Optimatization of Antioxidant Extraction from Coffee Bean using Ultrasonic Assisted Method and In Silico Test for Antiaging Activity of Major Components Arif Al Iman, Annisa Septianti Sekar Kinasih, Defri Rizaldy, Sukrasno Sukrasno Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2026 Coffee beans possess strong antioxidant properties, making them attractive candidates for anti-aging applications. This study investigates the optimal extraction conditions to enhance the antioxidant yield and evaluates the anti-aging potential of the major compounds through in silico analysis. Extraction was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with extraction time and solvent ratio as independent variables. The optimization aimed to maximize yield, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity assessed by the DPPH assay. The best extraction conditions were obtained at 42.98 minutes and a solvent ratio of 5.77g/ml. Under these conditions, TLC-densitometry identified chlorogenic acid and caffeine as the major components. Molecular docking demonstrated that chlorogenic acid exhibited strong binding affinity to key skin-aging-related proteins, including collagen type I (3EJH), MMP-1 (2D1N), elastase (3HGN), MMP-9 (1GKC), and TNF-α (2AZ5). These interactions, primarily stabilized by hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces, support its role as a potent anti-aging compound. The findings suggest that chlorogenic acid is a promising natural candidate for developing anti-aging treatments. By combining green extraction techniques with computational validation, this study contributes to the sustainable development of cosmetic and nutraceutical applications. Overall, the research provides new insights into the health-promoting potential of coffee, paving the way for future in vivo studies and functional food innovations.
Response surface methodology for optimization of antioxidative activity: Elephant ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Atina R. Choirunnisa, Flaviana Selina, Defri Rizaldy, Hegar Pramastya, Rika Hartati, et al. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Research, 2025 Context: Elephant ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is valued for its antioxidative properties, which help combat oxidative stress-related diseases. The extraction method has a significant influence on the antioxidant yield and efficacy. Aims: To optimize the extraction process of Z. officinale rhizome using maceration and pressing techniques and to identify the flavonoid compounds in the optimal extract. Methods: A Box-Behnken design within the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) framework was used to evaluate three variables: extraction time (10–40 min), sample-to-solvent ratio (1:3–1:10), and ethanol concentration (70–96%). Antioxidant activities (CUPRAC, FRAP, DPPH), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed for the identification of flavonoids. Results: The optimized extraction conditions—40 minutes, a crude drug-to-solvent ratio of 1:3, and 96% ethanol—yielded 10.133 ± 0.382 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g for TPC and 4.922 ± 0.199 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g for TFC. Antioxidant activities were recorded as 19.107 ± 0.498 mg AEAC/g (DPPH), 20.793 ± 0.960 mg AEAC/g (CUPRAC), and 27.281 ± 0.589 mg AEAC/g (FRAP). A strong correlation was observed between phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidative activity, with rutin identified as the predominant flavonoid (0.979 ± 0.087 mg/g). Conclusions: The study established optimal extraction conditions for maximizing the antioxidant potential of Z. officinale. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, particularly rutin, contributed significantly to the antioxidant activity. These findings offer a practical basis for standardizing ginger extracts in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries.
Lemon (Citrus limon L.): Antioxidative Activity and Its Marker Compound D. Rizaldy, M. Insanu, N. Sabila, Ariranur Haniffadli, A. Zahra, et al. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 2023 This study aimed to investigate the antioxidative activity of the lemon peel and flesh, analyze the relationship of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) also their correlation with the antioxidative activity, along with the identification and quantification of the marker. The TPC and TFC were evaluated by the colorimetric method. The antioxidative activity was determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazil) and CUPRAC (Cupric ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity). The correlation between TPC and TFC with antioxidative activity and a correlation between two measures was analyzed using Pearson's method. HPLC performed the identification and quantification of the marker (high-performance liquid chromatography). The AAI (Antioxidant activity index) in the DPPH method had a range of 1.388–14.923 and the CUPRAC method 0.112-0.784. The highest TPC and TFC were given by the peel’s ethanolic extract (1.52 ± 0.02 g GAE/100 g) and n-hexane extract oh the flesh (3.02 ± 0.20 g QE/100 g), respectively. A positive and significant correlation was found between the TPC in lemon peel extract and the AAI using DPPH. The DPPH and CUPRAC methods did not give linear results to the antioxidative activity of lemon peel and flesh. Luteolin 7-O-glucoside was confirmed as a marker compound, and its content was 0.0238% in ethanolic extract of lemon flesh.
Dendritic cell proliferation by primary cilium in atopic dermatitis Manami Toriyama, Defri Rizaldy, Motoki Nakamura, Yukiko Atsumi, Michinori Toriyama, et al. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 2023 Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic eczema that affects up to 10% of adults in developed countries. Immune cells in the epidermis, namely, Langerhans cells (LCs), contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, although their exact role(s) in disease remain unclear.Methods: We performed immunostaining on human skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and visualized primary cilium.Result and discussion: We show that human dendritic cells (DCs) and LCs have a previously unknown primary cilium-like structure. The primary cilium was assembled during DC proliferation in response to the Th2 cytokine GM-CSF, and its formation was halted by DC maturation agents. This suggests that the role of primary cilium is to transduce proliferation signaling. The platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) pathway, which is known for transducing proliferation signals in the primary cilium, promoted DC proliferation in a manner dependent on the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system. We also examined the epidermal samples from AD patients, and observed aberrantly ciliated LCs and keratinocytes in immature and proliferating states. Our results identify a potential relationship between the primary cilium and allergic skin barrier disorders, and suggest that targeting the primary cilium may contribute to treating AD.
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.): Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activities Defri Rizaldy, Nisrina Khairunnisa Ramadhita, Trishna Nadhifa, Irda Fidrianny Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022 Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activities. ABSTRACT Introduction: Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.), is an evergreen of the Guttiferae family that carries antioxidant activity. Objectives: to examine the antioxidant activity of the leaves, branches and rinds of the mangosteen using DPPH and CUPRAC methods, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), analyze the correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity, the correlation between two methods, and found the levels of flavonoid compounds. Methods: Extraction was performed by reflux method using solvents with graded polarity, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Determination of antioxidant activity with DPPH and CUPRAC, TPC and TFC were performed by UV-visible spectrophotometer. The correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity of DPPH and CUPRAC as well as the correlation between two methods were conducted by Pearson’s method. The level of flavonoid compounds was performed by HPLC . Results: Mangosteen leaves, branches and rinds extracts had antioxidant activity of DPPH in the range of 39.920 – 489.708 mg AAE/g and antioxidant activity of CUPRAC in the range of 116.360 – 570.400 mg AAE/g. The highest TPC was given by the ethanol leaves extract (49.525 ± 4.263 g GAE/100 g) and the highest TFC was given by the n-hexane rinds extract (13.859 ± 1.451 g QE/100 g). The ethanol rinds extract contained rutin 0.0327% and kaempferol 0.0049%. Conclusions: TPC and TFC correlated positive and significant with the value of antioxidant activity, except for the n-hexane leaves extract using the DPPH method. The DPPH and CUPRAC methods gave linear results in determining the antioxidant activity of mangosteen extracts. n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, sodium acetate, ammonium acetate, sodium carbonate, aluminum (III) chloride, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aquadest.
