ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL STABILITY AND SHELF-LIFE OF GOKSHURA CHURNA: A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH NIHARIKA GADDAM, RAVI GUNDAWAR, KRISHNAMURTHY BHAT, BASAVARAJ S. HADAPAD, MUDDUKRISHNA BS, MURALIDHAR BALLAL, VASANTHARAJU SG International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2026 Objective: Gokshura Churna is a versatile Ayurvedic remedy with a rich history of therapeutic use in promoting urinary, reproductive and physical health, it holds a significant place in traditional medicine. However, to ensure its long-term efficacy and safety, especially in modern applications, it is essential to support its use with scientific validation, particularly in terms of quality, stability and shelf-life. Methods: The present study focuses on determining the shelf-life of Marketed Gokshura Churna formulation using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. Stability testing was conducted under both accelerated and long-term conditions, following international council for harmonisation of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use (ICH) guidelines. Samples were analyzed at intervals of 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo. The chemical fingerprint of the formulation was established by using two analytical Markers Quercetin and Beta-sitosterol. In addition to chemical analysis, various quality control parameters were evaluated as per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), including organoleptic properties, Loss on drying, ash content, extractives values, pH and microbial load. Results: Quercetin and Beta-sitosterol were eluted at 5.7 and 7.8 min. The overall results of the validation parameters of the Markers were within the limits. Stress studies confirmed the absence of co-eluting peaks and degradants under various stress conditions. All the Physicochemical parameters of the formulation were within the acceptable limits. Total microbial load analysis of the formulation showed that the bacterial count was within acceptable limits, while there is a marginal increase in the fungal count was observed. Based on the stability analysis of Quercetin and Beta-sitosterol marker content, the shelf life of Gokshura churna was estimated to be 29.80 and 26.20 mo. Conclusion: This study provides a scientific foundation for future commercial stability testing and contributes to improved quality and safety of Gokshura churna.
Formulation Strategy of BCS-II Drugs by Coupling Mechanistic In-Vitro and Nonclinical In-Vivo Data with PBPK: Fundamentals of Absorption-Dissolution to Parameterization of Modelling and Simulation Shriya V A, Usha Y. Nayak, Muddukrishna Badamane Sathyanarayana, Bhim Bahadur Chaudhari, Krishnamurthy Bhat AAPS Pharmscitech, 2025 BCS class II candidates pose challenges in drug development due to their low solubility and permeability. Researchers have explored various techniques; co-amorphous and solid dispersion are major approaches to enhance in-vitro drug solubility and dissolution. However, in-vivo oral bioavailability remains challenging. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling with a detailed understanding of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) using a mechanistic approach is emerging. This review summarizes the fundamentals of the PBPK, dissolution—absorption models, parameterization of oral absorption for BCS class II drugs, and provides information about newly emerging artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) linked PBPK approaches with their advantages, disadvantages, challenges and areas of further exploration. Additionally, the fully integrated workflow for formulation design for investigational new drugs (INDs) and virtual bioequivalence for generic molecules falling under BCS-II are discussed. Graphical Abstract
Identification, synthesis, isolation, and characterization of formulation related degradation impurity of Cefadroxil Oral suspension Sunil Ramrao Murkute, Surenehalli Gowdra Vasantharaju, Girij P. Singh, Krishnamurthy Bhat, Himanshu M. Godbole, Pritesh R. Upadhyay, Anurag Trivedi Journal of Chromatography B Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 2025 Cefadroxil is an orally active, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic utilized in the treatment of bronchitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, urinary tract infections, uncomplicated skin infections, bones, and joints (de Marco and Salgado, 2017 [1]). Cefadroxil for oral suspension is formulated as dry powder for oral suspension. After reconstitution during 14 days storage, we observed an unknown impurity at relative retention time (RRT) 1.29 in cefadroxil oral suspension. The observed level of an unknown impurity was greater than 0.1 % in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The present work is focused on the identification, synthesis, and characterization of the unknown impurity by employing several sophisticated analytical techniques. Such as High-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS), One dimensional (1D) and two dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Raloxifene HCl – Naringin co-amorphous system: Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetic studies Navya Sree Kola Srinivas, Dani Lakshman Yarlagadda, Brahmam Bheemishetty, Shaila Lewis, Swapnil Jayant Dengale, Krishnamurthy Bhat European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2025 Approximately 90 % of NCEs in development and 40 % of recently approved drugs are poorly water-soluble. To improve solubility and stability, co-amorphous systems (CAMs) are used, involving the amorphization of an API with a co-former through interactions like hydrogen bonding. This study explores the co-amorphization of Raloxifene HCl (RLX) and Naringin (NRG). RLX, a BCS class II drug, has limited oral bioavailability of only 2 % due to its poor solubility (0.5 μg/mL) and extensive pre-systemic metabolism. Additionally, it interacts with CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). NRG, a compound found in citrus fruits, inhibits both CYP3A4 and P-gp. Therefore, utilizing NRG to prepare RLX CAMs could result in a compound with improved solubility and enhanced bioavailability. CAMs were prepared using the solvent evaporation technique, followed by solid-state characterization at the molecular level. Solubility, drug release, and both ex vivo and in vitro studies were conducted. CAMs showed a 3.5-fold solubility increase and a 10-fold increase in ex-vivo permeation compared to RLX. In vivo studies showed an 8.1-fold improvement in Cmax and a 2.8-fold increase in AUC, indicating significantly enhanced bioavailability. These results suggest that co-amorphization could be a viable platform technology for improving API properties at the molecular level.
A Molecular Dynamic Simulation, Structural Analysis, and Ex Vivo Insights into the P-glycoprotein Mediated Interactions of Dietary Polyphenols with Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitors: A Potential Strategy to Counteract Drug Efflux Prajakta Harish Patil, Mrunal Pradeep Desai, Vullendula Sai Krishna Anand, Rajdeep Ray, G. Gautham Shenoy, Swapnil Jayant Dengale, Krishnamurthy Bhat, Jagadish Puralae Channabasavaiah Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2025 Introduction: P-glycoprotein, an ATP-dependent efflux transporter, plays a crucial role in eliminating cellular toxins and affects the intracellular concentration and bioavailability of CDK 4/6 inhibitors. Moreover, dietary flavonoids are natural bio-enhancers that can effectively inhibit the efflux function of these transporters. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of dietary polyphenols on the inhibition of P-glycoprotein and the subsequent efflux of CDK inhibitors palbociclib and ribociclib. Methods: A molecular docking approach was implemented to evaluate the binding interaction characteristics of CDK4/6 inhibitors in the presence of dietary polyphenols at the ATP binding site. Furthermore, the stability of the complexes was evaluated in two conformations of P-glycoprotein, followed by an ex vivo everted gut sac experiment. Results: The findings demonstrated that the binding of curcumin and quercetin with high affinity (-51.63 and -47.16 Kcal/mol) to ATP binding sites of P-glycoprotein-palbociclib and ribociclib inward conformation complexes resulted in good stability of complex and minimal fluctuation throughout the course of the simulation. It was evident from the everted gut sac ex vivo study that the presence of 100 μM of curcumin resulted in an increase of 1.77 and 4.20-fold in the intestinal transit of palbociclib and ribociclib, respectively. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the significance of curcumin and quercetin as inhibitors of P-glycoprotein, demonstrating their potential to decrease the efflux of palbociclib and ribociclib, consequently contributing to their bioavailability enhancement.
A deep dive into the development of complex generics: A comprehensive review Amatha Sreedevi, Prashant B. Musmade, Krishnamurthy Bhat, Sreedhar Dharmagadda, Manthan D. Janodia, Bhavana B. Bhat, Virendra S. Ligade Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2024 In recent years, complex generics a special class has excel the scope of Generic Drug User Fee Act (GDUFA) in contrast to traditional small molecular drugs. The recent trends reveal a growing demand that has incentivized pharmaceutical companies to focus more on producing generic versions of complex drugs, such as biosimilars, drug-device combination products, nanotechnological products and controlled-release formulations, topical preparations containing complex drugs, long-acting injectables, and inhalation products. Despite the growth and benefits, the pharmaceutical companies engaged in the production of these products are facing many challenges mainly, advanced analytical techniques to demonstrate bioequivalence and safety, novel complex manufacturing processes to reduce losses, quality issues, regulatory approval, patent litigation, and market competition to bring low-cost products to market. The regulatory status of complex generics varies across different countries. Although the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has established clear pathways for complex generics by issuing case-by-case product-specific guidelines, other regulatory agencies mainly the European Medical Agency, Health Canada, and (Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria) Brazil are highlighting the challenges associated with the current product-specific guidelines. The regulatory aspect of complex generic is in the nascent stage for countries like India. Harmonization and convergence of regulatory standards are essential for streamlining global access to complex generics. The present review highlights the evolving frontier of complex generics, their classification, trends, regulatory status, and challenges to ensure patient access to safe, effective, and affordable alternative treatments.
Computational-Based Polyphenol Therapy for Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer: Naringin Coamorphous Systems for Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement Dani Lakshman Yarlagadda, Subham Das, Sai Krishna Anand Vullendula, Suman Manandhar, Swapnil J. Dengale, K. Sreedhara Ranganath Pai, Krishnamurthy Bhat Molecular Pharmaceutics, 2024 In this research, we utilized molecular simulations to create co-amorphous materials (CAMs) of ceritinib (CRT) with the objective of improving its solubility and bioavailability. We identified naringin (NRG) as a suitable co-former for CRT CAMs based on binding energy and intermolecular interactions through computational modeling. We used the solvent evaporation method to produce CAMs of CRT and NRG, expecting to enhance both solubility and bioavailability simultaneously. The solid-state characterization using techniques like differential scanning calorimeter, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy affirmed the formation of a single amorphous phase and the presence of intermolecular interactions between CRT and NRG in the CAMs. These materials remained physically stable for up to six months under dry conditions at 40 °C. Moreover, the CAMs demonstrated significant improvements in the solubility and dissolution of CRT (specifically in the ratio CRT:NRG 1:2). This, in turn, led to an increase in cytotoxicity, apoptotic cells, and G0/G1 phase inhibition in A549 cells compared to CRT alone. Furthermore, CRT permeability is also improved twofold, as estimated by the everted gut sac method. The enhanced solubility of CAMs also positively affected the pharmacokinetic parameters. When compared to the physical mixture, the CAMs of CRT:NRG 2:1 exhibited a 2.1-fold increase in CRT exposure (AUC0-t) and a 2.4-fold increase in plasma concentration (Cmax).
Shelf life determination of Khushmanda Rasayana towards scientific evidence for the chemical stability Syeda Alisha Md. Isha Ali, Niharika Gaddam, Badamane Sathyanarayana Muddukrishna, Krishnamurthy Bhat, Sandeep Datarkar, Murlidhar Ballal, Surenehalli Gowdra Vasantharaju Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2024 Shelf life determination of herbal formulations based on a piece of scientific evidence for a mentioned period and storage conditions defined on the container label becomes paramount for quality. This work is aimed at evaluating the shelf life of Khushmanda Rasayana by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. International Council for Harmonisation storage conditions at specific time points were used to determine the marker content in the formulation. Stability studies were conducted at accelerated conditions and long-term conditions at time points (0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months). The two primary molecular markers used for developing Khushmanda Rasayana’s chemical fingerprint were Catechin and Piperine. Various quality control parameters such as appearance, thin layer chromatography, limit of detection, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, pH, and assay were observed by the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Analysis of the chemical markers over the prescribed period revealed a shelf life of 48.1 months considering the markers Catechin and Piperine. The shelf life estimated indicates the relative stability; this research expands the scope to conduct commercial stability studies in the future.
Identification of Novel Impurity of Ziprasidone Sunil R. Murkute, Girij P. Singh, S.G. Vasantharaju, Krishnamurthy Bhat, Himanshu M. Godbole, Pritesh R. Upadhyay, Anurag Trivedi Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2022
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Development and validation of stability indicating HPLC method for Clotrimazole lozenges formulation International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014
Preparation and solid state characterization of paclitaxel cocrystals Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2014
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Informed consent: Issues and challenges PrashantB Musmade, LokeshP Nijhawan, ManthanD Janodia, BS Muddukrishna, KM Bhat, KL Bairy, N Udupa Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology and Research, 2013
Estimation of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine by chemometric UV spectroscopic method Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 2012
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High performance liquid chromatographic determination of carboplatin in injections Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2011
Gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of rivastigmine in rats Karthik Arumugam, Mallikarjuna Chamallamudi, Surulivel Mallayasamy, Subramanian Ganesan, Gopal Shavi, Ranjithkumar Averineni, Ravindranath Reddy, Krishnamurthy Bhat, Nayanabhirama Udupa Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Research, 2009
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LC method for the estimation of Cefprozil in human plasma and its pharmacokinetics Indian Drugs, 2004
Development of HPLC assay method for the estimation of olanzapine in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetics Indian Drugs, 2003
Development of a new spectrophotometric method for the analysis of atropine sulphate Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2002
A Sensitive High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Determination of Bioequivalence of Atenolol Formulations Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2000
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Erratum to “Raloxifene HCl–Naringin co-amorphous system: Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetic studies”[Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 209 (2025) 114667](European Journal … NS Kola Srinivas, DL Yarlagadda, B Bheemishetty, S Lewis European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 211 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
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