NIRS-based prediction of mineral content and DCAD status for sustainable livestock nutrition ROKHMATUN ISNAINI, Despal Despal, Idat Galih Permana, RIKA ZAHERA, Annisa Rosmalia, et al. Biodiversitas, 2025 Abstract. Isnaini R, Despal, Permana IG, Zahera R, Rosmalia A, Farras MN. 2025. NIRS-based prediction of mineral content and DCAD status for sustainable livestock nutrition. Biodiversitas 26: 3281-3293. The Dietary Cation-Anion Difference (DCAD)—the balance between positively and negatively charged minerals (e.g., Na?, K? vs. Cl?, S²?)—is a key factor in maintaining acid-base balance, calcium homeostasis, and metabolic health in dairy cows (Bos taurus (Linnaeus, 1758)). However, DCAD data for individual feedstuffs, especially those used in tropical regions like Indonesia, are largely unavailable, limiting formulation accuracy. This study analyzed the mineral content (Ca, Na, K, Mg, P, S, Cl) of 289 Indonesian feed samples, all feed samples in each category were derived from one species only (66 grasses, 114 legumes, 47 roughages, and 62 concentrates) using wet chemistry, and calculated their DCAD values. Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to develop predictive models as a rapid, non-destructive, cost-effective, and multi-parameter alternative to laboratory analysis. DCAD values varied widely: most grasses, roughages, and concentrates were negative, while legumes tended to be positive. This variation is nutritionally relevant, as negative DCAD diets are beneficial during the prepartum phase to reduce the risk of hypocalcemia in transition cows. NIRS models showed strong performance (R²>0.8; RPD>1.4), with successful external validation (SEP/SEL<2, except in concentrates). The resulting DCAD database and NIRS models can be integrated into mobile apps or formulation tools to support precision feeding strategies, particularly for managing transition cow health in tropical dairy systems.
Analysis of the best secondary metabolite compound of binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) against Staphylococcus epidermidis Tri Wahyu Apriliana, Idat Galih Permana, Despal, Dwierra Evvyernie Amirroenas, Eni Siti Rohaeni Bio Web of Conferences, 2025 Subclinical mastitis is a disease that causes inoptimal milk production and milk quality. Subclinical mastitis can be treated with the help of herbal plants. Binahong leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) is one of the herbals that contains several antibacterial secondary metabolite compounds. This study aims to identify the secondary metabolite of binahong leaf extract that has the best antibacterial activity against bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis. The herbal ingredient used was binahong leaf extract, and the bacterium that causes mastitis was S. epidermidis. The analyses used were TLC bioautography. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the growth of S. epidermidis could be inhibited by binahong leaf extract with an inhibition zone of 11 mm identified in the fraction with an Rf value of 0.95. The fraction was a triterpenoid compound marked purple after being sprayed with Lieberman burchard. It can be concluded that the best secondary metabolite compound in binahong leaf extract is triterpenoid. Triterpenoid in binahong leaf extract at Rf 0.95 showed the best activity in inhibiting the growth of S. epidermidis as one of the bacteria that causes subclinical mastitis with an inhibitory zone of 11 mm.
Optimizing tropical dairy goat diets: balancing rumen degradable protein, non-fiber carbohydrates, and sulfur requirements Idat Galih Permana, Annisa Rosmalia, Febby Yustika Anggarini, Despal Despal, Toto Toharmat, Dwierra Evvyernie Animal Bioscience, 2025 Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of rations incorporating rumen degradable protein (RDP), non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), and sulfur on nutrient utilization, milk production, milk quality, and the economic aspects of dairy goats.Methods: In the first study, five treatments were tested in a block-randomized design to examine in vitro fermentability and digestibility. Treatments included P0 (control diet), P1 (P0+7.5% cassava-NFC), P2 (P0+7.5% cassava-NFC and 5% soybean), P3 (P0+7.5% cassava-NFC and 5% autoclaved soybean), and P4 (P0+7.5% cassava-NFC, 5% autoclaved soybean, and 0.1% sulfur). In the second study, sixteen lactating Saanen-Ettawa crossbreed dairy goats (initial milk production = 0.97±0.25 L/head/d, 30 DIM; body weight = 44.44±7.20 kg) were assigned into four groups and fed treatment diets: R0 (basal diet), R1 (R0+12% autoclaved soybean), R2 (R0+12% autoclaved soybean and 9% cassava-NFC), and R3 (R0+12% autoclaved soybean, 9% cassava-NFC, and 0.11% sulfur). The diets were offered for 7 weeks with a two-week adaptation period. Parameters observed include milk production and quality, milk fatty acids, blood hematology and metabolites, and economic aspects. The study used a block randomized design with initial weight as a block.Results: The treatment diets in the first study had no effect on in vitro fermentability and digestibility. Treatments R2 and R3 resulted in higher milk production than R0 and R1. Milk quality remained consistent across treatments, while solid non-fat, lactose, and protein was higher in R2 and R3. Blood hematology was unaffected by the treatments. Nutrient efficiency and income over feed cost were enhanced by R2 and R3 treatments.Conclusion: Protected RDP using autoclaved soybean and cassava-NFC maintained in vitro digestibility, even though it did not improve in vitro fermentability. Precision dairy ration based on RDP, NFC, and sulfur positively impacts milk production, nutrient efficiency, and animal health in dairy goats.
In Vitro Assessment of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) as a Sustainable Energy Source in Dairy Ration I. G. Permana, S. Salehudin, D. Evvyernie, A. Rosmalia Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2025 Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) has emerged as a promising energy source for dairy rations, owing to its high carbohydrate content (48–89%). However, the presence of tannins may pose challenges by potentially inhibiting nutrient availability, necessitating careful adjustments in feed formulation. Despite its potential, research on carob’s application in tropical dairy rations remains limited. This study investigates the effects of carob on rumen fermentation and digestibility in dairy cattle, employing a randomized block design (RBD) with five treatments and four replications for rumen fluid collection. The treatments were as follows: R1 (6% cassava waste), R2 (6% molasses), R3 (3% carob powder + 3% cassava waste), R4 (3% carob powder + 3% molasses), and R5 (6% carob powder). Key parameters measured were rumen pH, ammonia (NH3) levels, volatile fatty acids (VFA), rumen bacterial and protozoan populations, as well as dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The results indicated that carob inclusion up to 6% (R5) significantly increased total VFA and bacterial populations. However, there were no significant effects on rumen pH, NH3 levels, protozoa populations, DMD, and OMD. Carob inclusion demonstrated similar results to molasses and cassava waste across most parameters, with the exception of higher VFA levels and bacterial growth, indicating that carob can serve as a viable alternative to traditional energy sources in dairy cattle rations.
Optimizing Soybean Protein Protection Through Roasting: Effects of Temperature and Heating Duration on In Vitro Fermentability and Digestibility A. Rosmalia, R. A. Destrisatania, I. G. Permana, D. Evvyernie Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2025 Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a high-quality protein source for dairy cow rations but contains high levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP), necessitating protection. Producing protected protein through roasting has shown variable results, particularly in determining the optimal temperature and duration of heating. This study aimed to determine the optimal temperature and duration for protecting soybean protein using the roasting method, observed by in vitro fermentability and digestibility. A Randomized Block Design was employed with five treatments: unroasted soybeans (R1), soybeans roasted at 180°C for 30 min (R2), soybeans roasted at 180°C at 40 min (R3), soybeans roasted at 200°C 30 min (R4), soybeans roasted at 200°C at 40 min (R5), and four groups based on rumen sampling. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and, if significant (p<0.05), followed by the Duncan test. The results showed that the roasting method decreased NH3, dry matter, and organic matter digestibility (DMD and OMD) (p<0.01). However, this method significantly increased VFA production and the populations of protozoa and rumen bacteria (p<0.01). The R4 was optimal for protecting soybean protein in the rumen, as indicated by a reduction in NH3 and an increase in total VFA without significantly decreasing DMD and OMD.
Effect of Leucaena leucocephala Protein Supplement on Nutrient Intake, Milk Yield and Quality, Hematology, Metabolites and Economy Efficiency in Etawah Crossbreed Goats Idat Galih Permana, Salwa Iffat Zahidah Arif, Fajar Rezki Pambudi, Despal Despal, Annisa Rosmalia American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2025 Legumes, such as Leucaena leucocephala (LL), have high protein and Rumen degradable Protein (RUP) content, so adding legumes to the diet of dairy goats can meet the protein requirements for milk synthesis. However, the addition of LL alone is insufficient to meet the RUP requirement of dairy goats, thus requiring other protein sources. LL Protein Supplement (LLPS) is a feed ingredient containing high-quality RUP formulated with LL as the base ingredient, complemented by high-quality protein sources such as roasted soybeans, autoclaved black cumin meal, CGM, and SBM. This study investigated the effect of LLPS on dairy goat performance and productivity. This study used sixteen lactating Etawah crossbreed goats with an average milk production of 0.72 L/head/day and 49.69±7.85 kg body weight. A randomized block design consisting of four treatments and four replications was utilized. The experimental diet consisted of the farmer’s ration (R0) and R0 supplemented with 5% LLPS (R1), 10% LLPS (R2), and 15% LLPS (R3). The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s multiple range test to conduct pairwise comparisons between the treatments. The results revealed that the LLPS significantly improves nutrient consumption, milk yield, milk component yield, milk urea, and erythrocytes counts. Additionally, LPPS supplementation demonstrated economic benefits while maintaining the overall milk quality and health status. In summary, incorporating LLPS into dairy goat diets can enhance palatability and positively impact their productivity without compromising the health status of the animals, as indicated by average hematological and blood metabolite values.
Characterization of Protein Degradation in Tropical Dairy Feedstuff Using the In Sacco Method Idat Galih Permana, Annisa Rosmalia, Sari Filza Izzati Rahmat, Despal Despal, Rika Zahera Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Dan Veteriner, 2024 A study was conducted to determine the protein degradation characteristics of 27 tropical feedstuffs for dairy rations. Twenty-two tropical feedstuffs were grouped into A1 (local low fiber and low protein sources: corn, rice bran, cassava, cassava waste, wheat, pollard), A2 (local low fiber and low protein sources: palm kernel meal, tofu waste, tempe waste), and A3 (local high fiber sources: acacia, alfalfa, narra, gliricidia, indigofera, calliandra, bauhinia, leucaena, albizia, agati, piper, moringa, jack leaves), and compared to A4 (imported low fiber high protein sources: soybean, roasted soybean, DDGS, CGM, CGF) using the in sacco method. The study revealed that A1, A2, and A3 had lower protein content but higher crude fiber than A4. Protein solubility (a) was higher in A1 and A2, while the potentially degraded fraction (b) was higher in A2 and A3. A1 and A2 had higher RDP fractions than A3 and A4. High RDP feedstuffs include pollard, wheat, soybean, CGF, tempe waste, alfalfa, gliricidia, indigofera, agati, and moringa. In contrast, high RUP feedstuffs include corn, palm kernel meal, narra, calliandra, leucaena, albizia, tamarind, piper, jack leaves, roasted soybean, soybean meal, and CGM. Tropical feedstuffs exhibit diverse protein degradation characteristics, making them valuable for strategic ration formulation in dairy cattle.
Coconut Fatty Acid Distillate Ca-Soap with Different Calcium Sources: Effects of Varied Proportions of Protected and Unprotected Fat Supplementation in Dairy Rations Rika Zahera, Mega Indah Pratiwi, Ainissya Fitri, Satoshi Koike, Idat Galih Permana, Despal Dairy, 2024 This study aimed to compare calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) as calcium sources for coconut fatty acid distillate (CFAD) calcium soap (Ca-soap) production and to evaluate the supplementation ratios of unprotected and protected CFAD in dairy rations to optimize rumen function. This research included two steps: (1) assessing the protection strength of Ca-soap made with CaO and CaCl2 at mole ratios of Ca to CFAD of 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5; (2) evaluating CFAD supplementation in an in vitro dairy ration study using a 5 × 4 randomized factorial block design. Factor A compared unprotected and protected CFAD ratios of A1 = 100:0, A2 = 75:25, A3 = 50:50, A4 = 25:75, and A5 = 0:100, and factor B compared supplementation levels of B1 = 0%, B2 = 1%, B3 = 2%, and B4 = 3%. CaCl2 at a 2.5-mole ratio to CFAD produced the lowest acid value and the carboxylic acid (C=O) chemical bond. Complete protection (0:100) exhibited the highest densities of Bacteroides and nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05) without significantly affecting rumen fermentability (p > 0.05). Higher CFAD levels significantly reduced methanogens and protozoa (p < 0.05) without significantly affecting estimated methane production. In conclusion, CaCl2 at a 2.5-mole ratio to CFAD provided the best protection, and its complete protection in CFAD supplementation optimized rumen function.
Comparative Analysis of Calcium Sources for Enhancing Protection in Coconut Fatty Acid Distillate Ca-soap Production using FTIR Rika Zahera, Mega Indah Pratiwi, Ainissya Fitri, Satoshi Koike, Idat Galih Permana, Despal Bio Web of Conferences, 2024 Coconut fatty acid distillate (CFAD) is a by-product of the coconut oil process which rich medium-chain fatty acid and can be utilized in dairy ration as a protected form. Calcium soap (Ca-soap) is a protected fat method that is affordable to apply in dairy farms. This study compared the quality of Ca-soap with different calcium sources using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. There were two Ca-soap of CFAD using CaO by modified fusion method and CaCl2 by double decomposition process. Comparative analysis was conducted in FTIR spectra and transmittance peaks of CFAD, CaO-CFAD, and CaCl2-CFAD. The results showed transmittance peak of carboxylic acids and water functional molecules were different in CFAD compared to Ca-soap. There was no peak transmittance of O-H and H-O-H on CFAD. However, the presence peak on Ca-soap products showed water production of saponification reaction. As for carboxylic acid molecules, C=O decreased after the reaction to Ca-soap. The transmission value of C=O bond showed 47.10% and 89.34% in CFAD and CaO-CFAD respectively. However, there was no peak in CaCl2-CFAD. The no peak transmittance of carboxylic acids indicated higher Ca-soap conversion. In conclusion, the Ca-soap of CaCl2-CFAD was of higher quality than CaO-CFAD.
Supplementing broiler diets with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as a protein source: Performance, carcass traits, viscera organ, and economic perspectives Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research, 2024
The effects of feed supplemention on the in vitro fermentability, ration digestibility and methane gas production across different dairy cattle feeding rations at the farms level Livestock Research for Rural Development, 2024
Protected Protein Supplement Based on Rumen Undegradable Protein to Enhanced Productivity of Etawah Crossbred Dairy Goats Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 2024
Effect of Dietary Non-Fiber Carbohydrate Sources and Sulfur Supplementation on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Digestibility of the Dairy Ration Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 2023
Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes on lignocellulosic substrates for human food and animal feed production Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics Supplement, 2004
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Macronutrient-based assessment of fibre source quality in lowland and highland smallholder dairy cattle farms TW Apriliana, IG Permana, Despal, A Rosmalia BIO Web of Conferences 234, 01001 , 2026 2026
Comparative evaluation of methods for ammonia (NH 3 ) determination in rumen fermentation of legume and concentrate samples A Rosmalia, KJ Ahmad, IG Permana, Despal, C Budiman BIO Web of Conferences 234, 01003 , 2026 2026
Effect of Leucaena leucocephala Protein Supplement on Nutrient Intake, Milk Yield and Quality, Hematology, Metabolites and Economy Efficiency in Etawah Crossbreed Goats IG Permana, SIZ Arif, FR Pambudi, D Despal, A Rosmalia American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 20 (2), 192-203 , 2025 2025
Effect of tannin and amino acid supplementation on growth, digestibility, and blood parameters in heifer calves A Fitri, FEM Sitanggang, IG Permana, WR Farida, D Anzhany, R Ridwan Nusantara Bioscience 17 (2) , 2025 2025
NIRS-based prediction of mineral content and DCAD status for sustainable livestock nutrition R Isnaini, D Despal, IG Permana, R Zahera, A Rosmalia, MN Farras Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 26 (7) , 2025 2025
In Vitro Assessment of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) as a Sustainable Energy Source in Dairy Ration IG Permana, S Salehudin, D Evvyernie, A Rosmalia IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1484 (1), 012008 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Optimizing Soybean Protein Protection Through Roasting: Effects of Temperature and Heating Duration on In Vitro Fermentability and Digestibility A Rosmalia, RA Destrisatania, IG Permana, D Evvyernie IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1484 (1), 012007 , 2025 2025
Keragaman Dan Karakterisasi Mikrobioma Saluran Pencernaan Pada Sapi Perah Dara Yang Diberi Pakan Tanin Dan Asam Amino FEM Sitanggang, IG Permana, A Fitri 2025
PERFORMA DAN KUALITAS SUSU INDUK DOMBA PASCA BERANAK YANG DIBERI RANSUM MENGANDUNG JENIS MINYAK BERBEDA E Priansyah, IG Permana, DA Astuti 2025
Penambahan Tanin dan Asam Amino terhadap Performa dan Profil Darah pada Sapi Dara Friesian Holstein LN Salsabila, IG Permana, A Fitri 2025
Respons Pertumbuhan dan Kualitas Tanaman Clitoria ternatea terhadap Perlakuan Cacing Tanah (Eisenia foetida) dan Frekuensi Pemberian Pupuk Kandang AT Permana, IG Permana, FY Marmaz 2025
Seasonal Adaptation in Feed Management: Assessing Forage and Feedstuff Variations in Small-Sized Dairy Farms in Boyolali, Central Java NR Kumalasari, S Suharti, WA Zahra, A Rosmalia, IG Permana, S Sunardi 2025 Citations: 1
Analisis Tingkat Kepuasan Peternak Anggota KPBS Pangalengan dalam Penggunaan Konsentrat Sapi Perah RC-Super dan RCPremium DAI Salasah, IG Permana 2025
Pengaruh Pemberian Konsentrat yang Berbeda Terhadap Kecukupan Nutrien, Performa, dan Keuntungan Usaha Sapi Perah Anggota KPBS Pangalengan ANZ Iskandar, IG Permana 2025
Pengaruh Proteksi Protein dengan Formaldehid dan Autoclave pada Ampas Bir terhadap Fermentabilitas Rumen In Vitro D Safitri, IG Permana, NR Kumalasari 2025
Studi Modifikasi Ransum Berbasis Dietary Cation-Anion Difference (DCAD) terhadap Fermentasi Rumen dan Kecernaan Serat secara In Vitro MN Farras, IG Permana 2025
Suplementasi Kedelai Teproteksi dan Daun Pepaya dalam Ransum terhadap Fermentabilitas dan Kecernaan Secara In Vitro RS PUTERI, IG Permana 2025
Suplementasi Protein Berbahan Dasar Leguminosa Dalam Ransum Terhadap Fermentabilitas Rumen dan Kecernaan Secara In Vitro BAK RABBANI, IG Permana 2025
Dampak Pakan Tambahan Pada Ransum Dengan Jenis Konsentrat Berbeda Terhadap Fermentabilitas Dan Kecernaan Secara In Vitro. MC Sumolang, IG Permana 2025
Abundance of Succinivibrionaceae Bacteria in the Feces of Calves Fed Tannins, Amino Acids, and Their Combination F Sitanggang, A Fitri, I Permana, R Christi Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran 25 (3), 7 , 2025 2025
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Penggunaan berbagai sumber karbohidrat terlarut air untuk meningkatkan kualitas silase daun rami D Despal, IG Permana, SN Safarina, AJ Tatra Tropical Animal Science Journal 34 (1), 69 , 2011 2011 Citations: 97
Produksi dan komposisi nutrisi serta kecernaan in vitro Indigofera sp pada interval dan tinggi pemotongan berbeda A Tarigan, L Abdullah, SP Ginting, IG Permana JITV 19 (2) , 2010 2010 Citations: 95
Peningkatan produksi ternak ruminansia melalui amoniasi pakan serat bermutu rendah, defaunasi dan suplementasi sumber protein tahan degradasi dalam rumen T Sutardi, D Sastradipradja, T Toharmat, AS Tjakradidjaja, IG Permana Laporan Penelitian Hibah Bersaing 1994 , 1993 1993 Citations: 58
Studi hubungan respon ukuran tubuh dan pemberian pakan terhadap pertumbuhan sapi pedet dan dara pada lokasi yang berbeda S Syawal, BP Purwanto, IG Permana JITP 2 (3), 175-188 , 2013 2013 Citations: 54
Forage production and nutrient composition of different sorghum varieties cultivated with indigofera in intercropping system L Abdullah Media Peternakan , 2016 2016 Citations: 48
Synchronization of rumen degradable protein with non-fiber carbohydrate on microbial protein synthesis and dairy ration digestibility A Rosmalia, IG Permana, D Despal Veterinary World 15 (2), 252 , 2022 2022 Citations: 44
Utilization of mungbean’s green house fodder and silage in the ration for lactating dairy cows R Zahera, IG Permana, Despal Media Peternakan 38 (2), 123-131 , 2015 2015 Citations: 42
Teknik Membuat Biskuit Pakan Ternak dari Limbah Pertanian Y Retnani, IG Permana, NR Kumalasari Penebar Swadaya Grup , 2015 2015 Citations: 39
Utilization of bioslurry on maize hydroponic fodder as a corn silage supplement on nutrient digestibility and milk production of dairy cows HD Nugroho, IG Permana, Despal Media Peternakan 38 (1), 70-76 , 2015 2015 Citations: 34
Model pendugaan Total Digestible Nutrien (TDN) pada hijauan pakan tropis menggunakan komposisi nutrien AS Indah, I Permana, IG Despal Sains Peternakan 18 (1), 38-43 , 2020 2020 Citations: 33
Model penentuan suhu kritis pada sapi perah berdasarkan kemampuan produksi dan manajemen pakan D Suherman, BP Purwanto, W Manalu, IG Permana, B Fisiologi, ... Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia 8 (2), 121-138 , 2013 2013 Citations: 29
Introduction of Complete Ration Silage to Substitute the Conventional Ration at Traditional Dairy Farms in Lembang U Hasanah, IG Permana, Despal Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 16 (8), 577-587. , 2017 2017 Citations: 26
Prediction accuracy improvement of Indonesian dairy cattle fiber feed compositions using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy local database D Despal, LA Sari, R Chandra, R Zahera, IG Permana, L Abdullah Tropical Animal Science Journal 43 (3), 263 , 2020 2020 Citations: 25
Addition of water soluble carbohydrate sources prior to ensilage for ramie leaves silage qualities improvement. D Despal, IG Permana, SN Safarina, AJ Tatra Media Peternakan 34 (1), 69-76 , 2011 2011 Citations: 25
Effect of feeding frequency on survival and growth of juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus versicolor in Indonesia S Syafrizal, CM Jones, IG Permana, NBP Utomo Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation and Legislation 11, 1427-1434 , 2018 2018 Citations: 23
Pemberian Pakan Sapi Perah Despal, IG Permana, T Toharmat, DE Amirroennas IPB Press , 2017 2017 Citations: 23
Physical characteristic and palatability of biscuit bio-supplement for dairy goat Y Retnani, IG Permana, LC Purba Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 17 (5), 725-729 , 2014 2014 Citations: 23
Dietary biochar as a feed additive for increasing livestock performance: A meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo experiment. N Qomariyah, A Ella, SN Ahmad, Y Yusriani, MM Sholikin, ... Czech Journal of Animal Science 68 (2) , 2023 2023 Citations: 22
Substitution of concentrate by ramie (Boehmeria nivea) leaves hay or silage on digestibility of Jawarandu goat ration M Ridla, IG Permana, T Toharmat Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 16 (6), 435-443 , 2017 2017 Citations: 22
Use of sugarcane bagasse for mushroom and animal feed production IG Permana, G Flachowsky, U ter Meulen, F Zadrazil Science and Cultivation of Edible Fungi 2000 1, 385 , 2000 2000 Citations: 21
