, the number of global cases of KFRT was 4·59 million (95% UI 4·17-5·08) for both sexes and all ages, with an age-standardised prevalence of 50·7 (46·1-56·0) per 100 000 population. Over the past three decades, there has been a steady increase in KFRT prevalence globally. The highest prevalence was found in the GBD high-income regions, while the lowest was observed in sub-Saharan Africa. KFRT prevalence was generally higher in countries classified within the World Bank's high-income and upper-middle-income groups, while lower prevalence was more common in countries within the World Bank's low-income and lower-middle-income groups. Additionally, a pronounced sex disparity was identified, where male dialysis and transplant prevalence estimates were consistently higher than those for females in most countries. Type 2 diabetes and hypertension were among the leading associated aetiologies of KFRT globally. From 1990 to 2023, the all-age and age-standardised prevalence estimates across the ascribed aetiologies increased for KFRT, with the largest increases associated with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. INTERPRETATION: KFRT affects approximately 5 million people globally, with high treatment and mortality costs. Our study unveiled considerable geographical variation in KFRT prevalence, which should be seen as indicators of health-care system opportunities. As the prevalence of the leading aetiologies of KFRT-type 2 diabetes and hypertension-continues to rise, there is a crucial need to prioritise the development and implementation of cost-effective strategies aimed at preventing CKD and its progression to KFRT, particularly in low-resource settings. These preventive efforts must happen in tandem with efforts to expand capacity for dialysis and transplant services. FUNDING: Gates Foundation.
  • Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
    Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Avina Vongpradith, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Jianing Ma, Samuel B Albertson, Amanda Novotney, Ibrahim A Khalil, Christopher E Troeger, Matthew C Doxey, Jorge R Ledesma, Sarah Brooke Sirota, Rose Grace Bender, Lucien R Swetschinski, Matthew Cunningham, Sandra Spearman, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Abdallah H A Abd Al Magied, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Meriem Abdoun, Bayeh Abera, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hasan Abualruz, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Hana J Abukhadijah, Salahdein Aburuz, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Victor Adekanmbi, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun Adetunji, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Ripon Kumar Adhikary, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saryia Adra, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Feleke Doyore Agide, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Saeed Ahmed, Karolina Akinosoglou, Ema Akter, Salah Al Awaidy, Muaaz M Alajlani, Khurshid Alam, Almaza Albakri, Mohammed Albashtawy, Wafa A Aldhaleei, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Abid Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sabah Al-Marwani, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Sami Almustanyir, Saleh A Alqahatni, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Rami H Al-Rifai, Mohammed A Alsabri, Awais Altaf, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Alyahya, Walid A Al-Zyoud, Dickson A Amugsi, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sebastien Antoni, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Saleha Anwar, Palwasha Anwari, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Abdulfatai Aremu, Michael Benjamin Arndt, Akeza Awealom Asgedom, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Alok Atreya, Firayad Ayele, Davood Azadi, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Shahkaar Aziz, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu, Pegah Bahrami Taghanaki, Saeed Bahramian, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Biswajit Banik, Simachew Animen Bante, Mainak Bardhan, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Zarrin Basharat, Quique Bassat, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Saurav Basu, Prapthi Persis Bathini, Payam Behzadi, Maryam Beiranvand, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Apostolos Beloukas, Azizullah Beran, Dinesh Bhandari, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Hamed Borhany, Souad Bouaoud, Michael Brauer, Danilo Buonsenso, Zahid A Butt, Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay, Luis Alberto Cámera, Angelo Capodici, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Muthia Cenderadewi, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Fatemeh Chichagi, Patrick R Ching, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Hitesh Chopra, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Muhammad Chutiyami, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Jai K Das, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Ivan Delgado-Enciso, Belay Desye, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Kuldeep Dhama, Meghnath Dhimal, Michael J Diaz, Thanh Chi Do, Sushil Dohare, Fariba Dorostkar, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Leila Doshmangir, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Abdel Rahman E'mar, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, Hisham Atan Edinur, Defi Efendi, Ferry Efendi, Foolad Eghbali, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Ashraf A El-Metwally, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Chadi Eltaha, Babak Eshrati, Majid Eslami, Ayesha Fahim, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Mohammad Farahmand, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Modupe Margaret Fasina, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Takeshi Fukumoto, Blima Fux, Muktar A Gadanya, Santosh Gaihre, Márió Gajdács, Yaseen Galali, Aravind P Gandhi, Rupesh K Gautam, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Motuma Erena Getachew, Genanew K Getahun, Molla Getie, Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Sherief Ghozy, Artyom Urievich Gil, Alem Abera Girmay, Abraham Tamirat T Gizaw, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Philimon N Gona, Ayman Grada, Giovanni Guarducci, Mesay Dechasa Gudeta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Awoke Derbie Habteyohannes, Najah R Hadi, Samer Hamidi, Erin B Hamilton, Harapan Harapan, Md. Kamrul Hasan, S.M. Mahmudul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Md Saquib Hasnain, Ikrama Ibrahim Hassan, Jiawei He, Mehdi Hemmati, Kamal Hezam, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Junjie Huang, Hong-Han Huynh, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Kevin S Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Sumant Inamdar, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Haitham Jahrami, Akhil Jain, Nityanand Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Javad Javidnia, Shubha Jayaram, Mohammad Jokar, Jost B Jonas, Abel Joseph, Nitin Joseph, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Hannaneh Kabir, Dler H. Hussein Kadir, Md Moustafa Kamal, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Arun Kamireddy, Tanuj Kanchan, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Suthanthira Kannan S, Rami S Kantar, Jafar Karami, Prabin Karki, Hengameh Kasraei, Harkiran Kaur, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Alireza Khalilian, Faham Khamesipour, Gulfaraz Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Zeeshan Ali Khan, Vishnu Khanal, Khaled Khatab, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Amir M Khater, Khalid A Kheirallah, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Atulya Aman Khosla, Kwanghyun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Niranjan Kissoon, Desmond Klu, Sonali Kochhar, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Soewarta Kosen, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mohammed Kuddus, Mukhtar Kulimbet, G Anil Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Frank Kyei-Arthur, Chandrakant Lahariya, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Ming-Chieh Li, Virendra S Ligade, Gang Liu, Shuke Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Chun-Han Lo, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Lei Lv, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Bishnu P Marasini, Miquel Martorell, Roy Rillera Marzo, Hossein Masoumi-Asl, Medha Mathur, Navgeet Mathur, Rishi P Mediratta, Elahe Meftah, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Hadush Negash Meles, Endalkachew Belayneh Melese, Walter Mendoza, Mohsen Merati, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Sachith Mettananda, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Vinaytosh Mishra, Prasanna Mithra, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Mouhand F H Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Mustapha Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Rohith Motappa, Vincent Mougin, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Kavita Munjal, Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan, Pirouz Naghavi, Gurudatta Naik, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Shumaila Nargus, Delaram Narimani Davani, Abdulqadir J Nashwan, Zuhair S Natto, Athare Nazri-Panjaki, G Takop Nchanji, Pacifique Ndishimye, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Duc Hoang Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Yeshambel T Nigatu, Ali Nikoobar, Vikram Niranjan, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Efaq Ali Noman, Nurulamin M Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor, Mehran Nouri, Majid Nozari, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Fred Nugen, Ismail A Odetokun, Adesola Adenike Ogunfowokan, Tolulope R Ojo-Akosile, Iruka N Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Gideon Olamilekan Oluwatunase, Verner N Orish, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Olayinka Osuolale, Amel Ouyahia, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Victoria Pando-Robles, Shahina Pardhan, Romil R Parikh, Jay Patel, Shankargouda Patil, Shrikant Pawar, Prince Peprah, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Simone Perna, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Anil K Philip, Roman V Polibin, Maarten J Postma, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Jalandhar Pradhan, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Asma Saleem Qazi, Deepthi R, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Fakher Rahim, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Shayan Rahmani, Mohammad Rahmanian, Nazanin Rahmanian, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Muhammed Ahmed Ahmed Rameto, Pramod W Ramteke, Kritika Rana, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Davide Rasella, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani, Devarajan Rathish, Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, Salman Rawaf, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Aavishkar Raj Regmi, Kannan RR Rengasamy, Nazila Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Abanoub Riad, Monica Rodrigues, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Ravi Rohilla, Luca Ronfani, Moustaq Karim Khan Rony, Allen Guy Ross, Shekoufeh Roudashti, Bedanta Roy, Tilleye Runghien, Mamta Sachdeva Dhingra, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Mehdi Safari, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Mohamed A Saleh, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Juan Sanabria, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Tanmay Sarkar, Benn Sartorius, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Austin E Schumacher, Mengistu Abayneh Sebsibe, Dragos Serban, Mahan Shafie, Samiah Shahid, Wajeehah Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Sunder Sham, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran, Mohd Shanawaz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Amin Sharifan, Manoj Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Suchitra M Shenoy, Samendra P Sherchan, Mahabalesh Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Desalegn Shiferaw, Aminu Shittu, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Baljinder Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Robert Sinto, Bogdan Socea, Heidi M Soeters, Anton Sokhan, Prashant Sood, Soroush Soraneh, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy, Vijay Kumar Srivastava, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai, Narayan Subedi, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Sahabi K Sulaiman, Muhammad Suleman, Chandan Kumar Swain, Lukasz Szarpak, Sree Sudha T Y, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Celine Tabche, Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Taha, Ashis Talukder, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker-Kan Tan, Sarmila Tandukar, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Ocean Thakali, Ramna Thakur, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Joe Thomas, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Krishna Tiwari, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Khai Hoan Tram, An Thien Tran, Nghia Minh Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Arit Udoh, Saeed Ullah, Muhammad Umair, Muhammad Umar, Brigid Unim, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Sanaz Vahdati, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Rohollah Valizadeh, Madhur Verma, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Manish Vinayak, Yasir Waheed, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Yanzhong Wang, Muhammad Waqas, Kosala Gayan Weerakoon, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Asrat Arja Wolde, Felicia Wu, Sajad Yaghoubi, Sanni Yaya, Saber Yezli, Vahit Yiğit, Dehui Yin, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Hadiza Yusuf, Mondal Hasan Zahid, Fathiah Zakham, Leila Zaki, Iman Zare, Michael Zastrozhin, Mohammed G M Zeariya, Haijun Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Hafsa Zia, Mohammad Zoladl, Ali H Mokdad, Stephen S Lim, Theo Vos, James A Platts-Mills, Jonathan F Mosser, Robert C Reiner, Simon I Hay, Mohsen Naghavi, Christopher J L Murray
    Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2025
    BACKGROUND: Diarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to assess the burden of, and trends in, diarrhoeal diseases overall and attributable to 13 pathogens, as well as the contributions of associated risk factors, in children and adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse vital registration data, verbal autopsy data, mortality surveillance data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. We used DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews, population-based surveys, and claims and inpatient data. We calculated diarrhoeal disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for each location, year, and age-sex group. For aetiology estimation, we used a counterfactual approach to quantify population-attributable fractions (PAFs). Additionally, we estimated the diarrhoeal disease burden attributable to the independent effects of risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework. FINDINGS: In 2021, diarrhoeal diseases caused an estimated 1·17 million (95% uncertainty interval 0·793-1·62) deaths globally, representing a 60·3% (50·6-69·0) decrease since 1990 (2·93 million [2·31-3·73] deaths). The most pronounced decline was in children younger than 5 years, with a 79·2% (72·4-84·6) decrease in diarrhoeal deaths. Global YLLs also decreased substantially, from 186 million (147-221) in 1990 to 51·4 million (39·9-65·9) in 2021. In 2021, an estimated 59·0 million (47·2-73·2) DALYs were attributable to diarrhoeal diseases globally, with 30·9 million (23·1-42·0) of these affecting children younger than 5 years. Leading risk factors for diarrhoeal DALYs included low birthweight and short gestation in the neonatal age groups, child growth failure in children aged between 1-5 months and 2-4 years, and unsafe water and poor sanitation in older children and adults. We estimated that the removal of all evaluated diarrhoeal risk factors would reduce global DALYs from 59·0 million (47·2-73·2) to 4·99 million (1·99-10·0) among all ages combined. Globally in 2021, rotavirus was the predominant cause of diarrhoeal deaths across all ages, with a PAF of 15·2% (11·4-20·1), followed by norovirus at 10·6% (2·3-17·0) and Cryptosporidium spp at 10·2% (7·03-14·3). In children younger than 5 years, the fatal PAF of rotavirus was 35·2% (28·7-43·0), followed by Shigella spp at 24·0% (15·2-37·9) and adenovirus at 23·8% (14·8-36·3). Other pathogens with a fatal PAF greater than 10% in children younger than 5 years included Cryptosporidium spp, typical enteropathogenicEscherichia coli, and enterotoxigenic E coli producing heat-stable toxin. INTERPRETATION: The substantial decline in the global burden of diarrhoeal diseases since 1990, particularly in children younger than 5 years, supports the effectiveness of health interventions such as oral rehydration therapy, enhanced water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure, and the introduction and scale-up of rotavirus vaccination. Targeted interventions and preventive measures against key risk factors and pathogens could further reduce this burden. Continued investment in the development and distribution of vaccines for leading pathogens remains crucial. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
  • Population-based cross-sectional study of the correlation of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour with sociodemographic factors among Bangladeshi adults
    Mohammad Jobair Khan, Priya Kannan, Balasankar Ganesan, Sufia Khatun, Mohammed Usman Ali, et al.
    Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 2025
    Background: Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour are influenced by various interconnected variables. In Bangladesh, studies on physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour are scarce, regardless of age in the adult population. This study aims to determine the correlates of adults' physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour with sociodemographic factors, including gender, age, residential, educational, and occupational status. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey conducted from February to May 2018 across eight divisions of Bangladesh. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to measure physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour. The data consisted of 8,185 adults aged 18 to 69 years. The Bayesian regression model was used to analyse the correlates. Results: Physical inactivity, including work, active transport, and recreation, males and urban residents were more likely to be inactive than their female counterparts and rural residents. Married adults had greater (Odd Ratio [OR]: 6.6, 95% CI: 5.46 to 7.98) recreation-related physical inactivity. Unemployed adults were more likely to engage in sedentary behaviour (OR: 4, 95% CI: 2.48 to 6.12) and less likely to engage in moderate physical activity (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.43 to 3.39). Conclusions: A notable pattern of insufficient recreational physical activity among adults in Bangladesh was noted. Establishing nationwide surveillance systems to detect physical activity and sedentary behaviour trends to evaluate potential interventions for improving physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour. Expanding school-based physical activity programs help children and adolescents learn lifelong healthy behaviours. Community sports programs for all ages promote active living.
  • A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey of the Prevalence of and Association of Physical Activity With Suicidal, Psychosocial and Health-Risk Indicators Among Adolescents in Bangladesh
    Mohammad Jobair Khan, Mohammed Usman Ali, Sayma, Balasankar Ganesan, Auwal Abdullahi, S. M. Mahmudul Hasan, Atiqur Rahman Khan, Mohammad Delwer Hossain Hawlader, Stanley John Winser
    Child Care Health and Development, 2025
    PurposeThis study investigated the associations between physical activity (PA) and suicidal behaviours, psychosocial outcomes and indicators of health risks.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of data from the Global School‐Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) database. A total of 2058 adolescents aged 11–17 years in Grades 7–10 completed a self‐administered questionnaire. Sex‐stratified logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between PA and suicidal behaviours, psychosocial outcomes and indicators of health risks. We used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to test whether PA‐related factors predicted suicidal, psychological and lifestyle‐related behaviours. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) examined the contributions of PA to these factors.FindingsHalf of the adolescents (18.9% boys and 30.3% girls) indicated satisfactory PA per the World Health Organization guidelines. The most active group in terms of frequency of activity and walking or bicycling to school was positively associated with suicidal behaviour. Isolated adolescents reported anxiety despite frequent PA. Reduced frequency of PA was significantly associated with sexual activity, smoking, tobacco product use (girls), alcohol abuse (boys) and other drug use (boys and girls). The LASSO revealed that different PA‐related factors predicted suicidal, psychological and lifestyle‐related behaviour among girls and boys. The GLMM showed a significant contribution of PA to selected predictors.ConclusionIncreased PA may lower suicidal behaviour among adolescents. The most physically active groups were associated with predictors that varied by sex; boys were bullied, whereas girls experienced physical abuse.
  • Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections and otitis media, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
    Sarah Brooke Sirota, Matthew C Doxey, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Rose Grace Bender, Avina Vongpradith, Samuel B Albertson, Amanda Novotney, Katrin Burkart, Austin Carter, Parsa Abdi, Meriem Abdoun, Ayele Mamo Abebe, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Hasan Abualruz, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Salahdein Aburuz, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Victor Adekanmbi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Karolina Akinosoglou, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Salah Al Awaidy, Samer O Alalalmeh, Mohammed Albashtawy, Mohammad T AlBataineh, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Abid Ali, Liaqat Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Joseph Uy Almazan, Jaber S Alqahtani, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Rami H Al-Rifai, Najim Z Alshahrani, Khaled Altartoor, Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Safwat Aly, Karem H Alzoubi, Walid Adnan Al-Zyoud, Abebe Feyissa Amhare, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Abhishek Anil, Saeid Anvari, Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel Anyabolo, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Demelash Areda, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Abdulfatai Aremu, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Avinash Aujayeb, Zewdu Bishaw Aynalem, Sina Azadnajafabad, Ahmed Y Azzam, Muhammad Badar, Pegah Bahrami Taghanaki, Saeed Bahramian, Atif Amin Baig, Milica Bajcetic, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Mainak Bardhan, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Kavita Batra, Ravi Batra, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Maryam Beiranvand, Alemu Gedefie Belete, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Apostolos Beloukas, Azizullah Beran, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ashish Bhargava, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan, Veera R Bitra, Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin, Eyob Ketema Bogale, Sri Harsha Boppana, Hamed Borhany, Souad Bouaoud, Colin Stewart Brown, Danilo Buonsenso, Yasser Bustanji, Luis Alberto Cámera, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Luca Cegolon, Muthia Cenderadewi, Sandip Chakraborty, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Esther T W Cheng, Fatemeh Chichagi, Patrick R Ching, Hitesh Chopra, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Erin Chung, Alexandru Corlateanu, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Sriharsha Dadana, Omid Dadras, Tukur Dahiru, Xiaochen Dai, Jai K Das, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Mohsen Dashti, Mohadese Dashtkoohi, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Shayom Debopadhaya, Berecha Hundessa Demessa, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Devananda Devegowda, Kuldeep Dhama, Vishal R Dhulipala, Daniel Diaz, Michael J Diaz, Thanh Chi Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Masoud Dodangeh, Fariba Dorostkar, Ashel Chelsea Dsouza, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Faris El-Dahiyat, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohammed Elshaer, Majid Eslami, Ugochukwu Anthony Eze, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ali Faramarzi, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Nuno Ferreira, Florian Fischer, Ida Fitriana, Luisa S Flor, Santosh Gaihre, Márió Gajdács, Nasrin Galehdar, Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Genanew K Getahun, Molla Getie, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh, Mahsa Ghorbani, Mohamad Goldust, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Giuseppe Gorini, Anmol Goyal, Shi-Yang Guan, Giovanni Guarducci, Mesay Dechasa Gudeta, Renu Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Mostafa Hadei, Najah R Hadi, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Samer Hamidi, Ahmad Hammoud, Nasrin Hanifi, Fahad Hanna, Zaim Anan Haq, Md Rabiul Haque, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Md Saquib Hasnain, Hadi Hassankhani, Johannes Haubold, Khezar Hayat, Omar E Hegazi, Kamal Hezam, Ramesh Holla, Praveen Hoogar, Nobuyuki Horita, Mihaela Hostiuc, Hong-Han Huynh, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Md Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Masao Iwagami, Vinothini J, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Khushleen Jaggi, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Elham Jamshidi, Shubha Jayaram, Bijay Mukesh Jeswani, Ravi Prakash Jha, Jobinse Jose, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Vaishali K, Zubair Kabir, Himal Kandel, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Surya Kant, Rami S Kantar, Ibraheem M Karaye, Arman Karimi Behnagh, Navjot Kaur, Himanshu Khajuria, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Faham Khamesipour, Gulfaraz Khan, M Nuruzzaman Khan, Maseer Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Sonali Kochhar, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Soewarta Kosen, Kewal Krishan, Hare Krishna, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mohammed Kuddus, Ilari Kuitunen, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Dewesh Kumar, Om P Kurmi, L V Simhachalam Kutikuppala, Chandrakant Lahariya, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Savita Lasrado, Kaveh Latifinaibin, Huu-Hoai Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Trang Diep Thanh Le, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Ming-Chieh Li, Peng Li, Stephen S Lim, Gang Liu, Runben Liu, Wei Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Liu, László Lorenzovici, Lisha Luo, Azeem Majeed, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Kashish Malhotra, Iram Malik, Aseer Manilal, Bharati Mehta, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Mathewos M Mekonnen, Hadush Negash Meles, Ziad Ahmed Memish, Max Alberto Mendez-Lopez, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Mohsen Merati, Tomislav Mestrovic, Sachith Mettananda, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Arup Kumar Misra, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Mesud Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Catrin E Moore, Lidia Morawska, Rohith Motappa, Vincent Mougin, Parsa Mousavi, Ghulam Mustafa, Pirouz Naghavi, Ganesh R Naik, Firzan Nainu, Mohammad Sadeq Najafi, Soroush Najdaghi, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Shumaila Nargus, Delaram Narimani Davani, Mohammad Naser, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Dang H Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis, Efaq Ali Noman, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Vincent Ebuka Nwatah, Ismail A Odetokun, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Patrick Godwin Okwute, Titilope O Olanipekun, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Goran Latif Omer, Kenneth Ikenna Onyedibe, Michal Ordak, Verner N Orish, Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Nikita Otstavnov, Amel Ouyahia, Mahesh Padukudru P A, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Ashok Pandey, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Shahina Pardhan, Pragyan Paramita Parija, Romil R Parikh, Seoyeon Park, Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi, Maja Pasovic, Aslam Ramjan Pathan, Shankargouda Patil, Shrikant Pawar, Prince Peprah, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Dhayaneethie Perumal, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Hoang Nhat Pham, Hoang Tran Pham, Anil K Philip, David M Pigott, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Dimitri Poddighe, Roman V Polibin, Maarten J Postma, Reza Pourbabaki, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Asma Saleem Qazi, Gangzhen Qian, Quinn Rafferty, Fakher Rahim, Mehran Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Md Obaidur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Rahmanian, Nazanin Rahmanian, Vahid Rahmanian, Masoud Rahmati, Prashant Rajput, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Pushkal Sinduvadi Ramesh, Indu Ramachandra Rao, Mithun Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Sina Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Devarajan Rathish, Nakul Ravikumar, Salman Rawaf, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Luis Felipe Felipe Reyes, Nazila Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Omid Rezahosseini, Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Luca Ronfani, Shekoufeh Roudashti, Priyanka Roy, Guilherme de Andrade Ruela, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Pooya Saeedi, Mehdi Safari, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Monalisha Sahu, Joseph W Sakshaug, Nasir Salam, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Mohamed A Saleh, Malik Sallam, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Aswini Saravanan, Benn Sartorius, Anudeep Sathyanarayan, Jennifer Saulam, Sonia Saxena, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt, Austin E Schumacher, Mansour Sedighi, Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Yashendra Sethi, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Mahan Shafie, Samiah Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Sunder Sham, Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran, Mohd Shanawaz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Amin Sharifan, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Rajesh P Shastry, Aziz Sheikh, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Aminu Shittu, Ivy Shiue, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Colin R Simpson, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Robert Sinto, Ranjan Solanki, Sameh S M Soliman, Muhammad Suleman, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Chandan Kumar Swain, Lukasz Szarpak, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Mohammad Tabish, Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Taha, Jabeen Taiba, Iman M Talaat, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Birhan Tsegaw Taye, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Dufera Rikitu Terefa, Ramna Thakur, Rekha Thapar, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Ales Tichopad, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Nghia Minh Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Era Upadhyay, Seyed Mohammad Vahabi, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Rohollah Valizadeh, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Manish Vinayak, Muhammad Waqas, Haftom Legese Weldetinsaa, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Ali Yadollahpour, Sajad Yaghoubi, Saber Yezli, Dehui Yin, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Yong Yu, Fathiah Zakham, Ghazal G Z Zandieh, Iman Zare, Fatemeh Zarimeidani, Michael Zastrozhin, Chunxia Zhai, Haijun Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Yang Zhao, Juexiao Zhou, Hafsa Zia, Magdalena Zielińska, Mohammad Zoladl, Samer H Zyoud, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Mohsen Naghavi, Theo Vos, Simon I Hay, Christopher J L Murray, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu
    Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2025
    BACKGROUND: Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are the leading cause of acute disease incidence worldwide and contribute to a substantial health-care burden. Although acute otitis media is a common complication of URIs, the combined global burden of URIs and otitis media has not been studied comprehensively. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to explore the fatal and non-fatal burden of the two diseases across all age groups, including a granular analysis of children younger than 5 years, in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: Mortality due to URIs and otitis media was estimated with use of vital registration and sample-based vital registration data, which are used as inputs to the Cause of Death Ensemble model to separately model URIs and otitis media mortality by age and sex. Morbidity was modelled with a Bayesian meta-regression tool using data from published studies identified via systematic reviews, population-based survey data, and cause-specific URI and otitis media mortality estimates. Additionally, we assessed and compared the burden of otitis media as it relates to URIs and examined the collective burden and contributing risk factors of both diseases. FINDINGS: The global number of new episodes of URIs was 12·8 billion (95% uncertainty interval 11·4 to 14·5) for all ages across males and females in 2021. The global all-age incidence rate of URIs decreased by 10·1% (-12·0 to -8·1) from 1990 to 2019. From 2019 to 2021, the global all-age incidence rate fell by 0·5% (-0·8 to -0·1). Globally, the incidence rate of URIs was 162 484·8 per 100 000 population (144 834·0 to 183 289·4) in 2021, a decrease of 10·5% (-12·4 to -8·4) from 1990, when the incidence rate was 181 552·5 per 100 000 population (160 827·4 to 206 214·7). The highest incidence rates of URIs were seen in children younger than 2 years in 2021, and the largest number of episodes was in children aged 5-9 years. The number of new episodes of otitis media globally for all ages was 391 million (292 to 525) in 2021. The global incidence rate of otitis media was 4958·9 per 100 000 (3705·4 to 6658·6) in 2021, a decrease of 16·3% (-18·1 to -14·0) from 1990, when the incidence rate was 5925·5 per 100 000 (4371·8 to 8097·9). The incidence rate of otitis media in 2021 was highest in children younger than 2 years, and the largest number of episodes was in children aged 2-4 years. The mortality rate of URIs in 2021 was 0·2 per 100 000 (0·1 to 0·5), a decrease of 64·2% (-84·6 to -43·4) from 1990, when the mortality rate was 0·7 per 100 000 (0·2 to 1·1). In both 1990 and 2021, the mortality rate of otitis media was less than 0·1 per 100 000. Together, the combined burden accounted for by URIs and otitis media in 2021 was 6·86 million (4·24 to 10·4) years lived with disability and 8·16 million (4·99 to 12·0) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for all ages across males and females. Globally, the all-age DALY rate of URIs and otitis media combined in 2021 was 103 per 100 000 (63 to 152). Infants aged 1-5 months had the highest combined DALY rate in 2021 (647 per 100 000 [189 to 1412]), followed by early neonates (aged 0-6 days; 582 per 100 000 [176 to 1297]) and late neonates (aged 7-24 days; 482 per 100 000 [161 to 1052]). INTERPRETATION: The findings of this study highlight the widespread burden posed by URIs and otitis media across all age groups and both sexes. There is a continued need for surveillance, prevention, and management to better understand and reduce the burden associated with URIs and otitis media, and research is needed to assess their impacts on individuals, communities, economies, and health-care systems worldwide. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
  • Burden of disease scenarios by state in the USA, 2022–50: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
    Ali H Mokdad, Catherine Bisignano, Johnathan M Hsu, Dana Bryazka, Shujin Cao, Natalia V Bhattacharjee, Bronte E Dalton, Paulina A Lindstedt, Amanda E Smith, Hazim S Ababneh, Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh, Atef Abdelkader, Parsa Abdi, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hana J Abukhadijah, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Juan Manuel Acuna, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Victor Adekanmbi, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Fatemeh Afrashteh, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Shahzaib Ahmad, Mohadese Ahmadzade, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Sreelatha Akkala, Ashley E Akrami, Salah Al Awaidy, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Omar Al Ta'ani, Omar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi, Fares Alahdab, Yazan Al-Ajlouni, Ziyad Al-Aly, Manjurul Alam, Wafa A Aldhaleei, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Waad Ali, Akram Al-Ibraheem, Sami Almustanyir, Saleh A Alqahatni, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Rami H. Al-Rifai, Mohammed A Alsabri, Najim Z. Alshahrani, Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq, Mohammad Al-Wardat, Hany Aly, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Sohrab Amiri, Abhishek Anil, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Ali Ardekani, Demelash Areda, Mona Asghariahmadabad, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, Sina Azadnajafabad, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Shahkaar Aziz, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu, Soroush Baghdadi, Razieh Bahreini, Abdulaziz T Bako, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Sanjay Basu, Kavita Batra, Ravi Batra, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Maryam Bemanalizadeh, Habib Benzian, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Robert S Bernstein, Kebede A Beyene, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Ravi Bharadwaj, Ashish Bhargava, Sonu Bhaskar, Vivek Bhat, Soumitra S Bhuyan, Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin, Christopher Boxe, Edward J Boyko, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Raffaele Bugiardini, Yasser Bustanji, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Angelo Capodici, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Francieli Cembranel, Edina Cenko, Ester Cerin, Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, An-Tian Chen, Guangjin Chen, Gerald Chi, Patrick R Ching, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, Bryan Chong, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Erin Chung, Sheng-Chia Chung, David C Coker, Alyssa Columbus, Joao Conde, Samuele Cortese, Michael H Criqui, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Xiaochen Dai, Zhaoli Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Lucio D'Anna, Farah Daoud, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Saswati Das, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Mohadese Dashtkoohi, Louisa Degenhardt, Don C Des Jarlais, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Kuldeep Dhama, Vishal R Dhulipala, Luis Antonio Antonio Diaz, Delaney D Ding, Thanh Chi Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Deepa Dongarwar, Mario D'Oria, E. Ray Dorsey, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Abdel Douiri, Robert Kokou Dowou, John Dube, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Abdel Rahman E'mar, Alireza Ebrahimi, Joshua R R Ehrlich, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy, Muhammed Elhadi, Yasir Ahmed Mohammed Elhadi, Chadi Eltaha, Farshid Etaee, Elochukwu Fortune Ezenwankwo, Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka, Omotayo Francis Fagbule, Ayesha Fahim, Mahshid Fallahpour, Timur Fazylov, Valery L Feigin, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Nuno Ferreira, Florian Fischer, Muktar A Gadanya, Balasankar Ganesan, Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani, Xiang Gao, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Ehsan Gholami, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Elena Ghotbi, Sherief Ghozy, Richard F Gillum, Laszlo Göbölös, Mohamad Goldust, Mahaveer Golechha, Mahdi Gouravani, Ayman Grada, Ashna Grover, Avirup Guha, Stefano Guicciardi, Rahul Gupta, Rajat Das Gupta, Parham Habibzadeh, Nils Haep, Ali Hajj Ali, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Zaim Anan Haq, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Ikramul Hasan, Md. Kamrul Hasan, S. M. Mahmudul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Md Saquib Hasnain, Rasmus J Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Jiawei He, Jeffrey J Hebert, Mehdi Hemmati, Yuta Hiraike, Nguyen Quoc Hoan, Nobuyuki Horita, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Chengxi Hu, Junjie Huang, Kiavash Hushmandi, M. Azhar Hussain, Hong-Han Huynh, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Adalia Ikiroma, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Assefa N Iyasu, Louis Jacob, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Sanobar Jaka, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Safayet Jamil, Tahereh Javaheri, Bijay Mukesh Jeswani, Rizwan Kalani, Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah, Arun Kamireddy, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Rami S Kantar, Ibraheem M Karaye, Adarsh Katamreddy, Foad Kazemi, Sina Kazemian, John H Kempen, Faham Khamesipour, Ajmal Khan, Fayaz Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Khaled Khatab, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mohammad Khorgamphar, Moein Khormali, Atulya Aman Khosla, Majid Khosravi, Grace Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sonali Kochhar, Gerbrand Koren, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, Ashish Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Vijay Kumar, Satyajit Kundu, Om P Kurmi, Evans F Kyei, Qing Lan, Van Charles Lansingh, Huu-Hoai Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Janet L Leasher, Munjae Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Wei Li, Stephen S Lim, Jialing Lin, Gang Liu, Richard T Liu, Xuefeng Liu, José Francisco López-Gil, Platon D Lopukhov, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Raimundas Lunevicius, Lei Lv, Doha W S Maaty, Sandeep B Maharaj, Elham Mahmoudi, Omar M Makram, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Satyaveni Malasala, Yosef Manla, Vahid Mansouri, Emmanuel Manu, Ramon Martinez-Piedra, Roy Rillera Marzo, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Medha Mathur, Fernanda Penido Matozinhos, Mahsa Mayeli, Steven M McPhail, Rishi P Mediratta, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Hadush Negash Meles, Endalkachew Belayneh Melese, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Tomislav Mestrovic, Pouya Metanat, Laurette Mhlanga, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Mojde Mirarefin, Madeline E Moberg, Jama Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Ameen Mosa Mohammad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Ibrahim Mohammadzadeh, Shafiu Mohammed, Hossein Molavi Vardanjani, Mohammad Ali Moni, Paula Moraga, Shane Douglas Morrison, Rohith Motappa, Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan, Efren Murillo-Zamora, Ahmad Mustafa, Ayoub Nafei, Pirouz Naghavi, Gurudatta Naik, Mohammad Sadeq Najafi, Dhairya P Nanavaty, Kannothu Thazha Kuni Nandu, Gustavo G Nascimento, Abdallah Y Naser, Abdulqadir J Nashwan, Zuhair S Natto, Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba, Duc Hoang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Nasrin Nikravangolsefid, Vikram Niranjan, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor, Fred Nugen, Jerry John Nutor, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Michael Safo Oduro, Oluwaseun Adeolu Ogundijo, Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin, Tolulope R Ojo-Akosile, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Yinka Doris Oluwafemi, Hany A Omar, Abdulahi Opejin, Samuel M Ostroff, Mayowa O Owolabi, Ahmad Ozair, Mahesh Padukudru P A, Sujogya Kumar Panda, Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal, Romil R Parikh, Sungchul Park, Ava Pashaei, Palak Patel, Shankargouda Patil, Shrikant Pawar, Emmanuel K Peprah, Gavin Pereira, Hoang Nhat Pham, Anil K Philip, Michael R Phillips, Manon Pigeolet, Maarten J Postma, Reza Pourbabaki, Disha Prabhu, Jalandhar Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Quinn Rafferty, Catalina Raggi, Md Jillur Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Rahmanian, Majed Ramadan, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Amey Rane, Sowmya J Rao, Sina Rashedi, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Ayita Ray, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Taeho Gregory Rhee, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, David Rojas-Rueda, Himanshu Sekhar Rout, Priyanka Roy, Tilleye Runghien, Aly M A Saad, Cameron John Sabet, Umar Saeed, Mehdi Safari, Dominic Sagoe, Md Refat Uz Zaman Sajib, Mohamed A Saleh, Giovanni A Salum, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Aswini Saravanan, Babak Saravi, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Markus P Schlaich, Art Schuermans, Austin E Schumacher, David C Schwebel, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Allen Seylani, Mahan Shafie, Ataollah Shahbandi, Hamid R. Shahsavari, Masood Ali Shaikh, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Medha Sharath, Nigussie Tadesse Sharew, Amin Sharifan, Anupam Sharma, Manoj Sharma, Maryam Shayan, Aziz Sheikh, Jiabin Shen, Samendra P Sherchan, Mahabalesh Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Premalatha K Shetty, Mika Shigematsu, Aminu Shittu, Velizar Shivarov, Sina Shool, Kerem Shuval, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Jasvinder A Singh, Surjit Singh, David A Sleet, Georgia Smith, Shipra Solanki, Sameh S M Soliman, Lauryn K Stafford, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Kurt Straif, Sahabi K Sulaiman, Jing Sun, Chandan Kumar Swain, Lukasz Szarpak, Mindy D Szeto, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Celine Tabche, Jyothi Tadakamadla, Jabeen Taiba, Nathan Y Tat, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Khai Hoan Tram, Jasmine T Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Domenico Trico, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Arit Udoh, Saeed Ullah, Sanaz Vahdati, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Omid Vakili, Jef Van den Eynde, Dominique Vervoort, Manish Vinayak, Kosala Gayan Weerakoon, Melissa Y Wei, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Asrat Arja Wolde, Chenkai Wu, Felicia Wu, Hong Xiao, Suowen Xu, Yuichiro Yano, Yuichi Yasufuku, Arzu Yiğit, Dong Keon Yon, Mustafa Z Younis, Chuanhua Yu, Chun-Wei Yuan, Mondal Hasan Zahid, Iman Zare, Mohammed G M Zeariya, Haijun Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Ruiyuan Zheng, Claire Chenwen Zhong, Bin Zhu, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Hafsa Zia, Magdalena Zielińska, Sa'ed H Zyoud, Stein Emil Vollset, Christopher J L Murray
    Lancet, 2024
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Santric-Milicevic, Haaris Saqib, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Aswini Saravanan, Babak Saravi, Yaser Sarikhani, Tanmay Sarkar, R. Sarmiento-Suárez, G. Sarode, S. Sarode, A. Sarveazad, B. Sathian, T. Sathish, Anudeep Sathyanarayan, Abu Sayeed, Md Abu Sayeed, N. Scarmeas, Winfried Schlee, A. Schuermans, D. Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, S. Selvaraj, P. Sengupta, S. Senthilkumaran, S. Sepanlou, Dragos Serban, E. Serván-Mori, Yashendra Sethi, Seyedahmad Seyedalinaghi, Seyed Arsalan Seyedi, Allen Seylani, Mahan Shafie, Jaffer Shah, Pritik A. Shah, A. Shahbandi, Samiah Shahid, M. Shahwan, Ahmed Shaikh, M. Shaikh, M. A. Shamim, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammad Anas Shamsi, Mohd Shanawaz, Abhishek Shankar, Mohammed Shannawaz, Medha Sharath, Sadaf Sharfaei, Amin Sharifan, Javad Sharifi‐Rad, Manoj Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Rajesh P. Shastry, Amin Shavandi, David H Shaw, Amir Mehdi Shayan, M. Shayan, Amr M. Shehabeldine, Aziz Sheikh, R. Sheikhi, M. Shenoy, Pavanchand H Shetty, Peilin Shi, Desalegn Shiferaw, M. Shigematsu, R. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, A. Shittu, V. Shivarov, F. Shokraneh, Sina Shool, S. Shorofi, Kanwar Hamza Shuja, Kerem Shuval, E. Siddig, J. Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, S. Silva, Biagio Simonetti, Anjali Singal, Abhinav Singh, Balbir Bagicha Singh Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Georgia Smith, Bogdan Socea, A. Sokhan, Ranjan Solanki, Shipra Solanki, H. Soleimani, Sameh S M Soliman, Yonatan Solomon, Yi Song, Reed J. D. Sorensen, Michael Spartalis, C. Sreeramareddy, Vijay Kumar Srivastava, M. Stanikzai, V. Starodubov, A. Starodubova, Simona Cătălina Stefan, P. Steiropoulos, Mark A Stokes, V. Subramaniyan, Muhammad Suleman, R. Abdulkader, Abida Sultana, Jing Sun, C. Swain, Bryan L. Sykes, Lukasz Szarpak, Mindy D Szeto, Miklós Szócska, P. Damavandi, R. Tabarés-Seisdedos, O. Malazy, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, S. Tabatabai, K. Tabb, Mohammad Tabish, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Jabeen Taiba, Ardeshir Tajbakhsh, Iman M Talaat, Ashis Talukder, M. Tampa, J. L. Tamuzi, Ker-Kan Tan, Haosu Tang, Derbie Alemu DA Tareke, Mengistie Kassahun Tariku, Vivian Tat, S. Tavangar, M. Teimoori, M. Temsah, R. Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Dufera Rikitu Terefa, Riki Tesler, Enoch Teye-Kwadjo, Ramna Thakur, P. Thangaraju, K. Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, S. Tharwat, R. Thayakaran, Nihal Thomas, A. Tichopád, J. Ticoalu, T. Tiruye, M. V. Titova, Marcello Tonelli, M. Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Jasmine T Tran, Nghia Minh Tran, Indang Trihandini, Samuel Joseph Tromans, T. Truyen, Aristidis Tsatsakis, E. Tsermpini, M. Tumurkhuu, S. Tyrovolas, S. Uddin, A. Udoakang, Arit Udoh, Atta Ullah, Saeed Ullah, Sana Ullah, S. Umakanthan, C. Umeokonkwo, B. Unim, B. Unnikrishnan, E. Upadhyay, J. S. Usman, M. Vacante, Seyed Mohammad Vahabi, A. Vaithinathan, R. Valizadeh, Jef Van den Eynde, E. Varavikova, O. Varga, P. Vart, S. Varthya, T. Vasankari, B. Vellingiri, Deneshkumar Venugopal, Nicholas Alexander Verghese, Madhur Verma, Massimiliano Veroux, G. Verras, Dominique Vervoort, J. Villafañe, Manish Vinayak, Francesco S. Violante, Mukesh Vishwakarma, S. Vladimirov, V. Vlassov, Bay Vo, S. Volovat, T. Vos, I. Vujcic, Hatem A Wafa, Yasir Waheed, E. Wakwoya, Cong Wang, Denny Wang, Fang Wang, Shu Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Paul Ward, Emebet Gashaw Wassie, S. Watson, Marcia R Weaver, K. Weerakoon, Daniel J Weiss, Katherine M Wells, Yi Feng Wen, R. Westerman, Taweewat Wiangkham, Dakshitha Wickramasinghe, N. Wickramasinghe, Peter Willeit, Yohannes Addisu Wondimagegene, Felicia Wu, Juan Xia, Hong Xiao, Gelin Xu, Suowen Xu, Xiaoyue Xu, A. Yadollahpour, Shirin Yaghoobpoor, Tina Yaghoobpour, S. Yaghoubi, Z. Yahaya, Danting Yang, Lin Yang, Yuichiro Yano, Habib Yaribeygi, Pengpeng Ye, Renjulal Yesodharan, Subah Abderehim Yesuf, S. Yezli, Amanuel Yigezu, Paul Yip, D. Yon, N. Yonemoto, Yuyi You, M. Younis, Zabihollah Yousefi, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Chun-Wei Yuan, Nima Zafari, F. Zakham, Nazar Zaki, Giulia Zamagni, M. Zandi, Ghazal G Z Zandieh, M. Zangiabadian, M. Zastrozhin, Haijun Zhang, Meixin Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Juexiao Zhou, Bin Zhu, Lei Zhu, Magdalena Zielińska, Zhiyong Zou, S. Zyoud, Christopher J L Murray, Amanda E. Smith, S. Vollset
    Lancet, 2024
    BACKGROUND: Accurate assessments of current and future fertility-including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions-are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios. METHODS: To estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10-54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression-Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates (female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2·5 and 97·5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values-a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy-by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007-21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline. FINDINGS: During the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4·84 (95% UI 4·63-5·06) to 2·23 (2·09-2·38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137-147), declining to 129 million (121-138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2·1-canonically considered replacement-level fertility-in 94 (46·1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29·2% [28·7-29·6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1·83 (1·59-2·08) in 2050 and 1·59 (1·25-1·96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24·0%) in 2050 and only six (2·9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41·3% (39·6-43·1) in 2050 and 54·3% (47·1-59·5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions-decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24·8% (23·7-25·8) in 2021 to 16·7% (14·3-19·1) in 2050 and 7·1% (4·4-10·1) in 2100-but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1·65 (1·40-1·92) in 2050 and 1·62 (1·35-1·95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction. INTERPRETATION: Fertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
  • Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
    Michael Brauer, Gregory A Roth, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Peng Zheng, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh, Madineh Akram Abbasi, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Mitra Abbasifard, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Parsa Abdi, Mohammad Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Auwal Abdullahi, Mesfin Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Armita Abedi, Tadesse M Abegaz, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, Olumide Abiodun, Temesgen Lera Abiso, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Mohamed Abouzid, Girma Beressa Aboye, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Hasan Abualruz, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Hana Jihad Jihad Abukhadijah, Salahdein Aburuz, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Giovanni Addolorato, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Bashir Aden, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Rishan Adha, Amin Adibi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Rotimi Felix Afolabi, Ashkan Afshin, Shadi Afyouni, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Faith Agbozo, Shahin Aghamiri, Antonella Agodi, Anurag Agrawal, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Firdos Ahmad, Noah Ahmad, Shahzaib Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmed, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Safoora Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Essona Matatom Akara, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Shiva Akhlaghi, Karolina Akinosoglou, Tomi Akinyemiju, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Sreelatha Akkala, Blessing Akombi-Inyang, Salah Al Awaidy, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Fares Alahdab, Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal, Samer O Alalalmeh, Tariq A Alalwan, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Nazmul Alam, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Almaza Albakri, Mohammad T AlBataineh, Wafa A Aldhaleei, Robert W Aldridge, Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu, Yihun Mulugeta Alemu, Bassam Al-Fatly, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Khairat Al-Habbal, Khalid F Alhabib, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Abid Ali, Amjad Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Iman Ali, Liaqat Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, François Alla, Sabah Al-Marwani, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Sami Almustanyir, Mahmoud A Alomari, Jordi Alonso, Jaber S Alqahtani, Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Rami Hani Al-Rifai, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Najim Z Alshahrani, Zaid Altaany, Awais Altaf, Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq, Khalid A Altirkawi, Deborah Oyine Aluh, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Hassan Alwafi, Mohammad Sami Al-Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Safwat Aly, Karem H Alzoubi, Walid Al-Zyoud, Uchenna Anderson Amaechi, Masous Aman Mohammadi, Reza Amani, Sohrab Amiri, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Enrico Ammirati, Hubert Amu, Dickson A Amugsi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, Jason A Anderson, Pedro Prata Andrade, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Susan C Anenberg, Dhanalakshmi Angappan, Colin Angus, Abhishek Anil, Sneha Anil, Afifa Anjum, Amir Anoushiravani, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Catherine M Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Davood Anvari, Saeid Anvari, Saleha Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel Anyabolo, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Jalal Arabloo, Razman Arabzadeh Bahri, Mosab Arafat, Demelash Areda, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Abdulfatai Aremu, Benedetta Armocida, Michael Benjamin Arndt, Johan Ärnlöv, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A Artamonov, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Idowu Thomas Aruleba, Ashokan Arumugam, Akram M Asbeutah, Saeed Asgary, Akeza Awealom Asgedom, Charlie Ashbaugh, Mubarek Yesse Ashemo, Tahira Ashraf, Amir Askarinejad, Michael Assmus, Thomas Astell-Burt, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Andargie Abate Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Haleh Ayatollahi, Carlos Ayestas Portugal, Jose L Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Rui M S Azevedo, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y Azzam, Insa Linnea Backhaus, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Arvind Bagga, Soroush Baghdadi, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Pegah Bahrami Taghanaki, Ruhai Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Madhan Balasubramanian, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Kiran Bam, Soham Bandyopadhyay, Biswajit Banik, Palash Chandra Banik, Aduragbemi Banke-Thomas, Hansi Bansal, Martina Barchitta, Mainak Bardhan, Erfan Bardideh, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Lope H Barrero, Amadou Barrow, Sandra Barteit, Zarrin Basharat, Afisu Basiru, João Diogo Basso, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Sanjay Basu, Sai Batchu, Kavita Batra, Ravi Batra, Bernhard T Baune, Mohsen Bayati, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Thomas Beaney, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Maryam Beiranvand, Yannick Béjot, Alehegn Bekele, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Michelle L Bell, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Luis Belo, Apostolos Beloukas, Salaheddine Bendak, Derrick A Bennett, Fiona B Bennitt, Isabela M Bensenor, Habib Benzian, Azizullah Beran, Zombor Berezvai, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S Bernstein, Paulo J G Bettencourt, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Dinesh Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Vivek Bhat, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Manpreet S Bhatti, Rajbir Bhatti, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Boris Bikbov, Jessica Devin Bishai, Catherine Bisignano, Atanu Biswas, Bijit Biswas, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Tone Bjørge, Micheal Kofi Boachie, Hosea Boakye, Moses John Bockarie, Virginia Bodolica, Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin, Eyob Ketema Bogale, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Milad Bonakdar Hashemi, Sri Harsha Boppana, Berrak Bora Basara, Hamed Borhany, Alejandro Botero Carvajal, Souad Bouaoud, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Christopher Boxe, Dejana Braithwaite, Luisa C Brant, Amanpreet Brar, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Susanne Breitner, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Gabrielle Britton, Colin Stewart Brown, Annie J Browne, Andre R Brunoni, Dana Bryazka, Norma B Bulamu, Lemma N Bulto, Danilo Buonsenso, Katrin Burkart, Richard A Burns, Reinhard Busse, Yasser Bustanji, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Jack Cagney, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Daniela Calina, Luis Alberto Cámera, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Chao Cao, Fan Cao, Yubin Cao, Angelo Capodici, Rosario Cárdenas, Sinclair Carr, Giulia Carreras, Juan J Carrero, Andrea Carugno, Felix Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Giulio Castelpietra, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alberico L Catapano, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Arthur Caye, Christopher R Cederroth, Luca Cegolon, Muthia Cenderadewi, Kelly M Cercy, Ester Cerin, Joshua Chadwick, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan, Raymond N C Chan, Joht Singh Chandan, Rama Mohan Chandika, Pankaj Chaturvedi, An-Tian Chen, Catherine S Chen, Haowei Chen, Meng Xuan Chen, Mingling Chen, Simiao Chen, Ching-Yu Cheng, Esther T W Cheng, Nicolas Cherbuin, Gerald Chi, Fatemeh Chichagi, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ritesh Chimoriya, Patrick R Ching, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Abdulaal Chitheer, William C S Cho, Bryan Chong, Hitesh Chopra, Rajiv Chowdhury, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Eric Chung, Sheng-Chia Chung, Muhammad Chutiyami, Iolanda Cioffi, Rebecca M Cogen, Aaron J Cohen, Alyssa Columbus, Joao Conde, Alexandru Corlateanu, Samuele Cortese, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Vera Marisa Costa, Simona Costanzo, Michael H Criqui, Jessica A Cruz, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Alanna Gomes da Silva, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Zhaoli Dai, Patience Unekwuojo Daikwo, Lachlan L Dalli, Giovanni Damiani, Emanuele D'Amico, Lucio D'Anna, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K Das, Subasish Das, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Mohsen Dashti, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Alejandro de la Torre-Luque, Diego De Leo, Shayom Debopadhaya, Louisa Degenhardt, Cristian Del Bo', Ivan Delgado-Enciso, Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit, Chalachew Kassaw Demoze, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Nikolaos Dervenis, Emina Dervišević, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Rupak Desai, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Arkadeep Dhali, Kuldeep Dhama, Amol S Dhane, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Sameer Dhingra, Vishal R Dhulipala, Raja Ram Dhungana, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Luis Antonio Diaz, Michael J Diaz, Adriana Dima, Delaney D Ding, Monica Dinu, Shirin Djalalinia, Thanh Chi Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Camila Bruneli do Prado, Masoud Dodangeh, Sushil Dohare, Klara Georgieva Dokova, Wanyue Dong, Deepa Dongarwar, Mario D'Oria, Fariba Dorostkar, E Ray Dorsey, Rajkumar Doshi, Leila Doshmangir, Robert Kokou Dowou, Tim Robert Driscoll, Ashel Chelsea Dsouza, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Samuel C Dumith, Bruce B Duncan, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Senbagam Duraisamy, Anar Dushpanova, Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Alireza Ebrahimi, Chidiebere Peter Echieh, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, Hisham Atan Edinur, David Edvardsson, Kristina Edvardsson, Ferry Efendi, Aziz Eftekharimehrabad, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Rabie Adel El Arab, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Faris El-Dahiyat, Noha Mousaad Elemam, Frank J Elgar, Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Ahmed O Elmehrath, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Theophilus I Emeto, Negin Esfandiari, Babak Eshrati, Majid Eslami, Sayed Vahid Esmaeili, Kara Estep, Farshid Etaee, Natalia Fabin, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Omotayo Francis Fagbule, Saman Fahimi, Luca Falzone, Mohammad Fareed, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Pawan Sirwan Faris, Andre Faro, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Timur Fazylov, Valery L Feigin, Xiaoqi Feng, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Abdullah Hamid Feroze, Pietro Ferrara, Alize J Ferrari, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Ida Fitriana, Joanne Flavel, Carsten Flohr, David Flood, Luisa S Flor, Nataliya A Foigt, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Lisa M Force, Daniela Fortuna, Matteo Foschi, Richard Charles Franklin, Alberto Freitas, Sara D Friedman, Blima Fux, Sridevi G, Peter Andras Gaal, Santosh Gaihre, Márió Gajdács, Yaseen Galali, Silvano Gallus, Aravind P Gandhi, Balasankar Ganesan, Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani, Vanessa Garcia, William M Gardner, Ravindra K Garg, Rupesh K Gautam, Tilaye Gebru Gebi, Miglas W Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Tesfay B B Gebremariam, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Urge Gerema, Lemma Getacher, Genanew K a Getahun, Molla Getie, Fataneh Ghadirian, Sadegh Ghafarian, Amir Ghaffari Jolfayi, Khalid Yaser Ghailan, Alireza Ghajar, MohammadReza Ghasemi, Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi, Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh, Fariba Ghassemi, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Ali Gholami, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Nasim Gholizadeh, Mahsa Ghorbani, Artyom Urievich Gil, Gabriela Fernanda Gil, Nora M Gilbertson, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K Gill, Ebisa Zerihun Gindaba, Alem Girmay, James C Glasbey, Elena V Gnedovskaya, Laszlo Göbölös, Myron Anthony Godinho, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Nelson G M Gomes, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Giuseppe Gorini, Houman Goudarzi, Alessandra C Goulart, Mahdi Gouravani, Anmol Goyal, Simon Matthew Graham, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Shi-Yang Guan, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Avirup Guha, Stefano Guicciardi, Snigdha Gulati, David Gulisashvili, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Cui Guo, Anish Kumar Gupta, Bhawna Gupta, Mohak Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Farrokh Habibzadeh, Parham Habibzadeh, Tesfahun Simon Hadaro, Zahra Hadian, Nils Haep, Hamed Haghi-Aminjan, Dariush Haghmorad, Hailey Hagins, Demewoz Haile, Alemayehu Hailu, Adel Hajj Ali, Esam S Halboub, Aram Halimi, Brian J Hall, Sebastian Haller, Rabih Halwani, Randah R Hamadeh, Nadia M Hamdy, Sajid Hameed, Samer Hamidi, Ahmad Hammoud, Asif Hanif, Nasrin Hanifi, Zaim Anan Haq, Md Rabiul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Ikramul Hasan, Mohammad Jahid Hasan, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Mohammad Hasanian, Nadim Hashmeh, Md Saquib Hasnain, Amr Hassan, Ikrama Hassan, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Shokoufeh Hassani, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Johannes Haubold, Rasmus J Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Jeffrey J Hebert, Omar E Hegazi, Tadele Yohannes Hegena, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Bartosz Helfer, Mehdi Hemmati, Claire A Henson, Molly E Herbert, Claudiu Herteliu, Austin Heuer, Kamal Hezam, Thomas Kwadwo Hinneh, Yuta Hiraike, Nguyen Quoc Hoan, Ramesh Holla, Julia Hon, Mohammad Enamul Hoque, Nobuyuki Horita, Sahadat Hossain, Seyed Ehsan Hosseini, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Hanno Hoven, Mohamed Hsairi, Johnathan M Hsu, Chengxi Hu, Junjie Huang, Md Nazmul Huda, Erin N Hulland, Michael Hultström, Kiavash Hushmandi, Javid Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Chantal K Huynh, Hong-Han Huynh, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Oluwatope Olaniyi Idowu, Audrey L Ihler, Nayu Ikeda, Kevin S Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustapha Immurana, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Md Rabiul Islam, Faisal Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Hiroyasu Iso, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Chidozie C D Iwu, Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja, Vinothini J, Jalil Jaafari, Louis Jacob, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Kasra Jahankhani, Nader Jahanmehr, Haitham Jahrami, Akhil Jain, Nityanand Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Abhishek Jaiswal, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Roland Dominic G Jamora, Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau, Sabzali Javadov, Tahereh Javaheri, Shubha Jayaram, Jayakumar Jeganathan, Bijay Mukesh Jeswani, Heng Jiang, Catherine O Johnson, Mohammad Jokar, Nabi Jomehzadeh, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Abel Joseph, Nitin Joseph, Vivek Joshi, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Vidya Kadashetti, Ethan M Kahn, Rizwan Kalani, Feroze Kaliyadan, Sanjay Kalra, Rajesh Kamath, Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai, Tanuj Kanchan, Himal Kandel, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Sushil Kumar Kansal, Daniel John Kapner, Neeti Kapoor, Efstratios Karagiannidis, Mehrdad Karajizadeh, Paschalis Karakasis, Shama D Karanth, Ibraheem M Karaye, André Karch, Asima Karim, Hanie Karimi, Shilpi Karmakar, Faizan Zaffar Kashoo, Hengameh Kasraei, Woldeteklehaymanot Dagne Kassahun, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Molly B Kassel, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Joonas H Kauppila, Norito Kawakami, Neda Kaydi, Gbenga A Kayode, Foad Kazemi, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, John H Kempen, Jessica A Kerr, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Himanshu Khajuria, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Mariam Khalil, Alireza Khalilian, Faham Khamesipour, Asaduzzaman Khan, M Nuruzzaman Khan, Maseer Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Moien AB Khan, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Khaled Khatab, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Armin Khavandegar, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Elaheh Khodadoust, Moein Khormali, Zahra Khorrami, Atulya Aman Khosla, Mahmood Khosrowjerdi, Haneen Khreis, Helda Khusun, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Kwanghyun Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Luke D Knibbs, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, David S Q Koh, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Jianqiu Kong, Gerbrand Koren, Miikka Korja, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Oleksii Korzh, Soewarta Kosen, Nikhil Kothari, Parvaiz A Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Bindu Krishnan, Kris J Krohn, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mohammed Kuddus, Nuworza Kugbey, Ilari Kuitunen, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, Ashish Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Vijay Kumar, Satyajit Kundu, Om P Kurmi, Asep Kusnali, Dian Kusuma, Tezer Kutluk, Carlo La Vecchia, Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Lucie Laflamme, Chandrakant Lahariya, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Tea Lallukka, Judit Lám, Qing Lan, Tuo Lan, Iván Landires, Francesco Lanfranchi, Berthold Langguth, Van Charles Lansingh, Ariane Laplante-Lévesque, Bagher Larijani, Anders O Larsson, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Huu-Hoai Le, Long Khanh Dao Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Janet L Leasher, Caterina Ledda, Munjae Lee, Paul H Lee, Seung Won Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Yo Han Lee, Kate E LeGrand, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Temesgen L Lerango, Haley Lescinsky, Janni Leung, Ming-Chieh Li, Wang-Zhong Li, Wei Li, Yichong Li, Zhihui Li, Virendra S Ligade, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Ro-Ting Lin, Shuzhi Lin, Chaojie Liu, Gang Liu, Jinli Liu, Jue Liu, Richard T Liu, Shiwei Liu, Wei Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Katherine M Livingstone, Erand Llanaj, Ayush Lohiya, Rubén López-Bueno, Platon D Lopukhov, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Jailos Lubinda, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Lisha Luo, Hengliang lv, Hawraz Ibrahim M Amin, Zheng Feei Ma, Kelsey Lynn Maass, Mahmoud Mabrok, Nikolaos Machairas, Monika Machoy, Asma Mafhoumi, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Azzam A Maghazachi, D R Mahadeshwara Prasad, Sandeep B Maharaj, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Elham Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Omar Mohamed Makram, Konstantinos Christos Makris, Satyaveni Malasala, Venkatesh Maled, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malik, Lesibana Anthony Malinga, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Ana Laura Manda, Yosef Manla, Ali Mansour, Borhan Mansouri, Pejman Mansouri, Marjan Mansourian, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Emmanuel Manu, Hamid Reza Marateb, Joemer C Maravilla, Elizabeth Marsh, Gabriel Martinez, Ramon Martinez-Piedra, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Miquel Martorell, Wolfgang Marx, Sharmeen Maryam, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Alexander G Mathioudakis, Fernanda Penido Matozinhos, Jishanth Mattumpuram, Andrea Maugeri, Pallab K Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli, Mohsen Mazidi, Antonio Mazzotti, John J McGrath, Martin McKee, Anna Laura W McKowen, Susan A McLaughlin, Michael A McPhail, Steven M McPhail, Enkeleint A Mechili, Asim Mehmood, Khalid Mehmood, Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Toni Meier, Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Birye Dessalegn Mekonnen, Ritesh G Menezes, Belayneh Mengist, George A Mensah, Laverne G Mensah, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Abera M Mersha, Bezawit Afework Mesfin, Tomislav Mestrovic, Kukulege Chamila Dinushi Mettananda, Sachith Mettananda, Tomasz Miazgowski, Georgia Micha, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ted R Miller, Mojde Mirarefin, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Andreea Mirica, Antonio Mirijello, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Arvin Mirshahi, Maryam Mirzaei, Ajay Kumar Mishra, Vinaytosh Mishra, Philip B Mitchell, Prasanna Mithra, Chaitanya Mittal, Babak Moazen, Madeline E Moberg, Gabriele Mocciaro, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Abdalla Z Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Mouhand F H Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Saeed Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Noushin Mohammadifard, Hussen Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Stefania Mondello, Mohammad Ali Moni, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Catrin E Moore, Maryam Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Rafael Silveira Moreira, Negar Morovatdar, Shane Douglas Morrison, Jakub Morze, Reza Mosaddeghi Heris, Elias Mossialos, Rohith Motappa, Vincent Mougin, Parsa Mousavi, Ahmed Msherghi, Sumaira Mubarik, Lorenzo Muccioli, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Francesk Mulita, Erin C Mullany, Kavita Munjal, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, BV Murlimanju, Ana-Maria Musina, Ghulam Mustafa, Sathish Muthu, Saravanan Muthupandian, Raman Muthusamy, Muhammad Muzaffar, Woojae Myung, Ayoub Nafei, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Gabriele Nagel, Mohsen Naghavi, Pirouz Naghavi, Ganesh R Naik, Gurudatta Naik, Firzan Nainu, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Soroush Najdaghi, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Dhairya P Nanavaty, Vinay Nangia, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Delaram Narimani Davani, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gustavo G Nascimento, Abdulqadir J Nashwan, Zuhair S Natto, Javaid Nauman, Samidi N K Navaratna, Muhammad Naveed, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Vinod C Nayak, Rawlance Ndejjo, Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba, Hadush Negash, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Chakib Nejjari, Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi, Samata Nepal, Subas Neupane, Marie Ng, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Dang H Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Phuong The Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Duc Nguyen Tran Minh, Robina Khan Niazi, Sneha Ingle Nicholson, Jing Nie, Ali Nikoobar, Amin Reza Nikpoor, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Efaq Ali Noman, Shuhei Nomura, Nafise Noroozi, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, George Ntaios, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Mengistu H Nunemo, Dieta Nurrika, Jerry John Nutor, Bogdan Oancea, Erin M O'Connell, Ismail A Odetokun, Martin James O'Donnell, Michael Safo Oduro, Adesola Adenike Ogunfowokan, Abiola Ogunkoya, In-Hwan Oh, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Omotola O Olasupo, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Arão Belitardo Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Yinka Doris Oluwafemi, Hany A Omar, Ahmed Omar Bali, Goran Latif Omer, Kanyin Liane Ong, Sokking Ong, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Kenneth Ikenna Onyedibe, Anita Frimpomaa Oppong, Michal Ordak, Verner N Orish, Raffaele Ornello, Heather M Orpana, Alberto Ortiz, Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Wael M S Osman, Samuel M Ostroff, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Adrian Otoiu, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Amel Ouyahia, Mayowa O Owolabi, Ifeoluwa Temitayo Oyeyemi, Oyetunde T Oyeyemi, Mahesh Padukudru P A, Kevin Pacheco-Barrios, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Pramod Kumar Pal, Tamás Palicz, Feng Pan, Hai-Feng Pan, Adrian Pana, Sujogya K Panda, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Ashok Pandey, Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal, Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Anca Mihaela Pantea Stoian, Paraskevi Papadopoulou, Marie C Parent, Pragyan 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Jalandhar Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Manya Prasad, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Hery Purnobasuki, Bharathi M Purohit, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Ibrahim Qattea, Asma Saleem Qazi, Gangzhen Qian, Suli Qiu, Mehrdad Rabiee Rad, Amir Radfar, Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki, Quinn Rafferty, Alireza Rafiei, Alberto Raggi, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Nasiru Raheem, Fakher Rahim, Md Jillur Rahim, Mahban Rahimifard, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Md Obaidur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Bita Rahmani, Mohammad Rahmanian, Nazanin Rahmanian, Vahid Rahmanian, Masoud Rahmati, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Diego Raimondo, Sathish Rajaa, Vinoth Rajendran, Prashant Rajput, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Premkumar Ramasubramani, Sheena Ramazanu, Pramod W Ramteke, Juwel Rana, Kritika Rana, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Amey Rane, Usha Rani, Annemarei Ranta, Chythra R Rao, Mithun Rao, Puja C Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Davide Rasella, Sina 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Sharma, Rajesh P Shastry, Amin Shavandi, Amr Mohamed Elsayed Shehabeldine, Somia Shehzadi, Aziz Sheikh, Jiabin Shen, Adithi Shetty, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Amir Shiani, Desalegn Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Min-Jeong Shin, Rahman Shiri, Aminu Shittu, Ivy Shiue, K M Shivakumar, Velizar Shivarov, Sina Shool, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Rajan Shrestha, Sunil Shrestha, Kanwar Hamza Shuja, Kerem Shuval, Yafei Si, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Soraia Silva, Thales Philipe R Silva, Colin R Simpson, Abhinav Singh, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Baljinder Singh, Garima Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Mahendra Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Robert Sinto, Shravan Sivakumar, Samarjeet Singh Siwal, Natia Skhvitaridze, Søren T Skou, David A Sleet, Farrukh Sobia, Matiwos Soboka, Bogdan Socea, Shahabaddin Solaimanian, Ranjan Solanki, Shipra Solanki, Sameh S M Soliman, Ranjani Somayaji, Yi Song, Reed J D Sorensen, Joan B Soriano, Ireneous N Soyiri, Michael Spartalis, Sandra Spearman, Cory N Spencer, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Panagiotis Stachteas, Lauryn K Stafford, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai, Caroline Stein, Dan J Stein, Fridolin Steinbeis, Caitlyn Steiner, Sabine Steinke, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Leo Stockfelt, Mark A Stokes, Kurt Straif, Saverio Stranges, Narayan Subedi, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Muhammad Suleman, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Johan Sundström, David Sunkersing, Katharina S Sunnerhagen, Vinay Suresh, Chandan Kumar Swain, Lukasz Szarpak, Mindy D Szeto, Payam Tabaee Damavandi, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Ozra Tabatabaei Malazy, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Shima Tabatabai, Celine Tabche, Mohammad Tabish, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Yasaman Taheri Abkenar, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Amir Taherkhani, Jabeen Taiba, Ken Takahashi, Iman M Talaat, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker-Kan Tan, Haosu Tang, Nathan Y Tat, Nuno Taveira, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Worku Animaw Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Dufera Rikitu Terefa, Enoch Teye-Kwadjo, Ramna Thakur, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Rasiah Thayakaran, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Nihal Thomas, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Jing Tian, Ales Tichopad, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Tenaw Yimer Tiruye, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Musliu Adetola Tolani, Tadesse Tolossa, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topor-Madry, Fotis Topouzis, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Khaled Trabelsi, Jasmine T Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Nghia Minh Tran, Domenico Trico, Indang Trihandini, Christopher E Troeger, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Arit Udoh, Atta Ullah, Saeed Ullah, Sana Ullah, Muhammad Umair, Srikanth Umakanthan, Brigid Unim, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay, Daniele Urso, Jibrin Sammani Usman, Asokan 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Utoomporn Wongsin, Sarah Wozniak, Chenkai Wu, Dongze Wu, Felicia Wu, Zenghong Wu, Juan Xia, Hong Xiao, Suowen Xu, Xiaoyue Xu, Yvonne Yiru Xu, Mukesh Kumar Yadav, Sajad Yaghoubi, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Lin Yang, Yuichiro Yano, Habib Yaribeygi, Yuichi Yasufuku, Pengpeng Ye, Renjulal Yesodharan, Subah Abderehim Yesuf, Saber Yezli, Siyan Yi, Arzu Yiğit, Zeamanuel Anteneh Yigzaw, Dehui Yin, Paul Yip, Malede Berihun Yismaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Yuyi You, Mustafa Z Younis, Zabihollah Yousefi, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Siddhesh Zadey, Vesna Zadnik, Fathiah Zakham, Nazar Zaki, Josefina Zakzuk, Giulia Zamagni, Sojib Bin Zaman, Ghazal G Z Zandieh, Aurora Zanghì, Heather J Zar, Iman Zare, Fatemeh Zarimeidani, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Youjie Zeng, Chunxia Zhai, Anthony Lin Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Meixin Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Zhenyu Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Jeff T Zhao, Xiu-Ju George Zhao, Yang Zhao, Yong Zhao, Chenwen Zhong, Jingjing Zhou, Juexiao Zhou, Shangcheng Zhou, Bin Zhu, Lei Zhu, Zhaohua Zhu, Boback Ziaeian, Makan Ziafati, Magdalena Zielińska, Stephanie R M Zimsen, Ghazal Zoghi, Thomas Zoller, Alimuddin Zumla, Sa'ed H Zyoud, Samer H Zyoud, Christopher J L Murray, Emmanuela Gakidou
    Lancet, 2024
    BACKGROUND: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk-outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk-outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk-outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk-outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. FINDINGS: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7-9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4-9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7-6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8-6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8-6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0-4 years and 5-14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9-27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5-28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3-56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9-21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3-12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6-1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1-1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4-78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2-72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). INTERPRETATION: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
  • Barriers and challenges in the application of digital technology in public health in developing countries
    Mohammad Jobair Khan, Abu Hasan Mohammad Khaled, S. M. Mahmudul Hasan
    Digital Technology in Public Health and Rehabilitation Care Covid Era, 2024
  • Estimated prevalence of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour among adults in Bangladesh: nationally representative STEPS survey, 2018
    Mohammad Jobair Khan, Sayma, Mohammed Usman Ali, Balasankar Ganesan, S. M. Mahmudul Hasan, Stanley John Winser
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  • Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Mosiur Rahman, Md Mosfequr Rahman, Mohamed Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Niloufar Rahnavard, Bibek Rajbhandari, Pradhum Ram, Sheena Ramazanu, Juwel Rana, Nemanja Rancic, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, Chythra R Rao, Deepthi Rapaka, Drona Prakash Rasali, Sina Rashedi, Vahid Rashedi, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Kannan RR Rengasamy, Andre M N Renzaho, Luis Felipe Reyes, Nima Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Hossein Rezazadeh, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Yohanes Andy Rias, Muhammad Riaz, Daniela Ribeiro, Mónica Rodrigues, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Peter Rohloff, Gholamreza Roshandel, Abazar Roustazadeh, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Aly M A Saad, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Leila Sabzmakan, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Umar Saeed, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Sare Safi, Sher Zaman Safi, Amene Saghazadeh, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Harihar Sahoo, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Sarvenaz Salahi, Saina Salahi, Mohamed A Saleh, Mohammad Amin Salehi, Joshua A Salomon, Juan Sanabria, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Made Ary Sarasmita, Saman Sargazi, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Monika Sawhney, Markus P Schlaich, Maria Inês Schmidt, Art Schuermans, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Yashendra Sethi, Allen Seylani, Maryam Shabany, Tahereh Shafaghat, Melika Shafeghat, Mahan Shafie, Nilay S Shah, Samiah Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mohd Shanawaz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Sadaf Sharfaei, Bereket Beyene Shashamo, Rahman Shiri, Aminu Shittu, K M Shivakumar, Siddharudha Shivalli, Parnian Shobeiri, Fereshteh Shokri, Kerem Shuval, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Colin R Simpson, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag, Hamidreza Soleimani, Solikhah Solikhah, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Ranjani Somayaji, Reed J D Sorensen, Antonina V Starodubova, Sujata Sujata, Muhammad Suleman, Jing Sun, Johan Sundström, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Mohammad Tabish, Majid Taheri, Ensiyeh Taheri, Elahe Taki, Jacques JL Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker-Kan Tan, Nathan Y Tat, Birhan Tsegaw Taye, Worku Animaw Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Riki Tesler, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rajshree Thapa, Samar Tharwat, Nihal Thomas, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Amir Tiyuri, Marcello Tonelli, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Domenico Trico, Indang Trihandini, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay, Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Derara Girma Tufa, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Sana Ullah, Era Upadhyay, Seyed Mohammad Vahabi, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Rohollah Valizadeh, Kim Robin van Daalen, Priya Vart, Shoban Babu Varthya, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Siavash Vaziri, Madhur verma Verma, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Danh Cao Vo, Birhanu Wagaye, Yasir Waheed, Ziyue Wang, Yanqing Wang, Cong Wang, Fang Wang, Gizachew Tadesse Wassie, Melissa Y Wei Wei, Abrha Hailay Weldemariam, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, YiFan Wu, Ratna DWI Wulandari, Juan Xia, Hong Xiao, Suowen Xu, Xiaoyue Xu, Dereje Y Yada, Lin Yang, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Metin Yesiltepe, Siyan Yi, Hunachew Kibret Yohannis, Naohiro Yonemoto, Yuyi You, Sojib Bin Zaman, Nelson Zamora, Iman Zare, Kourosh Zarea, Armin Zarrintan, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Naod Gebrekrstos Zeru, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Jingjing Zhou, Magdalena Zielińska, Yossef Teshome Zikarg, Sanjay Zodpey, Mohammad Zoladl, Zhiyong Zou, Alimuddin Zumla, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Dianna J Magliano, Christopher J L Murray, Simon I Hay, Theo Vos
    Lancet, 2023
  • Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    Brittney S Sheena, Lindsey Hiebert, Hannah Han, Helen Ippolito, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Amir Abdoli, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Mesafint Molla Adane, Oyelola A Adegboye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Addis Aklilu, Tayyaba Akram, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Liaqat Ali, Muhammad Ashar Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Haya Altawalah, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Amir Anoushiravani, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Zeleke Gebru Argaw, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Tahira Ashraf, Daniel Atlaw, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ghasem Azarian, Sayna Bagheri, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Nastaran Barati, Amadou Barrow, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Devidas S Bhagat, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Zahid A Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Raja Chandra Chakinala, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Shu Chen, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Benjamin C Cowie, Garland T Culbreth, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Mohammed Gebre Dedefo, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Takele Gezahegn G Demie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Meseret Derbew Molla, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Mojtaba Didehdar, Linh Phuong Doan, Fariba Dorostkar, Thomas M Drake, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Michael Ekholuenetale, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Aisha Elsharkawy, Shymaa Enany, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Sayeh Ezzikouri, Hossein Farrokhpour, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Mohamed M Gad, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Shilpa Gaidhane, Natalie C Galles, Silvano Gallus, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Kazem Ghaffari, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholami, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Aima Gilani, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Giuseppe Gorini, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Max G Griswold, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Rabih Halwani, Saeed S Hamid, Samer Hamidi, Asif Hanif, Shafiul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Sanam Hariri, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Nawfal R Hussein, Ivo Iavicoli, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Jessica Y Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Shubha Jayaram, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Himal Kandel, Tesfaye K Tesfaye Kanko, Rami S Kantar, Ibraheem M Karaye, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Phillip M Kemp Bohan, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Gulfaraz Khan, Imteyaz A Khan, Junaid Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Amir M Khater, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Mahmoud Khodadost, Abdullah T Khoja, Omid Khosravizadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Gyu Ri Kim, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, G Anil Kumar, Carlo La Vecchia, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Jeffrey V Lazarus, Caterina Ledda, Doo Woong Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Miriam Levi, Jiarui Li, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Platon D Lopukhov, Joana A Loureiro, Jennifer H MacLachlan, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Azeem Majeed, Alaa Makki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Philippa C Matthews, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Tuomo J Meretoja, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ted R Miller, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Andreea Mirica, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Sanjeev Misra, Prasanna Mithra, Babak Moazen, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Shafiu Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Jalal Moludi, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Ghobad Moradi, Maliheh Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Malaisamy Muniyandi, Christopher J L Murray, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Ionut Negoi, Serban Mircea Negru, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Che Henry Ngwa, Robina Khan Niazi, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Bogdan Oancea, Chimedsuren Ochir, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Eun-Cheol Park, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Urvish K Patel, Uttam Paudel, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Richard Charles G Pollok, Maarten J Postma, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Alireza Rafiei, Sima Rafiei, Pavan Manibettu Raghuram, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Aashish Rajesh, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Negar Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Amirhossein Sahebkar, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Chethan Sampath, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Saeed Shahabi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mohammed Shannawaz, Suchitra M Shenoy, Jeevan K Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Kenji Shibuya, Jae Il Shin, Parnian Shobeiri, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Achintya Dinesh Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Amir Ali Sohrabpour, Suhang Song, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Majid Taheri, Mircea Tampa, Ker-Kan Tan, Ahmad Tavakoli, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Belay Negash Tefera, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Habtamu Molla Tesfaw, Rekha Thapar, Aravind Thavamani, Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Maria Elena Tosti, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Indang Trihandini, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Irfan Ullah, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Shoban Babu Varthya, Bay Vo, Yasir Waheed, Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet, Melat Woldemariam, Suowen Xu, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Mehdi Yaseri, Yigizie Yeshaw, Vahit Yiğit, Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Ismaeel Yunusa, Mazyar Zahir, Leila Zaki, Mohammad Zamani, Maryam Zamanian, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Theo Vos, John W Ward, M Ashworth Dirac
    Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2022
  • The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    Khanh Bao Tran, Justin J Lang, Kelly Compton, Rixing Xu, Alistair R Acheson, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Louise Penberthy, Amirali Aali, Qamar Abbas, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ahmed Abdelwahab Abdelwahab, Gholamreza Abdoli, Hanan Abdulkadir Abdulkadir, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Abdorrahim Absalan, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Daniel Addison, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Sumia Afrin, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Wajeeha Aiman, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Addis Aklilu, Maxwell Akonde, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Saleh Ali Alessy, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Nivaldo Alonso, Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi, Haya Altawalah, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Yaregal Animut Animut, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Benny Antony, Maxwell Hubert Antwi, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Olatunde Aremu, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Hany Ariffin, Timur Aripov, Muhammad Arshad, Al Artaman, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Armin Aryannejad, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Reza Assadi, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tewachew Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Davood Azadi, Sina Azadnajafabad, Saber Azami-Aghdash, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y Y Azzam, Amirhesam Babajani, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Ahad Bakhtiari, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Maciej Banach, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Nasir Z Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Aeysha Begum, Alehegn Bekele Bekele, Alemayehu Sayih Belay, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Luis Belo, Habib Benzian, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Eduardo Bernabe, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Bharti Bhandari Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Soumitra S Bhuyan, Sadia Bibi, Awraris Hailu Bilchut, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Antonio Biondi, Mesfin Geremaw Birega Birega, Habitu Eshetu Birhan, Tone Bjørge, Oleg Blyuss, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Christina Maree Buchanan, Norma B Bulamu, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis 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Marwa Rashad Salem, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Francesco Sanmarchi, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, Susan M Sawyer, Mete Saylan, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Mario Šekerija, Endalew Gemechu Sendo, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Kenbon Seyoum, Feng Sha, Omid Shafaat, Masood Ali Shaikh, Erfan Shamsoddin, Mohammed Shannawaz, Rajesh Sharma, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Adithi Shetty, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Jae Il Shin, Reza Shirkoohi, K M Shivakumar, Parnian Shobeiri, Soraya Siabani, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Guilherme Silva Julian, Achintya Dinesh Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Jitendra Kumar Singh, Surjit Singh, Abiy H Sinke, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Lee Smith, Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Suhang Song, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Kurt Straif, Ranjeeta Subedi, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Saima Sultana, Viktória Szerencsés, Miklós Szócska, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Mohammadreza Tabary, Takahiro Tabuchi, Hooman Tadbiri, Majid Taheri, Amir Taherkhani, Ken Takahashi, Mircea Tampa, Ker-Kan Tan, Vivian Y Tat, Ahmad Tavakoli, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Bekele Tesfaye, Jarnail Singh Thakur, Rekha Thapar, Aravind Thavamani, Arulmani Thiyagarajan, Nihal Thomas, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Munkhsaikhan Togtmol, Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Musliu Adetola Tolani, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Gebresilasea Gendisha Ukke, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Krishna Kishore Umapathi, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay, Tolassa Wakayo Ushula, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Shoban Babu Varthya, Massimiliano Veroux, Paul J Villeneuve, Francesco S Violante, Vasily Vlassov, Giang Thu Vu, Yasir Waheed, Ning Wang, Paul Ward, Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet, Yi Feng Wen, Ronny Westerman, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Befikadu Legesse Wubishet, Suowen Xu, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Lin Yang, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Taklo Simeneh Yazie, Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet, Alex Yeshaneh, Yigizie Yeshaw, Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Zabihollah Yousefi, Chuanhua Yu, Ismaeel Yunusa, Vesna Zadnik, Mazyar Zahir, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Mohammad Zamani, Maryam Zamanian, Hamed Zandian, Fariba Zare, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Jianrong Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Arash Ziapour, Mohammad Zoladl, Christopher J L Murray, Christina Fitzmaurice, Archie Bleyer, Nickhill Bhakta
    Lancet Oncology, 2022
  • Relationship between diabetes self-care practices and control of periodontal disease among type2 diabetes patients in Bangladesh
    S. M. Mahmudul Hasan, Mosiur Rahman, Keiko Nakamura, Yuri Tashiro, Ayano Miyashita, Kaoruko Seino
    Plos One, 2021
  • Mediators of the association between low socioeconomic status and poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetics in Bangladesh
    Mosiur Rahman, Keiko Nakamura, S. M. Mahmudul Hasan, Kaoruko Seino, Golam Mostofa
    Scientific Reports, 2020
  • Secondhand smoke and illness: Are mother-child pairs from low socio-economic strata at increased risk in Bangladesh?
    M. Rahman, M. G. Mostofa, M. M. Rahman, M. N. Haque, M. S. Zahan, S. E. Haque, S. Al-Sobaihi, S. M. M. Hasan, M. D. Huda, M. K. Ahmed, H. M. M. Mahmud
    International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2019
  • Secondhand smoking, knowledge/attitudes and socioeconomic status among married bangladeshi women: A cross-sectional study
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    Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 2019
  • Socio-economic inequalities in secondhand smoke exposure at home in the context of mother-child pairs in Bangladesh
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    Public Health, 2018

RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

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    European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences 26 (6) , 2022
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MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

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    Citations: 2558
  • The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    KB Tran, JJ Lang, K Compton, R Xu, AR Acheson, HJ Henrikson, ...
    The Lancet 400 (10352), 563-591 , 2022
    2022
    Citations: 1083
  • Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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    HH Kyu, A Vongpradith, RMV Dominguez, J Ma, SB Albertson, ...
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    The Lancet Infectious Diseases 25 (1), 36-51 , 2025
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  • Mediators of the association between low socioeconomic status and poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetics in Bangladesh
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    Scientific reports 10 (1), 6690 , 2020
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    Citations: 50
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    The Lancet 404 (10469), 2341-2370 , 2024
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    SMM Hasan, M Rahman, K Nakamura, Y Tashiro, A Miyashita, K Seino
    PLoS One 16 (4), e0249011 , 2021
    2021
    Citations: 34
  • Secondhand smoking, knowledge/attitudes and socioeconomic status among married Bangladeshi women: a cross-sectional study
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    Sao Paulo Medical Journal 137 (01), 13-24 , 2019
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  • Socio-economic inequalities in secondhand smoke exposure at home in the context of mother-child pairs in Bangladesh
    M Rahman, MN Haque, MM Rahman, MG Mostofa, MS Zahan, ...
    Public Health 161, 106-116 , 2018
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    M Banach
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  • Estimated prevalence of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour among adults in Bangladesh: nationally representative STEPS survey, 2018
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    European Journal of Physiotherapy 26 (3), 170-175 , 2024
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    Citations: 5
  • Factors predictive of Ponseti casting for treating clubfoot: analysis of Bayesian Poisson regression model.
    MJ Khan, B Ganesan, KNK Fong, J Yip, MF Hoque, SM Mahmudul Hasan, ...
    European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences 26 (6) , 2022
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