Suhaib Khazaleh

@aau.edu.jo

school of Business
Amman Arab university

RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS

Finance, Economics, Econometrics and Finance, General Economics, Econometrics and Finance, General Business, Management and Accounting

Scopus Publications

Scholar Citations

Scholar h-index

Scholar i10-index

Scopus Publications

Corporate moral hazard and ESG performance: Unveiling the influence of gross enforcement actions and ownership dynamics in US multinational corporations
Zahra El Shlmani, Haslindar Ibrahim, Muhammad Tahir, and Suhaib Al‐khazaleh
Wiley
AbstractExisting research often highlights the impact of several categories of corporate enforcement action on corporate performance, thus overlooking the impossibility of isolating the impacts of other concurrent enforcement actions. The current study employed the gross value and volume of corporate enforcement actions to examine the influence of corporate moral hazard (CMH) on environmental, social, and governance performance (ESGP) along with ownership dynamics. The S&P data from 2018 to 2022 were analyzed, covering 1925 observations of US multinational corporations (MNCs) based on various aspects of corporate governance (CG). Institutional, insider, and family ownership were applied as proxies for ownership structure. CSRHub ratings represented ESGP, while Sustainalytics ratings were used for robustness. The analysis involved various econometric models, including the feasible generalized least squares model (FGLSM). Resultantly, CMH negatively affected ESGP, whereas CG mechanisms revealed a positive influence. Contrary to existing literature, the size of corporate law cases is a stronger proxy for CMH than the amount of enforcement actions. Although institutional owners decrease the number of enforcement actions, they encounter substantial penalties. Above‐average insiders reduce lawsuits and exert significant control over penalties, while below‐average insiders result in heavier penalties and lawsuits to an extent. Families are the most positively influential owners; having more family owners increases penalties and ESGP but reduces lawsuit size, particularly when ownership exceeds the mean percentage.

Foreign direct investment, salaries and wages: empirical evidence from Palestine and Jordan
Suhaib Al-Khazaleh, Nemer Badwan, Ihab Qubbaj, Safa Qasem, and Mohammad Sleimi
Emerald
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare salaries, wages and foreign direct investment (FDI) while focusing on Palestine and Jordan. The world development indicators (WDI) time series data, which spans the years 2000–2020, was used in this investigation.Design/methodology/approachThe study used time-series data from 2000 to 2020, which was collected from the (WDI). This research's methodology is driven by the variables and data it uses, and the design is predicated on the fact that we gathered secondary data in addition to the national characteristics of Jordan and Palestine. The statistical approach of econometrics is used to construct linear techniques like regression models and null hypothesis testing. Econometrics is an additional method for predicting future trends in the economy.FindingsThe results demonstrate that FDI has a statistically significant and favourable effect on salaries and wages in Palestine and Jordan. The statistical impact of unemployment on wages and salaries is small, but it harms Palestine and Jordan. GDP per capita has a statistically significant effect on salaries and wages, although it does so in Jordan adversely and in Palestine positively. In Palestine, the labour force has a statistically substantial and favourable influence on wages and salaries; in Jordan, however, this impact is not as great. FDI boosts employment prospects when business owners, entrepreneurs and other stakeholders establish new ventures overseas.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study have some policy implications. Investors must open new businesses abroad, and FDI increases possibilities and creates new employment. As a consequence, residents may earn more money and have more purchasing power, which will support the growth of the targeted economies in Jordan and Palestine. By enhancing the investment climate, the governments of Jordan and Palestine should encourage the flow of international direct investment. Low-technology companies and construction projects are more susceptible to the direct implications of FDI. To maximize the policy's effectiveness, both governments ought to devise specific measures to attract FDI to key economic sectors.Originality/valueThe study provides insight into how FDI enhances business opportunities when business owners, entrepreneurs and other stakeholders create new ventures abroad and locally within the two countries. This study contributes to the literature as it is considered the first study to address the impact of the relationship of FDI with wages and salaries in the Palestinian and Jordanian contexts. This study is also considered one of the very few studies that conducted empirical research from 2000 to 2020 to estimate the importance and impact of the relationship between FDI and wages or salaries.

Exploring Determinants of Job Satisfaction among Academic Members in Jordanian Higher Education Institutions
Mohammed Tawalbeh, Suhaib Al-Khazaleh, Muath Maqbool Albhirat, and Jawad Haitham Tawalbeh
EconJournals
This study aimed to identify the determinants of job satisfaction among academic staff in Jordanian Higher Education Institutions and propose a model that these institutions can use to estimate overall job satisfaction. Understanding these determinants is critical for faculty retention, performance, and organizational effectiveness. This study employed a quantitative approach to examine job satisfaction and its determinants among academic members in Jordanian Higher Education Institutions. A total of 272 participants were asked to rate their level of agreement with multiple statements regarding job satisfaction determinants using a Likert scale. The data collected were analyzed to identify the key factors influencing job satisfaction among academic staff. The study found that the work environment, promotion and development opportunities, and job security are significant determinants of job satisfaction among academic staff in Jordan. These factors play a crucial role in shaping faculty members’ perspectives on their jobs and their overall satisfaction levels. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for Higher Education Institutions that aim to enhance faculty satisfaction and organizational effectiveness. By focusing on improving the work environment, offering clear promotion and development paths, and ensuring job security, institutions can retain and motivate their academic staff better.

COVID-19 pandemic and linkage between stock markets in Middle Eastern countries
Suhaib Al-Khazaleh, Dr Nemer Badwan, Ibrahim Eriqat, and Zahra El Shlmani
Emerald
Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the linkage between stock markets in Middle Eastern countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic by using daily and monthly data sets for the period from 2011 to 2021. Design/methodology/approach The multivariate BEKK-GARCH model was computed to evaluate the existence of non-linear linkage among Middle Eastern stock markets. A correlation approach was used in this study to determine the type of linear connectivity between Middle Eastern stock markets. The study used monthly and daily data sets covering the years 2011 to 2021 to investigate the linkage between stock returns and the volatility spillover between the stock markets in Palestine, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, both before and during COVID-19. To understand the types of relationships between markets before and during COVID-19, the daily data set was split into two periods. Findings Results from the pre-COVID-19 suggest that the Syria stock market is not related to any stock market in the Middle East markets; the Palestine and Lebanon stock markets exhibit a weak relationship, but Jordan and Palestine stock markets are strongly linked. Conversely, results from COVID-19 evince a very strong bidirectional volatility spillover between Middle East stock markets. Overall, the results indicate the existence of increased linkage during the COVID-19. Research limitations/implications The data collection on a daily and monthly basis, both before and during COVID-19, presents certain limitations for the paper. Another limitation is that the data cannot be generalized to all other Middle Eastern countries; rather, the conclusions drawn can only be applied to these four countries. This is especially true if the scholars collected most of the necessary data but were unable to obtain certain data for various reasons. Practical implications These findings have implications for risk management, market regulation and the growth of local stock markets. Facilitating the growth of smaller, more specialized markets to improve integration with other Middle Eastern markets is one of the goals of the domestic stock market development policy. To ensure financial stability, Middle Eastern stock market linking policies should consider spillover risk and take steps to minimize it. Enhancing the range of investment opportunities accessible to shareholders and functioning as confidential risk-sharing mechanisms to facilitate improved risk management in Middle Eastern stock markets will not only significantly influence the mobilization of private capital to promote investment and local economic growth but also lay groundwork for integrated market platforms. Originality/value This paper adds to the body of literature by demonstrating the nature of the connections between these small markets and the larger markets in the Middle East region. Information from the smaller markets provides institutional insights that enhance the body of existing research, guide the formulation of evidence-based policies and advance financial literacy in these markets. This study contributes by comparing data from different stock markets to better understand the type and strength of the link and relationship between Middle Eastern stock markets, as well as any underlying or reinforcing factors that might have contributed to the relationship and the specific types of links that these markets shared prior and during COVID-19.

The Impact of Leadership Practices on the Adoption of Digital Transformation: The Moderating Role of Organizational Culture in Jordanian Manufacturing Sector
Wiam Khalayleh, Siti Rohaida, and Suhaib Mohammed Al-Khazaleh
EconJournals
This study investigates how organizational culture influences the relationship between leadership practices and digital transformation, as well as the impact of digital leadership practices on the adoption of digital transformation inside organizations. Using a quantitative approach, data from numerous firms reveal that achieving digital transformation necessitates effective leadership, with specific leadership components such as communication, strategic planning, digital leadership, and continuous improvement being crucial. The findings show that, depending on how effectively organizational culture fits with leadership initiatives, it can either facilitate or delay digital change. The study underlines the importance of purposeful investments in leadership development and cultural alignment for successful digital disruption management. While emphasizing the importance of cultivating an innovative culture and giving leaders with practical insights.

Level of financial disclosures for listed insurance companies using ISO 31000: empirical evidence from Jordan and Palestine
Suhaib Al-Khazaleh, Nemer Badwan, Ihab Qubbaj, and Mohammad Almashaqbeh
Emerald
PurposeIn light of the complex risk and transparency regulations, this paper investigates the factors influencing the level of risk management disclosure by insurance firms in Jordan and Palestine. The characteristics examined were ownership structure, which covers public, institutional and management ownership on risk management disclosure (RMD) utilizing ISO 31000, as well as profitability, leverage, liquidity and firm size.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the aim of this study, a quantitative research methodology was used. Based on the total number of observations, 232 purposeful annual observations for the study sample were collected between 2016 and 2023 for 10 insurance companies listed on the Palestine stock exchange (Palestinian companies) with 80 observations and 19 companies listed on the Amman stock exchange (Jordanian companies) with 152 observations. This study uses panel data regression with fixed effects models. By employing the 2SLS approach, we comprehensively address the main endogeneity concerns and problems in risk management disclosure RMD of insurance firms in Jordan and Palestine.FindingsThe results show that risk management disclosure is significantly influenced by the liquidity and size of an organization. Furthermore, RMD is not significantly affected by profitability, debt, public ownership, institutional ownership or liquidity, whereas business size has a favorable influence.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study may not be generalizable to firms in other countries because of the limitations of insurance firms in Palestine and Jordan. Study replication in future studies should consider the potential for bias and differences in data interpretation when utilizing qualitative methodologies to evaluate RMD.Practical implicationsThe practical implications emphasize how crucial it is for investors, practitioners and stakeholders to choose firms that are large and have little liquidity because this is linked to high levels of risk management transparency. This knowledge can offer investors an important direction for assessing possible risks and transparency in risk management within the insurance sector framework. The study recommends that the governments of Palestine and Jordan enact laws requiring risk management disclosure according to the ISO 31000:2018 standard, especially in the insurance industry.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by illuminating the relationship between firm size, liquidity and risk management disclosure in insurance companies operating in Jordan and Palestine. Therefore, investors should choose large, relatively liquid companies with strong risk management disclosure. This study offers theoretical insights that may be used as a guide for other research, improving the understanding of the variables influencing risk management disclosure in insurance companies and advancing scientific understanding.

The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in the Economic Transformation of Developing and Arab Countries
Younis Mohammad Salameh Al Khaza'leh
Elite Scientific Forum
This study examines the development of global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and assesses the share and impact of FDI on developing and Arab countries. It explores how economic transformation, privatization programs, adoption of market economies, openness to foreign investments, and the emergence of regional economic blocs have influenced FDI flows. The research involves a comprehensive review of literature and analysis of statistical data regarding FDI trends, particularly focusing on developing and Arab countries. Findings indicate that despite significant increases in global FDI flows in recent years, developing countries receive less than a third of these investments, with considerable disparities among different regions and countries. The Arab region, in particular, attracts a minimal share of global FDI, not exceeding 1.5% at best, despite efforts to offer incentives and tax exemptions. Inter-Arab investments are also weak due to unfavorable investment climates. However, FDI in developing countries positively affects technology transfer, human capital development, and contributes more to economic development than local investments. The study highlights the need for developing and Arab countries to improve their investment climates to attract more FDI and to leverage the benefits associated with it for economic transformation. This paper provides valuable insights into the role of FDI in the economic transformation of developing and Arab countries, emphasizing the specific challenges and opportunities in these regions. Future research should focus on strategies to enhance the attractiveness of developing and Arab countries to FDI, including policy reforms, improving political and economic stability, and fostering regional cooperation.

Ownership structure and firm performance: Evidence from non-bank financial institutions in Jordan
Suhaib Mohammed Sulaiman Alkhazaleh
Asian Economic and Social Society
This study examines the relationship between ownership structure and firm performance using empirical data on non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) in Jordan. The study employed a cross-sectional dependency test, the Levin–Lin–Chu panel data regression test, the Im–Pesaran test (CIPS), panel causality test, Pedroni regression analysis, generalized method of moments (GMM), and pooled mean formula. The sample consisted of 80 NBFIs listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). Four-panel unit root tests show that ownership concentration dynamics are robust at the first variance, and the Pedroni panel cointegration results demonstrate a long-run link between ownership concentration processes and corporate value. Similarly, research using GMM and pooled mean group (PMG) approaches reveals that ownership concentration procedures have a major impact on firm performance, as evaluated by Tobin’s Q. The study also reveals that government ownership boosts the profitability of NBFIs, contradicting previous research that suggests a strong inverse relationship between government ownership and NBFI efficiency. Conversely, the results of this study are not consistent with those of other studies which found a significant negative correlation between the efficiency of NBFIs and government ownership.

Using the ARDL Approach, Measure the Impact of Global Oil Price Fluctuations on Foreign Reserves

The Dynamic Impact of Environmental Sustainability, Green Finance, and FinTech on Energy Efficiency in Middle Eastern Economies
Omar Al-Kasasbeh, Suhaib Mohammed Al-Khazaleh, and Ghaith Alsheikh
EconJournals
Middle Eastern countries have prioritized energy efficiency in their policy, regarding the adverse environmental consequences of relying heavily on fossil fuels. Over time, their reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation and imports has resulted in a continual rise in greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, Middle Eastern countries possess considerable capacity for renewable energy resources that can be utilized without causing harm to the environment. This study empirically examines the effect of green finance, environmental sustainability, and fin-tech on energy efficiency using panel data from 2012 to 2023 in Middle Eastern countries: Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. The study achieved its aims by employing a range of econometric methodologies. The CIPS and IPS procedures are employed to analyze unit root attributes, while the panel cointegration methodology of Westerlund (2007) is used to examine cointegration. The results indicate that there is cointegration among the variables that were analyzed. The outcomes provide helpful knowledge regarding the development of energy efficiency in Middle Eastern countries.

The Impact of Corporate-and Country-level Governance Mechanisms on the Firm's Disclosure Quality: Evidence from MENA Countries
f F, f F, and
People and Global Business Association
Purpose: The paper aims to investigate the impact of corporate and country-level governance mechanisms on the firm's disclosure quality.Design/methodology/approach: The paper employs a panel dataset comprising 96 financial institutions listed on the stock markets of four countries in the MENA region: Palestine, Jordan, Kuwait, and Qatar. This dataset spans five years, from 2016 to 2020. Data primarily originate from the annual reports of these institutions and are subjected to analysis through pooled OLS, fixed effect (FE), and random effect (RE) methodologies.Findings: The main findings of this study reveal that corporate governance (CG) factors, including board size, board meetings, and audit committee size, have a positive impact on disclosure quality. Additionally, concerning country-level governance, the role of law positively influences disclosure quality, whereas political stability and corruption negatively influence disclosure quality.Research limitations/implications: This study's main limitations are missing data, especially regarding the audit committee information, and the lack of a database covering the firms in the MENA region. The findings can help managers, policymakers, and other stakeholders enhance the firm's disclosure by adopting good corporate and country- level governance practices.Originality/value: The study develops a disclosure quality index that examines various disclosure requirements attributes, encompassing financial and non-financial disclosure aspects. Such an index adds value to prior research on disclosure quality. Additionally, this study expands the scope of previous research by incorporating wide aspects of CG attributes and investigating the role of country-level governance.

RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

Foreign direct investment, salaries and wages: empirical evidence from Palestine and Jordan
S Al-Khazaleh, N Badwan, I Qubbaj, S Qasem, M Sleimi
EuroMed Journal of Business 2025

Exploring Determinants of Job Satisfaction among Academic Members in Jordanian Higher Education Institutions
M Tawalbeh, S Al-Khazaleh, MM Albhirat, JH Tawalbeh
International Review of Management and Marketing 15 (1), 242-248 2025

Level of financial disclosures for listed insurance companies using ISO 31000: empirical evidence from Jordan and Palestine
S Al-Khazaleh, N Badwan, I Qubbaj, M Almashaqbeh
Asian Review of Accounting 2024

COVID-19 pandemic and linkage between stock markets in Middle Eastern countries
S Al-Khazaleh, DN Badwan, I Eriqat, Z El Shlmani
Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 17 (2/3), 112-132 2024

The Impact of Leadership Practices on the Adoption of Digital Transformation: The Moderating Role of Organizational Culture in Jordanian Manufacturing Sector
W Khalayleh, S Rohaida, SM Al-Khazaleh
International Review of Management and Marketing 14 (6), 178-185 2024

Ownership structure and firm performance: Evidence from non-bank financial institutions in Jordan
S Al-Khazaleh
Asian Economic and Financial Review 14 (9), 660-682 2024

Using the ARDL approach, measure the impact of global oil price fluctuations on foreign reserves
AM Jwair, F Zoghlami, SM Al-Khazaleh
Cuadernos de Economa 47 (133), 153-165 2024

Ownership structure and firm performance: Evidence from non-bank financial institutions in Jordan
SMS Alkhazaleh
Asian Economic and Financial Review 14 (9), 660 2024

The dynamic impact of environmental sustainability, green finance, and FinTech on energy efficiency in Middle Eastern economies
O Al-Kasasbeh, SM Al-Khazaleh, G Alsheikh
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 14 (4), 574-579 2024

The Impact of Corporate-and Country-level Governance Mechanisms on the Firm's Disclosure Quality: Evidence from MENA Countries.
IOA Eriqat, S Al-Khazaleh
Global Business and Finance Review. 28 (7), 122-137 2023

The effect of accounting disclosure on investment decision-making—a case study sample of investors in companies listed on Palestine stock exchange
M Faza, N Badwan, M Hamdan, S Al-Khazaleh
IntechOpen 2023

Board structure and firm performance: evidence from non-bank financial institutions in Jordan
S Al-Khazaleh, H Ibrahim, MA Mia, N Badwan
Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture 35, 1059-1092 2023

Financial risk management in the supply chain using business intelligence and big data
L Al-Zoubi, S Al-Khazaleh, N Badwan
International Journal of Management and Business Research 7 (1), 1-27 2023

A Conceptual Model For The Role Of Corporate Governance In Increasing Venture Capitalist Firms Performance In The Uae.
SMS Al-Khazaleh, AH Zulkafli, MN Dargiri
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry 12 (5) 2021

Managerial Gender Discrimination in Jordanian Workplaces: two case studies
M Tawalbeh, MM Albhirat, AAM Qadorah, SM Alkhazaleh, A Alzghoul

Corporate moral hazard and ESG performance: Unveiling the influence of gross enforcement actions and ownership dynamics in US multinational corporations
Z El Shlmani, H Ibrahim, M Tahir, S Al‐khazaleh
Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management

The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in the Economic Transformation of Developing and Arab Countries
YMS Al Khaza'leh, MSH Alelaimat, SM Al-Khazaleh

MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

Financial risk management in the supply chain using business intelligence and big data
L Al-Zoubi, S Al-Khazaleh, N Badwan
International Journal of Management and Business Research 7 (1), 1-27 2023
Citations: 6

Using the ARDL approach, measure the impact of global oil price fluctuations on foreign reserves
AM Jwair, F Zoghlami, SM Al-Khazaleh
Cuadernos de Economa 47 (133), 153-165 2024
Citations: 4

Ownership structure and firm performance: Evidence from non-bank financial institutions in Jordan
SMS Alkhazaleh
Asian Economic and Financial Review 14 (9), 660 2024
Citations: 1