Phylogenetic conservatism in the relationship between functional and demographic characteristics in Amazon tree taxa Pablo Sanchez‐Martinez, Kyle G. Dexter, Freddie C. Draper, Chris Baraloto, Iêda Leão do Amaral, et al. Functional Ecology, 2025 Leaf and wood functional traits of trees are related to growth, reproduction, and survival, but the degree of phylogenetic conservatism in these relationships is largely unknown. In this study, we describe the variability of strategies involving leaf, wood and demographic characteristics for tree genera distributed across the Amazon Region, and quantify phylogenetic signal for the characteristics and their relationships. Leaf and wood traits are aligned with demographic variables along two main axes of variation. The first axis represents the coordination of leaf traits describing resource uptake and use, wood density, seed mass, and survival. The second axis represents the coordination between size and growth. Both axes show strong phylogenetic signal, suggesting a constrained evolution influenced by ancestral values, yet the second axis also has an additional, substantial portion of its variation that is driven by functional correlations unrelated to phylogeny, suggesting simultaneously higher evolutionary lability and coordination. Synthesis. Our results suggest that life history strategies of tropical trees are generally phylogenetically conserved, but that tree lineages may have some capability of responding to environmental changes by modulating their growth and size. Overall, we provide the largest‐scale synopsis of functional characteristics of Amazonian trees, showing substantial nuance in the evolutionary patterns of individual characteristics and their relationships. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities Bruno Garcia Luize, David Bauman, Hans ter Steege, Clarisse Palma‐Silva, Iêda Leão do Amaral, et al. Journal of Biogeography, 2024 AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega‐phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white‐sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long‐standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions.
One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains John Ethan Householder, Florian Wittmann, Jochen Schöngart, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, Wolfgang J. Junk, et al. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 2024 Amazonia’s floodplain system is the largest and most biodiverse on Earth. Although forests are crucial to the ecological integrity of floodplains, our understanding of their species composition and how this may differ from surrounding forest types is still far too limited, particularly as changing inundation regimes begin to reshape floodplain tree communities and the critical ecosystem functions they underpin. Here we address this gap by taking a spatially explicit look at Amazonia-wide patterns of tree-species turnover and ecological specialization of the region’s floodplain forests. We show that the majority of Amazonian tree species can inhabit floodplains, and about a sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is ecologically specialized on floodplains. The degree of specialization in floodplain communities is driven by regional flood patterns, with the most compositionally differentiated floodplain forests located centrally within the fluvial network and contingent on the most extraordinary flood magnitudes regionally. Our results provide a spatially explicit view of ecological specialization of floodplain forest communities and expose the need for whole-basin hydrological integrity to protect the Amazon’s tree diversity and its function.
Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora Hans ter Steege, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Luiz de Souza Coelho, Francisca Dionízia de Almeida Matos, et al. Communications Biology, 2023 Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution.
Downstream impacts of the Madeira Hydroelectric Complex on várzea traditional agriculture and extractivism GS Lobo, JO Gil, RFB da Silva, EF Moran Ecology and Society 30 (3) , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 1
Deforestation in Amazonian sustainable use biodiversity protection areas: The case of the state sustainable yield forests in Rondônia (Brazil) GP Alves, SS Mandai, JD Barros, GFB Arcoverde, MF Calvi, PH Bonavigo, ... Journal for Nature Conservation, 127055 , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 2
Functional composition of the Amazonian tree flora and forests H Ter Steege, L Poorter, J Aguirre-Gutiérrez, C Fortunel, WE Magnusson, ... Communications Biology 8 (1), 355 , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 21
Nota Técnica MATI-VGX: impactos ambientais da UHE Belo Monte AC Quaresma, ÁJJ Pereira, A Sampaio, AL Klemer, AO Sawakuchi, ... 2025.0
Phylogenetic conservatism in the relationship between functional and demographic characteristics in Amazon tree taxa P Sanchez‐Martinez, KG Dexter, FC Draper, C Baraloto, I Leão do Amaral, ... Functional Ecology 39 (1), 181-198 , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 10
Uma análise socioecológica dos impactos nas várzeas a jusante do complexo hidrelétrico madeira GS Lobo, RFB Silva de Sousa Lobo, Guilherme , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 1
The biogeography of the Amazonian tree flora BG Luize, H Tuomisto, R Ekelschot, KG Dexter, IL Amaral, LS Coelho, ... Communications biology 7 (1), 1240 , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 19
Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities BG Luize, D Bauman, H Ter Steege, C Palma‐Silva, IL Do Amaral, ... Journal of Biogeography 51 (7), 1163-1184 , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 16
Dewatering the Xingu River: hydrological alterations and biocultural connections among the Arara Indigenous People in the Volta Grande region, Brazilian Amazon R Utsunomiya, C Beveridge, G Lobo, C Assahira, EM Moretto, S Athayde Regional Environmental Change 24 (2), 85 , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 12
One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains JE Householder, F Wittmann, J Schöngart, MTF Piedade, WJ Junk, ... Nature ecology & evolution 8 (5), 901-911 , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 36
Two decades of clear-cutting threats in the Brazilian Amazonian protected areas around the Jirau, Santo Antônio, and Belo Monte large dams SS Mandai, EA Branco, EM Moretto, JD Barros, GP Alves, R Utsunomiya, ... Journal of Environmental Management 359, 120864 , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 9
Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities DD do Amaral, EMM de Leão Novo, J Chave, FM Durgante, JF Molino, ... 2024.0
Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora H Ter Steege, NCA Pitman, IL Do Amaral, L de Souza Coelho, ... Communications Biology 6 (1), 1130 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 59
More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia V Peripato, C Levis, GA Moreira, D Gamerman, H Ter Steege, ... Science 382 (6666), 103-109 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 64
The shadow of the Balbina dam: A synthesis of over 35 years of downstream impacts on floodplain forests in Central Amazonia J Schöngart, F Wittmann, A Faria de Resende, C Assahira, ... Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 31 (5), 1117-1135 , 2021 2021.0 Citations: 99
Thirty years after Balbina Dam: Diversity and floristic composition of the downstream floodplain forest, Central Amazon, Brazil M da Rocha, RL de Assis, MTF Piedade, YO Feitosa, JE Householder, ... Ecohydrology 12 (8), e2144 , 2019 2019.0 Citations: 34
Response of black-water floodplain (igapó) forests to flood pulse regulation in a dammed Amazonian river G de Sousa Lobo, F Wittmann, MTF Piedade Forest Ecology and Management 434, 110-118 , 2019 2019.0 Citations: 69
A alteração do regime hidrológico afeta a composição florística e estrutura de florestas de igapó? Um estudo comparativo entre um rio regulado e outro prístino na Reserva de … GS Lobo 2017.0 Citations: 13
Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora G Lobo Communications Biology , 0
More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia V Peripato
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
The shadow of the Balbina dam: A synthesis of over 35 years of downstream impacts on floodplain forests in Central Amazonia J Schöngart, F Wittmann, A Faria de Resende, C Assahira, ... Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 31 (5), 1117-1135 , 2021 2021.0 Citations: 99
Response of black-water floodplain (igapó) forests to flood pulse regulation in a dammed Amazonian river G de Sousa Lobo, F Wittmann, MTF Piedade Forest Ecology and Management 434, 110-118 , 2019 2019.0 Citations: 69
More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia V Peripato, C Levis, GA Moreira, D Gamerman, H Ter Steege, ... Science 382 (6666), 103-109 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 64
Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora H Ter Steege, NCA Pitman, IL Do Amaral, L de Souza Coelho, ... Communications Biology 6 (1), 1130 , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 59
One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains JE Householder, F Wittmann, J Schöngart, MTF Piedade, WJ Junk, ... Nature ecology & evolution 8 (5), 901-911 , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 36
Thirty years after Balbina Dam: Diversity and floristic composition of the downstream floodplain forest, Central Amazon, Brazil M da Rocha, RL de Assis, MTF Piedade, YO Feitosa, JE Householder, ... Ecohydrology 12 (8), e2144 , 2019 2019.0 Citations: 34
Functional composition of the Amazonian tree flora and forests H Ter Steege, L Poorter, J Aguirre-Gutiérrez, C Fortunel, WE Magnusson, ... Communications Biology 8 (1), 355 , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 21
The biogeography of the Amazonian tree flora BG Luize, H Tuomisto, R Ekelschot, KG Dexter, IL Amaral, LS Coelho, ... Communications biology 7 (1), 1240 , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 19
Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities BG Luize, D Bauman, H Ter Steege, C Palma‐Silva, IL Do Amaral, ... Journal of Biogeography 51 (7), 1163-1184 , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 16
A alteração do regime hidrológico afeta a composição florística e estrutura de florestas de igapó? Um estudo comparativo entre um rio regulado e outro prístino na Reserva de … GS Lobo 2017.0 Citations: 13
Dewatering the Xingu River: hydrological alterations and biocultural connections among the Arara Indigenous People in the Volta Grande region, Brazilian Amazon R Utsunomiya, C Beveridge, G Lobo, C Assahira, EM Moretto, S Athayde Regional Environmental Change 24 (2), 85 , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 12
Phylogenetic conservatism in the relationship between functional and demographic characteristics in Amazon tree taxa P Sanchez‐Martinez, KG Dexter, FC Draper, C Baraloto, I Leão do Amaral, ... Functional Ecology 39 (1), 181-198 , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 10
Two decades of clear-cutting threats in the Brazilian Amazonian protected areas around the Jirau, Santo Antônio, and Belo Monte large dams SS Mandai, EA Branco, EM Moretto, JD Barros, GP Alves, R Utsunomiya, ... Journal of Environmental Management 359, 120864 , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 9
Deforestation in Amazonian sustainable use biodiversity protection areas: The case of the state sustainable yield forests in Rondônia (Brazil) GP Alves, SS Mandai, JD Barros, GFB Arcoverde, MF Calvi, PH Bonavigo, ... Journal for Nature Conservation, 127055 , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 2
Downstream impacts of the Madeira Hydroelectric Complex on várzea traditional agriculture and extractivism GS Lobo, JO Gil, RFB da Silva, EF Moran Ecology and Society 30 (3) , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 1
Uma análise socioecológica dos impactos nas várzeas a jusante do complexo hidrelétrico madeira GS Lobo, RFB Silva de Sousa Lobo, Guilherme , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 1
Nota Técnica MATI-VGX: impactos ambientais da UHE Belo Monte AC Quaresma, ÁJJ Pereira, A Sampaio, AL Klemer, AO Sawakuchi, ... 2025.0
Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities DD do Amaral, EMM de Leão Novo, J Chave, FM Durgante, JF Molino, ... 2024.0
Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora G Lobo Communications Biology , 0
More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia V Peripato