Akhil Gupta
@schools.lpu.in
Associate Professor in School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Lovely Professional University
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Computer Networks and Communications, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science Applications
Scopus Publications
Scholar Citations
Scholar h-index
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Jai Kumar, Akhil Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, and Muhammad Khurram Khan
Elsevier BV
Abhay Bhandari, Akhil Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, Joel J.P.C. Rodrigues, Ravi Sharma, and Anupam Singh
Elsevier BV
Rahul Sharma, Shakti Raj Chopra, Akhil Gupta, Rupendeep Kaur, Sudeep Tanwar, Giovanni Pau, Gulshan Sharma, Fayez Alqahtani, and Amr Tolba
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
To address the challenges posed by a large number of disaster-waiver-affected users and the complexities of scaling centralized algorithms for rapidly restoring emergency communication services, the paper proposes a distributed intent-based optimization architecture based on multi-agent reinforcement learning. This approach aims to mitigate service discrepancies and dynamics among users. In the network feature layer, a distributed K-sums clustering algorithm considers variations in user services. Each UAV base station autonomously and minimally adjusts the local network structure based on user requirements. It selects user features from the cluster center as input states for the multi-agent reinforcement learning neural network. In the trajectory regulation layer, the paper introduces a multi-agent maximum entropy reinforcement learning (MASAC) algorithm. The UAV base station, acting as an intelligent node, governs its flight trajectory within the framework of “distributed training – distributed execution.” The paper incorporates techniques such as integrated learning and curriculum learning to enhance training stability and convergence speed. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our distributed K-sums clustering algorithm in terms of load efficiency and cluster balance, outperforming the traditional K-means algorithm. Additionally, the UAV base station trajectory control algorithm based on MASAC significantly reduces communication interruptions, enhances network spectral efficiency, and surpasses existing reinforcement learning methods.
Rahul Sharma, Shakti Raj Chopra, and Akhil Gupta
IEEE
One paradigm shift that has opened up new possibilities for connection and service provision is using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in wireless communication networks. The main features and developments of next-generation wireless communication networks are helped by unmanned aerial vehicles. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) deployment in wireless networks brings a new, adaptable architecture that solves problems with old ground-based systems. Using UAVs, it is possible to increase network performance by optimizing resource allocation, expanding coverage to remote places, and establishing temporary communication links. In this paper, we take a look at unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and their possible deployment for optimal threshold limit by calculating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and frame error rate (FER), problems, and solutions in next-gen wireless communication networks.
Rahul Sharma, Shakti Raj Chopra, and Akhil Gupta
IOP Publishing
Abstract Several established procedures are required to be followed when responding to disasters. Although most of them have so far been successful, they pose their own set of difficulties. The primary factor is response time, which is crucial for disaster management. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for wireless communication not only increases response time but also is energy efficient. However, UAVs have limited power capacities, which makes their use in wireless communication challenging. In wireless communication, hybrid beamforming is a technique for optimizing the battery consumption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Massive MIMO technology facilitates hybrid beamforming by deploying antenna arrays, efficiently directing transmitted energy to intended receivers, and minimizing power waste. Beamforming relies heavily on accurate Channel State Information (CSI). Advanced channel estimation and tracking techniques optimize power allocation based on real-time channel conditions, thereby minimizing energy consumption and ensuring connection reliability. Hybrid beamforming combines the advantages of digital and analog beamforming to reduce power consumption while maintaining communication performance. This paper proposes a power optimization technique for UAV-based wireless communication using hybrid beamforming to maximize spectral efficiency and increase the battery life of UAVs.
Shahid Hamid, Shakti Raj Chopra, Akhil Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, Bogdan Cristian Florea, Dragos Daniel Taralunga, Osama Alfarraj, and Ahmed M. Shehata
MDPI AG
Hybrid beamforming is a viable method for lowering the complexity and expense of massive multiple-input multiple-output systems while achieving high data rates on track with digital beamforming. To this end, the purpose of the research reported in this paper is to assess the effectiveness of the three architectural beamforming techniques (Analog, Digital, and Hybrid beamforming) in massive multiple-input multiple-output systems, especially hybrid beamforming. In hybrid beamforming, the antennas are connected to a single radio frequency chain, unlike digital beamforming, where each antenna has a separate radio frequency chain. The beam formation toward a particular angle depends on the channel state information. Further, massive multiple-input multiple-output is discussed in detail along with the performance parameters like bit error rate, signal-to-noise ratio, achievable sum rate, power consumption in massive multiple-input multiple-output, and energy efficiency. Finally, a comparison has been established between the three beamforming techniques.
Akhil Gupta, Prakhar Saini, Banala Sharath Teja, Giddaluru Shiva Durgesh, Shourabh Kumar Mishra, Anjani Kumar Yadav, Sudeep Tanwar, Fayez Alqahtani, Maria Simona Raboaca, and Wael Said
MDPI AG
With the onset of 5G technology, the number of users is increasing drastically. These increased numbers of users demand better service on the network. This study examines the millimeter wave bands working frequencies. Working in the millimeter wave band has the disadvantage of interference. This study aims to analyze the impact of different interference conditions on unmanned aerial vehicle use scenarios, such as open-air gatherings and indoor-outdoor sports stadiums. Performance analysis was carried out in terms of received power and path loss readings.
Preksha Jain, Akhil Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, Fayez Alqahtani, Maria Simona Raboaca, and Wael Said
MDPI AG
With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of devices will also increase tremendously. However, we need more wireless communication resources. It has been shown in the literature that non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) offers high multiplexing gains due to the simultaneous transfer of signals, and massive multiple-input–multiple-outputs (mMIMOs) offer high spectrum efficiency due to the high antenna gain and high multiplexing gains. Therefore, a downlink mMIMO NOMA cooperative system is considered in this paper. The users at the cell edge in 5G cellular system generally suffer from poor signal quality as they are far away from the BS and expend high battery power to decode the signals superimposed through NOMA. Thus, this paper uses a cooperative relay system and proposes the mMIMO NOMA double-mode model to reduce battery expenditure and increase the cell edge user’s energy efficiency and sum rate. In the mMIMO NOMA double-mode model, two modes of operation are defined. Depending on the relay’s battery level, these modes are chosen to utilize the system’s energy efficiency. Comprehensive numerical results show the improvement in the proposed system’s average sum rate and average energy efficiency compared with a conventional system. In a cooperative NOMA system, the base station (BS) transmits a signal to a relay, and the relay forwards the signal to a cluster of users. This cluster formation depends on the user positions and geographical restrictions concerning the relay equipment. Therefore, it is vital to form user clusters for efficient and simultaneous transmission. This paper also presents a novel method for efficient cluster formation.
Aditya Bakshi, Akhil Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, Gulshan Sharma, Pitshou N. Bokoro, Fayez Alqahtani, Amr Tolba, and Maria Simona Raboaca
MDPI AG
For constructing the best local codebook for image compression, there are many Vector Quantization (VQ) procedures, but the simplest VQ procedure is the Linde–Buzo–Gray (LBG) procedure. Techniques such as the Gaussian Dissemination Function (GDF) are used for the searching process in generating a global codebook for particle swarm optimization (PSO), Honeybee mating optimization (HBMO), and Firefly (FA) procedures. However, when particle velocity is very high, FA encounters a problem when brighter fireflies are trivial, and PSO suffers uncertainty in merging. A novel procedure, Cuckoo Search–Kekre Fast Codebook Generation (CS-KFCG), is proposed that enhances Cuckoo Search–Linde–Buzo–Gray (CS-LBG) codebook by implementing a Flight Dissemination Function (FDF), which produces more speed than other states of the art algorithms with appropriate mutation expectations for the overall codebook. Also, CS-KFGC has generated a high Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR) in terms of high duration (time) and better acceptability rate.
J. Senthil Kumar, Akhil Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, Neeraj Kumar, and Sedat Akleylek
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Preksha Jain, Akhil Gupta, Neeraj Kumar, and Mohsen Guizani
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
The number of wireless communication devices has grown exponentially with the evolution of wireless systems. Moreover, the development of technologies such as the Internet of things (IoT) and massive machine-type communications (mMTC) are also fueling the rapid increase in the number of communication devices. It is anticipated that through 6G, the wireless communication networks will move in the direction of ultra-dense distribution of enormous devices with assorted service and rate requirements. This requires a huge network energy, capacity, and efficient deployment of the spectrum. This paper employs the massive multi-input multi-output (mMIMO) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) techniques that increase the multiplexing gain and network capacity. This paper utilizes the benefits of millimeter Wave (mmWave) and Terahertz (THz) channels that poseess considerably higher communication capacity. However, these schemes are highly complex. To mitigate this problem, we use BS caching as diverse applications in 6G will have varied rate requirements. In addition, we propose an application-specific channel selection (ASCS) scheme with a cache-enabled two-tier 6G Heterogeneous Network (HetNet). In the proposed scheme, bestowing to the application requirement of the small cell users, the small cell base station (SBS) switches downlink channels dynamically. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed ASCS scheme can achieve higher spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and throughput for the cache-enabled two-tier 6G HetNet.
Manoj Sindhwani, Shippu Sachdeva, Akhil Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, Fayez Alqahtani, Amr Tolba, and Maria Simona Raboaca
MDPI AG
The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is an innovative technology that allows vehicles to connect with neighboring roadside structures to deliver intelligent transportation applications. To deliver safe communication among vehicles, a reliable routing approach is required. Due to the excessive mobility and frequent variation in network topology, establishing a reliable routing for VANETs takes a lot of work. In VANETs, transmission links are extremely susceptible to interruption; as a result, the routing efficiency of these constantly evolving networks requires special attention. To promote reliable routing in VANETs, we propose a novel context-aware reliable routing protocol that integrates k-means clustering and support vector machine (SVM) in this paper. The k-means clustering divides the routes into two clusters named GOOD and BAD. The cluster with high mean square error (MSE) is labelled as BAD, and the cluster with low MSE is labelled as GOOD. After training the routing data with SVM, the performance of each route from source to target is improved in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), throughput, and End to End Delay (E2E). The proposed protocol will achieve improved routing efficiency with these changes.
Preksha Jain, Akhil Gupta, and Neeraj Kumar
Elsevier BV
Shakti Raj Chopra, Akhil Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, Calin Ovidiu Safirescu, Traian Candin Mihaltan, and Ravi Sharma
MDPI AG
Error-correcting codes with limited errors and higher spectral efficiency are the main concern for wireless communications. In the current situation, research is increasing daily to satisfy the growing demand for users with improved QoS. Adaptive Antenna Grouping (AAG) with a multilevel space–time trellis coding scheme in the Multi-User Massive MIMO system is the better option to provide flexible data transfer speeds, encoding gains, and gain in diversity with improved spectral efficiency and low decoding complexity, including the power optimization by reduced SNR at the same Symbol Error Rate/Frame Error Rate (SER/FER). The prior aim of maintaining spectral efficiency is achieved by using Massive MIMO. This paper presents the AAG according to the channel state information in the Massive MIMO scenario. The impact of the proposed model on standard ITU-R M.2135 scenarios is also demonstrated in this paper.
Keshav Jha, Akhil Gupta, Abdulatif Alabdulatif, Sudeep Tanwar, Calin Ovidiu Safirescu, and Traian Candin Mihaltan
MDPI AG
One of the primary challenges that wireless technology in the present generation is facing is always best connected (ABC) service. This is possible only when the wireless overlay networks follow a cooperative and coordinated process. Vertical handoff is one such process. Concerning this process, the main challenge is to develop algorithms that take care of optimal connection management with proper resource utilization for uninterrupted mobility. In this paper, we develop a new hybrid cuckoo search (CS) and genetic algorithm (GA) that maximizes the performance of heterogeneous wireless systems in terms of minimizing latency, handover failure probability, and enhancing the throughput. We focus on an optimized simulation framework to demonstrate the advantage of our hybrid model. It can be discerned from the simulation analysis that the proposed hybrid technique increases throughput by 17% and 8% compared to the cuckoo search and genetic algorithms applied individually. The performance of the proposed scheme is promising for applications wherein the handoff mechanisms have to be optimized to control frequent handoffs to further reduce the power consumption of user equipment.
Preksha Jain, Akhil Gupta, Neeraj Kumar, Gyanendra Prasad Joshi, and Woong Cho
MDPI AG
Optimization of the energy efficiency, fairness, and rates of the system is a vital part of communication systems. Multiple access techniques have a huge potential to enhance such performance parameters. This paper studies the performance of NOMA and OMA systems in a singular cell environment, where the cellular users are distributed randomly, and cooperative relays are considered for better system reliability. The relay nodes forward the signals to the cell-edge users. This paper considers a practical scenario where all the relay equipment is distributed with non-uniform battery power levels. The performance of OMA and NOMA schemes is compared based on the key performance indicators: sum rate, fairness, and energy efficiency. The fairness factor determines fairness in the allocation of resources to all the system’s users. The performance of the two schemes is assessed in three deployment scenarios: urban, suburban, and rural scenarios. Through numerical results, it is proved that the performance of the NOMA dominates the OMA scheme.
Akhil Gupta, Alamuru Venkata Harsha Vardhan, Sudeep Tanwar, Neeraj Kumar, and Anupam Singh
Elsevier BV
Disashi Valentin, Akhil Gupta, and Manmohan Sharma
IOP Publishing
Abstract Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is a favourable technology for the future of wireless networks. It aims to seamlessly exploit spectrum resources by opportunistically using the unused or underused radio spectrum that is licensed. Cognitive Radio Network is a technology that is planned to be used in the 5th Generation of wireless communication. This technology is belied to be the answer to the unused and underused radio spectrum in the Radio environment. Whereas Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission (CoMP JT) is a technology that has already been used, first used in 3GPP LTE-Advanced. Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission aims to improve the performance of the cellular network. In this report, Cognitive Radio Network is being implemented along with Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission techniques. An inclusive and layered architecture of Cognitive Radio Network along with Coordinated multipoint Joint Transmission is being designed in this report, showing different technologies and different steps involved in the concept of this combination. Then the impact of CoMP JT on CRN is being studied. By implementing CoMP JT on CRN, it has been able to show how the performance of CRN is changing when implemented alone and when implemented with CoMP JT and some of the significant results are being depicted to better understand the changes in CRN with CoMP JT. Lastly, a study is performed on the combination of Cognitive Radio Network and Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission. As far as the investigation is being performed, two factors have been considered, which is: Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) and Total Average Throughput (TAT). The detailed study is being performed in this report and is being implemented in three different environments. Hence the results are being compared and a conclusion is being drawn based on these results.
Preeti Khurana, Keshav Jha, and Akhil Gupta
IOP Publishing
Abstract Future remote systems should have the option to handle the gain in a different system state. One of the most of the time tried issues for coordination is the vertical handoff, which is an option to handoff portable hubs between different systems. While customary handoff codes are based on quality checks, vertical handoffs must assess additional factors, for example, funding costs, proposed governance, systematic location, and customer learning. In this paper, some improvements are proposed for the implementation of vertical handoff option calculations aimed at increasing the nature of the administration experienced by each customer. Firstly, talk about the idea of alignment-based handoff is done. At that point, cost efficiency can be achieved by sending decisions on the target systems depending on the classification of the customer and the measurements provided by the system. Finally, a demonstration investigation suggests that the proposed reforms can achieve significant gains like governance and the productive use of assets. In the present work, two other half-schemes are proposed using the cuckoo search calculation and the genealogical calculation. In the two mixing plots, the calculation consists of two steps: the primary stage, which examines the location of the cuckoo search (CS), or the genetic algorithm (GA). In the subsequent stage, to improve worldwide pursuit and dispose of catching into a few neighbourhood optima is done. Reproducibility results and testing with old-time CS and GA calculations confirm the feasibility of the proposed computation in designing various benchmark correction capabilities.
Preksha Jain and Akhil Gupta
IEEE
The objective of fifth-generation (5G) era is to thrust ahead of the limits of the previous generation in terms of performance metrics. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) and massive multiple-input-multiple-output (mMIMO) are leading technologies in the directory of the 5G enablers. As the spectrum of the mmWave technology is highly under-utilized therefore, it has the ability to deliver higher data rates through allocating more amount of spectrum. Massive antenna array in massive MIMO offers high multiplexing gains. Therefore, the combination of mMIMO and mmWave technologies can offer a significant increase in the energy and spectral efficiencies, throughput, and capacity of the communication system. This research proposes a system model integrating the capabilities of massive MIMO and mmWave and small-cells to enhance the performance of the system. Further, compared to conventional single-cell systems, a 2-tier network employing small-cells provides more flexibility and better quality of service. However, in such a system cross-tier and co-tier interference becomes a critical issue. This paper also addresses this issue and mitigates the cross-tier and co-tier interference by employing different frequency bands in different tiers of the system. The simulation results show that the proposed system model outperforms the conventional 2-tier system model in terms of spectrum efficiency.
Preksha Jain and Akhil Gupta
IEEE
It is anticipated that the number of devices will increase tremendously in the coming era of internet of things (IoT) technologies and massive machine-type communications (mMTC). Huge spectrum resources are required to serve such demands. The LTE networks have limited spectrum resources, and these resources have not been completely and efficiently utilized. Therefore, in dense network environments, LTE networks will not be able to evade data congestion and low access efficiency. To solve this problem, the paper uses millimeter Wave (mmWave) technology, as it has a huge unutilized spectrum available for communication. However, the mmWave channel cannot travel long distances, we deploy mmWave technology in smallcell along with massive multiple-input-multiple-output (mMIMO) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technologies. Smallcells have great potential to enhance cellular networks, and mMIMO and NOMA are promising technologies for next-generation wireless communications. Massive antenna array in massive MIMO offers high multiplexing gains. Whereas more than one user can access the same frequency-time resource simultaneously using NOMA, therefore, it helps in saving the spectrum resources. Moreover, a Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) model has the potential to provide high spatial reuse and high-frequency reuse. Therefore, the combination of mMIMO, mmWave, NOMA technologies employed in a HetNet can offer a significant increase in the rates. This paper carries out a performance analysis of a proposed system model employing mMIMO mmWave NOMA HetNet system model and compares it with a conventional HetNet system model. The simulation results show that the proposed HetNet system model outperforms the conventional HetNet system model in terms of spectral efficiency.
Joydev Ghosh, Akhil Gupta, Hüseyin Haci, and Zoltán Jakó
Informa UK Limited
In the rapid development of wireless communications, femtocells provide tremendous improvement in coverage and quality of service for users. Macro-femto based networks are envisioned to be the de-facto solution for providing ultra-high speed communications in next-generation mobile wireless networks. This paper studies two-tier macro-femto networks and proposes a collection of novel technologies to address the interference problems. First, a novel user association scheme is proposed that aims to optimize the load among femto base stations (FBSs). Second, a near-optimal ergodic search algorithm is proposed to regulate the power consumption at macro base stations (MBSs) and improve energy efficiency. Third, a channel access mechanism is proposed for FBSs that aims to minimize inter-tier interference. For the proposed system, CDF of SINR is derived and used for performance investigation. Simulation results show that the proposed system can significantly outperform a popular, conventional cognitive radio-based system for all the considered simulation scenarios.
Raabia Kausar and Akhil Gupta
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Background: Spectrum efficiency is labelled to be the most discussed area of wireless communication. Today, wireless communication is one of the fastest developing fields due to which there is a tremendous increase in subscribers that leads to the demand for more spectrum. Though the growth in the spectrum is not possible but optimizing it is a good alternative. Methods: This paper provides a detailed study of different methods used for the optimization of spectrum efficiency in massive multiple inputs and outputs. The main goal of this paper is to findout how the spectrum could be used efficiently to meet user demands. It includes the technique of fixing specific parameters like coherent block length, number of reception antennas, pilots reuse factor, signal to noise ratio, and number of users to make more efficient use of the spectrum. This paper also explains the achievement of spectral efficiency under different deployment scenarios i.e., urban, suburban, and rural in ITU-R M.2135 standard. Results: As seen from the results, steep SEs are accomplished by making a schedule of many UE for mutual broadcast, while the SE per UE maybe 1-4 bit/s/Hz. These high-class demonstrations show that massive MIMO e.g an SNR of 0-5 dB with a limited pilot reuse factor of β= 3, and the fast techniques are applied for lessening the distortion noise and instrument damage. According to the simulations, it is found that massive MIMO with M = 100 can produce a 10×gain in SE in the IMT-Advanced requirements of 3 bit/s/Hz/cell. For the bigger sizes of antennas, M = 500 massive MIMO can even give 40×gain over IMT-Advanced. Conclusion: With the advancement of technology, the number of users is increasing tremendously, leading to a shortage of spectrum. Hence, the need of the hour is to make efficient use of the available spectrum while maintaining the Quality of service. Therefore, researchers have proposed specific methods that fulfill this need. The paper realizes the SE approach on different deployment scenarios like urban, suburban and rural in the ITU-R M.2135 standard and proves that under all the three scenarios, P-ZF remained unchanged. As seen from the results, steep SEs are accomplished by making a schedule of many UE for mutual broadcast, while the SE per UE maybe 1-4 bit/s/Hz. These high-class demonstrations show that massive MIMO likes an SNR of 0–5 dB with a limited pilot reuse factor of β= 3, and the fast techniques are applied for lessening the distortion noise from instrument damage. According to the simulations, it is seen that massive MIMO with M = 100 can produce a 10×gain in SE in the IMT-Advanced requirements of 3 bit/s/Hz/cell. For the bigger sizes of antennas, M = 500 massive MIMO can even give 40×gain over IMT-Advanced. The outcomes in this paper suggest the uncorrelated fading, although for decreasing inter-user interference, correlated fading is required, to raise large SE with less β. This study makes SE independent of topography. Furthermore, optimization of energy under different deployment scenarios, along with these simulations, can optimize the spectrum to a greater extent.
Shakti Raj Chopra and Akhil Gupta
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Preksha Jain, Akhil Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, and Neeraj Kumar
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Recent developments in technologies like the internet of Things (ioT) and massive machine-type communications (mMTC), the number of wireless communication devices, the demand for spectrum resources, the power consumed in transmission, processing, and reception will proliferate. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and cooperative schemes are attracting researchers across the globe to use NOMA to solve the problem of spectrum scarcity by serving multiple users simultaneously, whereas cooperative schemes can help in reducing transmission power consumption by employing relay nodes in between. Therefore, to condense the system's power consumption, this article integrates NOMA and cooperative technology. This article proposes two schemes: a battery efficient cooperative NOMA scheme and a customized sector model. The introduced battery efficient cooperative NOMA takes advantage of relay and device-to-device (D2D) cooperation for introducing different modes of operation in the NOMA scheme, aiming to reduce the battery power consumption at the transmitter and the receiver side, whereas the customized sector model intends to optimize the energy of the system through efficient deployment of the NOMA cell-sector model. Finally, the discussion of various challenges and future opportunities for unveiling the NOMA technique is presented.