Ahmed A. Alsulaiman

Scopus Publications

Herbal and Alcohol-Free Mouthwashes as Chlorhexidine Alternatives for Preventing Enamel Demineralization in Orthodontic Patients: An In Vitro Study
Nyema A. Abualsaud, Shahad T. Alameer, Lama M. Alshamrani, Abdulaziz S. Alamri, Naif N. Almasoud, Suliman Y. Shahin, Mohammed M. Gad, Osama A. Alsulaiman, Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman
Dentistry Journal, 2026
Background/Objectives: Chlorhexidine (CHX) and alcoholic (A+) mouthwashes are associated with adverse oral effects. Therefore, this study compared the efficacies of non-alcoholic mouthwashes, including fluoride (A−) and herbal (Hr) rinses, for preventing bacterial accumulation and enamel demineralization around metal brackets (MBs), ceramic brackets (CBs), and resin composite attachments (RCAs). Methods: Following the exposure to CHX, A+, A−, and Hr rinses for 1 min, the growth of Streptococcus mutans on MB, CB, and RCA was assessed using colony-forming units and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Controls included attachments without intervention. In another setting, enamel with bonded attachments was exposed to mouthwashes for 1 min and subjected to cariogenic demineralization for 24 h. Enamel’s Vickers microhardness was measured before and after the demineralization challenge. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and one-/two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s tests. Results: CHX mouthwash demonstrated superior antimicrobial efficacy against S. mutans biofilms across all orthodontic attachments (p < 0.05). On metallic brackets, CHX (0 ± 0 log10) and A− (1.7 ± 0.4 log10) significantly (p < 0.001) outperformed controls (6.9 ± 0.1 log10), Hr (6.08 ± 0.2 log10), and A+ (6.2 ± 0.6 log10). Similar patterns emerged for ceramic brackets, with CHX (0 ± 0 log10) and A− (1.4 ± 0 log10) superior to controls (6.6 ± 0.4 log10). On resin composite attachments, CHX (2.9 ± 0.05 log10) and Hr (3.4 ± 0.08 log10) exceeded controls (5.4 ± 0.09 log10) in inhibiting the biofilm growth (p < 0.05). Enamel microhardness reduction was significantly influenced by attachment type (p < 0.0001) and mouthwash type (p = 0.0063), with significant interaction between variables (p = 0.0052). Conclusions: CHX and A− mouthwashes effectively inhibited S. mutans biofilms on orthodontic attachments, while attachment type and mouthwash significantly influenced enamel microhardness reduction.
Influence of lower anterior crowding on the predictability of mandibular tooth movement in Invisalign therapy: a retrospective cohort analysis
Reem Y. Alulyan, Abdulaziz S. Alamri, Suliman Y. Shahin, Naif N. Almasoud, Essam A. Nassar, Osama A. Alsulaiman, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman
Frontiers in Dental Medicine, 2026
Introduction Invisalign® can resolve up to 91.4% of mandibular incisor crowding. However, there is insufficient evidence to support clear aligner therapys effectiveness for various tooth movements. While the accuracy of Invisalign® has been evaluated, few studies have evaluated its efficacy in alleviating lower arch crowding. Hence, we aimed to identify significant differences between predicted and achieved linear, vertical, and rotational tooth movements in Class I mild-to-severe crowding cases. We also examined the association between lower anterior crowding and discrepancies in predicted vs. achieved movements. Methods This retrospective cohort study, conducted in Saudi Arabia, included 44 participants collected between May and September 2023. The treatment protocol involved proclination followed by interproximal reduction for lower mandibular crowding. Results The sample comprised 63% female patients (mean age: 32). All anterior lower teeth showed significant discrepancies between predicted and achieved movement (3.64 ± 3.25). A significant positive relationship was observed between crowding and lower right canine linear/rotational movements, as well as lower left central/lateral linear movements,lower left lateral vertical and lower right lateral linear movement. Clinically, a one unit increase in crowding correlated with a 0.49 increase in lower right canine rotational difference, while a one unit increase in crowding corresponded to a 0.405 increase in lower right lateral rotational difference. Conclusion Dental crowding reduces the accuracy of clear aligner therapy. Clinically, overcorrection should be routine, and additional tools should be used to improve predictability in cases with significant crowding.
Effect of damage or contamination to the tips of 200 light-curing units
Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Afnan O. Al-Zain, Hassan A. Alyami, Husain A. Almakrami, Osama A. Alsulaiman, Eman H. Ismail, Richard B. Price, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman
BMC Oral Health, 2025
OBJECTIVE: The light-curing unit (LCU) has become a vital piece of dental equipment that must be correctly maintained. This study investigated the impact of contamination and physical damage to the light tip on the power and radiant emittance values from old and new LCUs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two investigators assessed 200 LCUs in dental clinics. The extent of contamination and physical damage to the light-curing unit (LCU) tips was recorded using a scale ranging from 0 to 8, where 0 indicates the absence of damage or contamination, and 8 represents severe damage or contamination. Then, the radiant emittance and power values of the LCU tip were measured using a digital radiometer (Bluephase meter II; Ivoclar, Schaan, Liechtenstein). LCUs that were more than five years old were classified as old. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the condition of the LCU and radiant emittance/power (p = 0.05). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the percent reduction of the power and radiant emittance from the values reported by the manufacturers, as well as the presence of contamination or physical damage scores between old and relatively new light-curing tips (p > 0.05). The mean ± standard deviation percentage reductions in power and radiant emittance from the manufacturer's stated values were 19.2 ± 17.63% and 3.9 ± 16.49%, respectively. Contamination and physical damage had significant positive correlations with the reduction in the power (r = 0.22070, p = 0.0017 and r = 0.27422, p < 0.0001, respectively) and the reduction in the radiant emittance (r = 0.28626, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.36650, p < 0.0001). Increased contamination and physical damage scores corresponded to greater percent reductions in the power and radiant emittance (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Contamination and physical damage to the LCU can negatively impact the light output from LCUs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To ensure optimal performance, dentists should regularly monitor the output of their LCUs and examine the devices for any signs of physical damage or contamination.
Does LeFort I Surgery Have Any Influence on External Root Resorption?
Ellen Kim, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Michael J. Gunson, Leslie A. Will, Marianne Saade, Melih Motro
Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, 2025
Objective The aim of our study was to evaluate root resorption on maxillary teeth neighboring osteotomy sites in response to segmental LeFort I osteotomy over time. Methods Eighteen subjects, aged 18 to 65 years with pre-surgery (T0), post-surgery (T1), and long-term follow-up (T2) CBCT records were included. Sixteen control subjects, aged 17.67 to 62.33 years, with pre-treatment (T0), progress (T1), and long-term progress orthodontic (T2) CBCT records were also used. Maxillary central incisor, canine, and first molar roots were segmented. The volume, surface area, and root length changes were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and mean differences across follow-up periods. Significance was set at p<0.05. Results The surgical group had an overall increase in the amount of root resorption in all time comparisons and variables with significance (p<0.05) in length, volume, and surface area. When comparing mean differences between the control and surgical groups, no significant differences were observed except for a few variables. Conclusion LeFort I segmental osteotomy in conjunction with orthodontic treatment, induces root resorption. However, except for a few variables, the differences compared to orthodontic treatment alone are not statistically significant. Moreover, these findings are clinically insignificant.
Maxillary Incisor Fragment Reattachment Protocols: Influence on Tooth Fracture Resistance and Strength of Bonding to Orthodontic Brackets
Moataz Elgezawi, Rasha Haridy, Khalid S. Almulhim, Moamen A. Abdalla, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Laila Al Dehailan, Rasha Alsheikh, Shahad Alotaibi, Deena Alghamdi, Ohud Almutairi, Sahar F. Alwehaibi, Ala’a Kamal, Dalia Kaisarly
Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2025
Objectives: Trauma to maxillary incisors is frequent, and requires timely, conservative management for optimal prognosis. This in vitro study evaluated the fracture resistance (FR) and orthodontic bracket bond strength (BS) of incisors following incisal fragment reattachment using various restorative techniques. Materials and Methods: Two independent tests—FR testing (Newtons) and BS testing (megapascals)—were conducted. Eighty intact human maxillary central incisors (n = 40/test), standardized in size and shape using a digital caliper (Mitutoyo, ±0.01 mm), were embedded in acrylic resin and numbered. An uncomplicated crown fracture was induced in 64 teeth (n = 32/test), and the teeth were randomly assigned (simple randomization using Excel’s RAND function) to five groups (n = 8/group/test): (1) intact teeth (negative control, NC); (2) nanohybrid composite buildup using Filtek Z250 and Single Bond 2 (positive control, CB); (3) fragment reattachment using flowable composite (Filtek Supreme, FL); (4) reattachment with a palatal veneer using a nanohybrid composite (PV); and (5) reattachment reinforced with a polyethylene fiber band (Ribbond Inc., RB). In BS testing groups, stainless steel orthodontic brackets (PINNACLE) were bonded using Transbond XT, centered over the fracture line. Light curing was performed using an LED unit (Mini LED Standard, Acteon, 1250 mW/cm2, 20 s/bond, 40 s/composite, 2 mm curing tip distance). Specimens were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 h before reattachment. FR and BS were evaluated using a universal testing machine (Instron) until failure. Failure modes were analyzed, and data were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. Results: Significant differences were observed among groups for both FR and BS (p < 0.05). The NC group exhibited the highest FR (514.4 N) and BS (17.6 MPa). The RB group recorded the second-highest FR (324.6), followed by the PV (234.6), CB (224.9), and FL (203.7) groups. The CB group demonstrated the second-best BS (16.6), followed by the RB (15.2), FL (13.4), and PV (6.5) groups. FR and BS were negatively correlated. Mixed failures predominated in the reattachment groups, except for the PV group, which showed mainly adhesive failures. In BS testing, mixed failures dominated in the NC and CB groups, while adhesive failures predominated in the PV and FL groups. Conclusions: Ribbond reinforcement improves the mechanical performance of reattached incisal fragments, and composite buildup may provide more reliable bracket bonding than fragment reattachment. Clinical Relevance: In cases where biomimetic, minimally invasive reattachment is indicated, Ribbond fiber reinforcement appears to offer a reliable restorative solution.
Orthodontic Forces Interrupt Root Formation in Immature Teeth: Myth or Fact? A Pilot Study
Teena Dodeja, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Leslie A. Will, Marianne Saade, Melih Motro
Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, 2025
Objective To assess the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances on the developing roots of anchor teeth compared with completely formed roots. Methods Pre- and post-treatment cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 19 patients (mean pre-treatment age 10.9±1.3, mean post-treatment age 13.66±1.29) with incompletely formed roots who had undergone RME and orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances were selected. In addition, 15 CBCT scans of age- and sex-matched untreated controls (mean age 13.69±1.08) with completely formed roots of the same teeth were obtained. Pre- and post-treatment CBCT records of the experimental group were segmented and reconstructed to obtain linear and volumetric measurements of the roots for comparison with the control group. Changes in the root dimensions were analyzed using the paired t-test; Independent Student’s t-test was used for comparisons between the groups. Results All premolars in the experimental group showed a statistically significant increase in root length and volume post-treatment (p<0.05), with the greatest increase seen in the second premolar. The distobuccal and palatal root lengths of the molars decreased significantly after treatment in the experimental group. The comparison of post-treatment root dimensions between the experimental and untreated control groups showed no significant difference. Conclusion The teeth with developing roots attain normal root length after RME and orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, with no significant differences in root length and volume compared with teeth with completely formed roots.
Mental Health and Malocclusion: A Comprehensive Review
Osama A. Alsulaiman, Maha I. Alghannam, Dalal M. Almazroua, Abdulaziz S. Alamri, Suliman Y. Shahin, Essam A. Nassar, Naif N. Almasoud, Abdulrahman T. Alsulaiman, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman
Clinics and Practice, 2025
The purpose of this study is to comprehensively review the relationship between malocclusion and anxiety and depression. While the physical implications of malocclusion are well documented, recent scholarship has shifted focus to examining the direct relationship between malocclusion and both anxiety and depression. It has been hypothesized that individuals with skeletal or dental malocclusion experience a range of psychological sequelae, including diminished quality of life (QoL), reduced oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), increased vulnerability and appearance-related bullying, and impaired body image. Furthermore, these factors are postulated to collectively contribute to overall mental health, with malocclusion potentially serving as a contributing etiological factor in the development of elevated levels of anxiety and depression. Contemporary scholarship has established a complex relationship between dentofacial deviations and the psychological well-being of affected individuals. Evidence shows that malocclusion may contribute to increased depression and anxiety levels in some individuals, influencing their social functioning and treatment-seeking behavior. Dentofacial disharmony has also been associated with altered self-perception, potentially impacting an individual’s OHQOL and overall quality of life. While the findings exhibit some inconsistency, a modest body of evidence indicates a possible correlation between pronounced skeletal or dental malocclusion and anxiety and depression. These adverse psychosocial impacts, in turn, contribute to an elevated risk of anxiety and depression, underscoring the far-reaching consequences of malocclusion beyond oral health. Therefore, clinicians need to consider these issues in their treatment plans, incorporating interdisciplinary approaches that address both orthodontic and psychological aspects of patient care.
Assessment of Quality and Reliability of YouTube Videos for Student Learning on Class II Resin Composite Restorations
AA Balhaddad, I Alkhalifah, D Albuhmdouh, R AlSheikh, L Al Dehailan, H AlQuorain, AA Alsulaiman
Operative Dentistry, 2025
SUMMARY YouTube has emerged as a popular platform for accessing educational content. However, its effectiveness has been a topic of debate in dental education. This study aimed to analyze the content and quality of YouTube videos focusing on Class II resin composite restorations. The first 100 videos of Class II resin composite information on YouTube were evaluated. The overall quality of the videos was assessed using the video information and quality index (VIQI) and Content Score based on Class II resin composite criteria. Videos with a score of less than the mean were recognized as low-content. No significant differences were observed between high- and low-content videos when the number of views, likes, duration, days since upload, viewing rate, and interaction index were investigated (p&gt;0.05). The number of subscribers revealed a marginally significant difference (p=0.053). The high-content videos demonstrated higher mean values compared to the low-content videos in flow (4.6 vs. 3.8; p=0.0004), accuracy (4.3 vs. 3.3; p&lt;0.0001), value (3.7 vs. 2.9; p=0.002), and precision (4.8 vs. 4.2; p=0.0002). The overall VIQI score was significantly higher (p&lt;0.0001) in high-content videos (Mean 17.4; SD 1.5) compared to the low-content videos (Mean 14.2; SD 2.2). When the Content Score was assessed, high-content videos (Mean 9.9; SD 1.3) revealed a higher score (p&lt;0.0001) than low-content-videos (Mean 4.2; SD 2.3). Most YouTube videos showcasing Class II resin composites serve as effective teaching tools. However, a significant number of videos with low content exist. Therefore, dental students should exercise caution when utilizing YouTube videos for learning purposes.
Malocclusion traits as risk indicators for depression in young adults: A population-based cross-sectional study
Ahmed A. Alsulaiman
Saudi Dental Journal, 2024
Background: Although malocclusion has historically drawn attention for its effects on craniofacial development, oral function, and aesthetics, recent studies have started to investigate the possible association between malocclusion and other aspects of overall health, such as mental health. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze various dental malocclusion characteristics and their potential association with depressive symptoms among young adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used for data procurement. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using a nationally representative population sample, including data from 3,806 participants surveyed between 1988 and 1994 under the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. The inclusion criteria were completion of the clinical assessment for malocclusion traits, being dentate, reporting no history of previous or current orthodontic treatment, reporting no dental pain, and responding to a questionnaire about psychiatric status. Statistical evaluations involved logistic regression modeling and chi-squared tests, considering the complex sampling design nature of the survey. Results: Crude and adjusted logistic regression models indicated no significant association between malocclusion traits and major depressive episodes (MDEs). Conversely, the same models revealed a positive association between malocclusion traits (specifically, upper crowding and two or more cumulative malocclusion traits) and dysthymia in both crude and adjusted analyses. Conclusion: Specific malocclusion traits were associated with dysthymia, whereas no such associations existed with MDEs. These findings suggest that the association between malocclusion and depression is complex and multifaceted.
YouTube videos on gingival grafting procedures: Content and quality analysis
Eman Aljoghaiman, Hussain Aljubran, Israa Alkhalifah, Ahmed Alsulaiman, Mishali AlSharief
Journal of the American Dental Association, 2024
Accelerated Orthodontics: A Descriptive Bibliometric Analysis of the Top 50 Cited Articles from 2012 to 2023
Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Osama A. Alsulaiman
Clinics and Practice, 2024
Predictors of procedural errors in class II resin composite restorations using bitewing radiographs
Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Nawaf AlGhamdi, Mohammed Alqahtani, Osama A. Alsulaiman, Ali Alshammari, Malik J. Farraj, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman
Saudi Dental Journal, 2024
Orthodontic Elastics: A Multivariable Analysis of YouTube™ Videos
Ahmed Alsulaiman, Osama Alsulaiman, Reem Alkhateeb, Luba AlMuhaish, Maher Alghamdi, Essam Nassar, Naif Almasoud
Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, 2024
Oral microbiota analyses of paediatric Saudi population reveals signatures of dental caries
Yousef M. Alyousef, Stanley Piotrowski, Faisal A. Alonaizan, Ahmed Alsulaiman, Ali A. Alali, Naif N. Almasood, Chittibabu Vatte, Lauren Hamilton, Divya Gandla, Hetal Lad, Fred L. Robinson, Cyril Cyrus, Ryan C. Meng, Alexa Dowdell, Brian Piening, Brendan J. Keating, Amein K. Al-Ali
BMC Oral Health, 2023
Three-dimensional morphometric analysis of anterior cranial base in growing patients
Tania Jhamb, Ahmed AlSulaiman, Goli Parsi, Leslie Will, Melih Motro
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2023
Multinational study on profile preference of laypersons
Adam Taee, Ahmed Alsulaiman, Monika Hersberger-Zurfluh, Joseph Bouserhal, Nayla Bassil-Nassif, Rachel Sathekge, Kazuhito Arai, Misa Ikoma, Ghassan Al-Turki, Abdulrahman Idrees, Beyza Tagrikulu, Leslie Will, Melih Motro
Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists, 2023
Effects of counterclockwise bimaxillary advancement surgery and relapse on upper airway
Aylin Gallegos Salazar, Ahmed AlSulaiman, Goli Parsi, Michael Gunson, Leslie A. Will, Melih Motro
Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research, 2023
Corrigendum to ‘Oral microbiota analyses of Saudi sickle cell anemics with dental caries’ International Dental Journal, 73/1, February 2023, Pages 144-150 (International Dental Journal (2023) 73(1) (144–150), (S0020653922001472), (10.1016/j.identj.2022.06.017))
Yousef M. Alyousef, Faisal A. Alonaizan, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Halima Abukabbos, Mohammed I. Aldarwish, Ali A. Alali, Naif N. Almasood, Chittibabu Vatte, Cyril Cyrus, Alawi H. Habara, Bobby P.C. Koeleman
International Dental Journal, 2023
Oral microbiota analyses of Saudi sickle cell anemics with dental caries
Yousef M. Alyousef, Faisal A. Alonaizan, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Mohammed I. Aldarwish, Ali A. Alali, Naif N. Almasood, Chittibabu Vatte, Cyril Cyrus, Alawi H. Habara, Bobby P.C. Koeleman
International Dental Journal, 2023
Influence of Denture Cleansers on the Retention Loss of Attachment Systems Retained Implant Overdenture
Hamad S. AlRumaih, Alhanouf A. Albarrak, Muneera AlMedaires, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Nadim Z. Baba, Faris A. Alshahrani, Firas K. Alqarawi, Yousif A. Al-Dulaijan, Fawaz Alzoubi, Abdulkareem A. Alhumaidan, Mohammed M. Gad
International Journal of Biomaterials, 2023
Longitudinal changes in the dental arch width and symmetry in identical and fraternal twins
May Chaaban, Ahmed AlSulaiman, Alpdogan Kantarci, Philip Stashenko, Leslie A. Will, Melih Motro
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2022
Heritability of nasal characteristics assessed using lateral cephalograms
Ramandeep Samra, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Melih Motro, Leslie A. Will
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2022
Treatment of bisphosphonate induced osteonecrosis of jaw in rats using an angiogenesis factor (A-Heal) and ABMDO (Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Osteoblasts)
Mir Sadat-Ali, Naif A. AlMasoud, Tarek M. Hegazi, Sadananda Acharya, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Ayesha Ahmed, Methal I. AlBayat
Saudi Dental Journal, 2022
Comparison Between Human Maxillary Anterior Teeth and Commercial Acrylic Teeth: A Sex-Stratified Analysis
Hamad S. AlRumaih, Zainab Albasry, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Firas K. Alqarawi, Faris A. Alshahrani, Ewa Parciak
Open Dentistry Journal, 2022
Analysis of nasal airway symmetry and upper airway changes after rapid maxillary expansion
Charles DiCosimo, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Charmi Shah, Melih Motro, Leslie A. Will, Goli K. Parsi
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2021
Orthodontic Treatment as a Protective Factor for Dental Caries Experience and Severity: A Population-Based Study
Ahmed A. Alsulaiman
International Journal of Dentistry, 2021
An evaluation of microbial flora, alkaline phosphatase and il-8 levels in gcf of orthodontic patients with self-ligating and conventional brackets
Essam Abdelalim Nassar, Naif Nasser Almasoud, Maher Sulaiman Al-Qurashi, Ahmed A Alsulaiman, Khalid Sadiaq Hassan
Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, 2021
Association of Test Anxiety with Temporomandibular Disorder in Health Professions Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abdulaziz Alamri, Suliman Shahin, Eman A. Bakhurji, Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Zainah Salloot, Muhammad Nazir
International Journal of Dentistry, 2020
Association between incisor irregularity and coronal caries: A population-based study
Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, David S. Briss, Goli K. Parsi, Leslie A. Will
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2019
Volumetric changes of the upper airway following maxillary and mandibular advancement using cone beam computed tomography
G.K. Parsi, A.A. Alsulaiman, B. Kotak, P. Mehra, L.A. Will, M. Motro
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2019
Incisor malalignment and the risk of periodontal disease progression
Ahmed A. Alsulaiman, Elizabeth Kaye, Judith Jones, Howard Cabral, Cataldo Leone, Leslie Will, Raul Garcia
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2018
Geriatric Oral Health Care Delivery in the United States of America
Ahmed A. Al-Sulaiman, Judith A. Jones
Current Oral Health Reports, 2016
Thickness of buccal bone in the mandible and its clinical significance in mono-cortical screws placement. A CBCT analysis
B.A. Al-Jandan, A.A. Al-Sulaiman, H.F. Marei, F.A. Syed, M. Almana
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2013

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