Multidrug-resistance Enhances Stress Tolerance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence in Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) Richa Pathak, Garima Chouhan, Abhay Tiwari, Jess Vergis, Satyaveer Singh Malik, Sukhadeo Baliram Barbuddhe, Deepak Bhiwa Rawool Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2026 Multidrug-resistant Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is gaining recognition as an important diarrheagenic pathogen with enhanced virulence characteristics. In this study, six typical EAEC isolates from clinical and animal sources were characterized phenotypically and genotypically. All isolates demonstrated the characteristic stacked-brick adherence pattern on HEp-2 cells and were positive for key EAEC-associated genes (aggR, cvd432, fimA, ecp, and irp2). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing identified three isolates as multidrug-resistant (MDR), with resistance observed against antibiotics such as, tetracycline, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin. ESBL production was confirmed in MDR strains via double-disc synergy, nitrocefin, and PCR assays targeting blaTEM and blaCTXM9 genes. Under simulated gut stress conditions (bile salts, acidic pH, and oxidative stress), MDR strains exhibited enhanced survival and faster growth kinetics compared to non-MDR strains. Biofilm assays revealed stronger biofilm formation by MDR strains on diverse surfaces, with confocal microscopy confirming greater bio-volume and viability of MDR biofilms. In vivo survival assays using Galleria mellonella larvae showed significantly higher virulence of MDR strains, with increased mortality rates over 96 hours. The findings highlight the enhanced stress tolerance, biofilm-forming capacity, and pathogenicity of MDR-EAEC strains, underscoring their potential role in persistent infections and public health concerns.
Antibacterial and photocatalytic potential of piperine-derived zinc oxide nanoparticles against multi-drug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. Varsha Unni, Padikkamannil Abishad, Bibin Mohan, Pokkittath Radhakrishnan Arya, Sanis Juliet, Lijo John, Valil Kunjukunju Vinod, Asha Karthikeyan, Nitin Vasantrao Kurkure, Sukhadeo Baliram Barbuddhe, Deepak Bhiwa Rawool, Jess Vergis BMC Microbiology, 2025 Background Drug-resistant pathogens and industrial dye wastes have emerged as critical global public health concerns, posing significant risks to human and animal health, as well as to environmental sustainability. Green synthesized nano absorbents were found to be a viable strategy for treating drug-resistant pathogens and in wastewater. Hence, this study endeavored the synthesis of piperine-driven nano-zinc oxide (ZnONPs) and evaluated them for antibacterial, antibiofilm, and photocatalytic disinfection potential against multi-drug resistant (MDR) foodborne strains of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Besides, the dye degradation potential of ZnONPs when exposed to UV, sunlight, and LED lights and their antioxidant capacity were assessed. Results Initially, in silico analysis of piperine revealed drug-likeliness with minimal toxicity and strong interaction between piperine and OmpC motifs of Salmonella spp. UV spectroscopy of ZnONPs revealed a prominent absorption peak at 340 nm, while PXRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnONPs by exhibiting peaks at 30°, 35.6°, 41.3°, 43.6°, 44.3°, 48°, 53°, 58°, and 59.2°, which corresponded to the lattice planes (102), (110), (103), (200), (112), (004), (104), (210), and (211). Additionally, the TEM images demonstrated predominantly spherical ZnONPs with hexagonal wurtzite crystalline SAED pattern. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values (µg/mL) of the ZnONPs were found to be 62.50 and 125, respectively. The ZnONPs were observed to be safe with minimal hemolysis (less than 2%) in chicken RBCs, and no cytopathic effects were observed in the MTT assay using HEK cell lines. The NPs were found to be variably stable (high-end temperatures, proteases, cationic salts, and diverse pH), and were tested safe towards commensal gut lactobacilli. Additionally, in vitro time-kill kinetic assay indicated that the MDR-NTS strains were eliminated after co-incubating with ZnONPs for 6 h. The photocatalytic studies exhibited complete bacterial elimination under visible light at 4 h. Interestingly, the ZnONPs significantly inhibited the biofilm formation in the crystal violet staining assay by MDR-NTS strains (P < 0.001) at 24 and 48 h. Besides, a dose-dependent reducing power assay and 2,2′- azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) assay were exhibited. Moreover, ZnONPs significantly degraded methylene blue, crystal violet, and rhodamine-B under different light sources (sunlight, UV light, and LED). Conclusions This study revealed a sustainable one-pot method of synthesizing ZnONPs from piperine, which might be used as a viable antibacterial candidate with antioxidant, antibiofilm, and photocatalytic properties with eco-friendly implications and wastewater treatment.
Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial potential of eugenol- and carvacrol-entrapped silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites against multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella and enteroaggregative E. coli K.A. Deepika Roy, Shivaprasad Shivappa Desai, Padikkamannil Abishad, A.K. Ahalya, Rahul Krishnan, Valil Kunjukunju Vinod, Asha Karthikeyan, Kavitha Rajagopal, Renuka Nayar, Sukhadeo Baliram Barbuddhe, Deepak Bhiwa Rawool, Jess Vergis Results in Surfaces and Interfaces, 2025 This study sought to evaluate the antibacterial potential of carvacrol and eugenol entrapped in green synthesized silver/ zinc oxide (Ag/ZnO) nanocomposites (NCs) against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and S . Enteritidis as well as to assess their antioxidant and cytotoxic capacity. Initially, UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectra verified the entrapment of Ag/ZnO NCs with different concentrations of eugenol (Ag/ZnO-E) and carvacrol (Ag/ZnO-R), while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirmed the functional groups on Ag/ZnO-E and Ag/ZnO-R. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak intensities were either attenuated (38.2°) or nearly disappeared (44.3°) after entrapment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested an agglomerated irregularly polycrystalline structure of Ag/ZnO-E and Ag/ZnO-R. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of 7.81 and 62.50 μg/mL, respectively, were observed irrespective of tested bacterial strains, at all levels of eugenol and carvacrol incorporation. Besides, the concentration-dependent viability observed in Vero cell lines for Ag/ZnO-E and Ag/ZnO-R was determined to be 52.35 ± 0.49% and 46.32 ± 2.28%, even at the highest concentration tested (10 -1 mg/mL). Both Ag/ZnO-E and Ag/ZnO-R exhibited significant dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity, though lower than ascorbic acid. Overall, this study indicated that Ag/ZnO-E and Ag/ZnO-R were effective antioxidant and antibacterial agents against MDR foodborne pathogens, suggesting their potential use in functionalized packaging to enhance the shelf life of food.
Coxiella and Q fever Radhakrishna Sahu, Jay Prakash Yadav, Jess Vergis, Deepak B. Rawool, S.V.S. Malik, et al. Molecular Medical Microbiology Third Edition, 2023
Valorisation of poultry litter for biochar and evaluation of photocatalytic activity and antibacterial activity against multi-drug-resistant bacteria ASA Rinsha, VK Vinod, P Abishad, TR Sreekumar, S Juliet, K Asha, ... Biomass and Bioenergy 211, 109148 , 2026 2026
Valorisation of Curcuma longa -Derived Silver-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites with Antibiofilm and Photocatalytic Activity Against Multi-Drug-Resistant Pathogens and … B Mohan, P Abishad, PR Arya, KA Deepika Roy, SS Desai, V Unni, ... Waste and Biomass Valorization 17 (6), 3523-3539 , 2026 2026
Long-Term Epidemiological Trends, Seasonal Dynamics and Spatial Heterogeneity of Scrub Typhus in Kerala, India: A Surveillance-Based Analysis (2012–2024) K Asha, M Gowtham 2026
Multidrug-resistance Enhances Stress Tolerance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence in Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) R Pathak, G Chouhan, A Tiwari, J Vergis, SS Malik, SB Barbuddhe, ... Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 20 (1), 189-208 , 2026 2026
Synthetic peptide-based latex agglutination test for the detection of Bacillus anthracis spores from soil samples MAD Nishanth, J Vergis, V Joshi, N Jindal, S Murag, DR Prameela, ... RSC advances 16 (23), 20733-20746 , 2026 2026
Development of a sodium alginate-silver/zinc oxide–cinnamaldehyde nanocomposite film for coating chicken meat and evaluation of meat safety KAD Roy, SS Desai, P Abishad, R Krishnan, VK Vinod, JJ Sruthimol, ... RSC Advances 16 (19), 17233-17248 , 2026 2026
In vitro antiviral activity of chitosan and curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates G Gopalakrishnan, PM Deepa, R Rajasekhar, J Vergis, KC Bipin, ... Microbial Pathogenesis 207, 107870 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Comparative Evaluation of MAT, PCR, and LAMP Assays for the Diagnosis of Canine Leptospirosis K Shubham, PM Deepa, J Vergis, VH Shyma, KC Bipin, A Janus, ... Journal of Advances in Biology and Biotechnology 29 (9), 1740-1749 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Microbiology of Buffalo Meat J Vergis, VP Ram, DB Rawool, SB Barbuddhe Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Meat: Production, Processing and Quality, 121-152 , 2025 2025
Chitosan nano-encapsulation enhances targeted delivery of cecropin-A (1-7)-Melittin peptide to combat intracellular multi-drug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella DP Gourkhede, P Abishad, J Vergis, M Kaore, VP Ram, N Pollumahanti, ... Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 107478 , 2025 2025
Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial potential of eugenol-and carvacrol-entrapped silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites against multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella … KAD Roy, SS Desai, P Abishad, AK Ahalya, R Krishnan, VK Vinod, ... Results in Surfaces and Interfaces 19, 100565 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Ensuring food safety: microbiological risk assessment strategies J Vergis, N Pollumahanti, R Sahu, DB Rawool, SB Barbuddhe Current Opinion in Food Science 62, 101272 , 2025 2025 Citations: 14
Synthesis of a novel cobalt-based DABCO framework: Evaluation of cytotoxicity potential and its antibacterial potential against multi-drug-resistant pathogens SS Desai, P Abishad, KAD Roy, NC Sandeep, AK Ahalya, VK Vinod, ... Journal of Molecular Structure 1325, 141056 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Antibacterial and photocatalytic potential of piperine-derived zinc oxide nanoparticles against multi-drug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. V Unni, P Abishad, B Mohan, PR Arya, S Juliet, L John, VK Vinod, ... BMC microbiology 25 (1), 89 , 2025 2025 Citations: 6
Quality of Fresh Pork Packed in Biodegradable Material in Comparison with Conventional Packaging Material under Frozen Storage L Fanai, K Rajagaopal, A Babu, R Nayar, J Vergis, A PB, D Roy European Journal of Nutrition and Food Safety 17 (3), 1-10 , 2025 2025
Prevalence of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever virus and Ganjam virus among livestock & ticks in Wayanad, Kerala S Sruthy, K Asha, N Prejit, G Das, R Verma, C Sunanda, VK Vinod, ... Veterinary Research Communications 49 (1), 13 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Isolation and characterisation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from Cloacal samples of broilers A Valsaraj, PB Aswathi, J Vergis, A Mathew, MM Reshma 2025
Ultramicrotome sections using glycol methacrylate (GMA) based resin for the study of cytotoxic effects of amitraz on the early stages of oocytes of Rhiphicephalus annulatus S Immadi, S Kathiravan, K Sreelekha, PS Kurbet, K Gopalan, ... 2025
Harnessing in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial potential of a novel silver-DABCO framework against multi-drug-resistant pathogens SS Desai, KAD Roy, P Abishad, R Krishnan, VK Vinod, A Karthikeyan, ... RSC Advances 15 (11), 8180-8188 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Coxiellosis in Dogs—A Hitherto Masked Zoonosis in India: An Insight From Seromolecular Investigation and Risk Factor Analysis VK Vinod, SS Malik, MS Sivaprasad, C Malik, N Parmar, K Mathesh, ... Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2025 (1 … , 2025 2025
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Essential oils as natural food antimicrobial agents: a review J Vergis, P Gokulakrishnan, RK Agarwal, A Kumar Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 55 (10), 1320-1323 , 2015 2015 Citations: 295
Antimicrobial effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus against multidrug-resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli M Kumar, P Dhaka, D Vijay, J Vergis, V Mohan, A Kumar, NV Kurkure, ... International journal of antimicrobial agents 48 (3), 265-270 , 2016 2016 Citations: 129
Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Lactobacillus Acidophilus as an Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Agent Against Multi-drug Resistant Enteroaggregative … P Abishad, J Vergis, V Unni, VP Ram, P Niveditha, J Yasur, S Juliet, ... Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 14 (5), 904-914 , 2022 2022 Citations: 83
In silico molecular docking and in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of phytochemicals against multi-drug-resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. P Abishad, P Niveditha, V Unni, J Vergis, NV Kurkure, S Chaudhari, ... Gut pathogens 13 (1), 46 , 2021 2021 Citations: 79
Isolation and identification of Salmonella from diarrheagenic infants and young animals, sewage waste and fresh vegetables A Nair, T Balasaravanan, SVS Malik, V Mohan, M Kumar, J Vergis, ... Veterinary world 8 (5), 669 , 2015 2015 Citations: 74
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Indolicidin Against Multi-Drug Resistant Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in a Galleria mellonella Model J Vergis, SS Malik, R Pathak, M Kumar, S Ramanjaneya, NV Kurkure, ... Frontiers in microbiology 10, 2723 , 2019 2019 Citations: 61
Genetic diversity and antibiogram profile of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from human, animal, foods and associated environmental sources P Dhaka, D Vijay, J Vergis, M Negi, M Kumar, V Mohan, S Doijad, ... Infection ecology & epidemiology 6 (1), 31055 , 2016 2016 Citations: 53
Characterization and biofilm forming ability of diarrhoeagenic enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates recovered from human infants and young animals D Vijay, P Dhaka, J Vergis, M Negi, V Mohan, M Kumar, S Doijad, ... Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases 38, 21-31 , 2015 2015 Citations: 50
Food safety in fisheries: Application of One Health approach J Vergis, DB Rawool, SVS Malik, SB Barbuddhe Indian Journal of Medical Research 153 (3), 348-357 , 2021 2021 Citations: 38
Current perspectives on the occurrence of Q fever: highlighting the need for systematic surveillance for a neglected zoonotic disease in Indian subcontinent R Sahu, DB Rawool, P Dhaka, JP Yadav, SP Mishra, M Kumar, J Vergis, ... Environmental Microbiology Reports 13 (2), 138-158 , 2021 2021 Citations: 36
Exploring Galleria mellonella larval model to evaluate antibacterial efficacy of Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin against multi-drug resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli J Vergis, SVS Malik, R Pathak, M Kumar, NV Kurkure, SB Barbuddhe, ... Pathogens and Disease 79 (3), ftab010 , 2021 2021 Citations: 27
Apparent prevalence and risk factors associated with occurrence of Coxiella burnetii infection in goats and humans in Chhattisgarh and Odisha, India R Sahu, SB Kale, J Vergis, P Dhaka, M Kumar, M Choudhary, L Jain, ... Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases 60, 46-51 , 2018 2018 Citations: 27
Antimicrobial efficacy of green synthesized nanosilver with entrapped cinnamaldehyde against multi-drug-resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in Galleria mellonella V Prasastha Ram, J Yasur, P Abishad, V Unni, D Purushottam Gourkhede, ... Pharmaceutics 14 (9), 1924 , 2022 2022 Citations: 26
Green synthesis, and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Piper longum catkin extract and its in vitro antimicrobial activity against multi-drug-resistant non … V Unni, P Abishad, V Prasastha Ram, P Niveditha, J Yasur, L John, ... Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry 54 (9), 849-857 , 2024 2024 Citations: 19
Facile synthesis of silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites using Curcuma longa extract and its in vitro antimicrobial efficacy against multi-drug resistant pathogens of public health … PR Arya, P Abishad, V Unni, PV Ram, N Pollumahanti, J Yasur, L John, ... Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 110356 , 2022 2022 Citations: 19
Development of the Com1 synthetic peptide-based Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) and its comparative evaluation with commercial indirect-ELISA for sero-screening of coxiellosis … M Kumar, SS Malik, J Vergis, S Ramanjeneya, R Sahu, R Pathak, ... Journal of microbiological methods 162, 83-85 , 2019 2019 Citations: 19
Comparative diagnostic efficacy of recombinant LLO and PI-PLC-based ELISAs for detection of listeriosis in animals RD Suryawanshi, SVS Malik, B Jayarao, SP Chaudhari, E Savage, ... Journal of microbiological methods 137, 40-45 , 2017 2017 Citations: 19
Screening of foods of animal origin for Coxiella burnetii in India SVS Malik, DP Das, DB Rawool, A Kumar, RD Suryawanshi, M Negi, ... epidemiology 2013, 08-27 , 2013 2013 Citations: 19
Efficacy of Indolicidin, Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin (CAMA) and Their Combination Against Biofilm-Forming Multidrug-Resistant Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli J Vergis, SVS Malik, R Pathak, M Kumar, R Sunitha, SB Barbuddhe, ... Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins 12 (2), 705-715 , 2020 2020 Citations: 18
Global scenario, public health concerns and mitigation strategies to counter current ongoing SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic SB Barbuddhe, DB Rawool, PP Gaonkar, J Vergis, K Dhama, SS Malik Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 16 (12), 3023-3033 , 2020 2020 Citations: 17