Food Science, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
60
Scopus Publications
Scopus Publications
Targeting mineralocorticoid receptors to treat metabolic diseases via the adipocyte Andrea Armani, Stefania Gorini, Alessandra Feraco, Caterina Mammi, Eleonora Bellucci, Massimiliano Caprio Endocrinology United States, 2026 The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), classically known for its role in electrolyte homeostasis, has emerged since the early 2000s as a key regulator of adipocyte biology. MR activation induces oxidative stress and inflammation, promotes white adipogenesis, and suppresses brown fat differentiation, potentially contributing to obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). In mice, MR antagonists (MRAs) have shown beneficial metabolic effects by reversing adipose tissue dysfunctions, counteracting excessive expansion of fat depots, and enhancing brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Clinical translation remains limited, with inconsistent outcomes in individuals with overweight or obesity, and concerns about side effects of steroidal MRAs (sMRAs), particularly hyperkalemia. Nevertheless, recent data showed that MRAs are able to activate BAT in healthy individuals and in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy type 2 (FPLD2). Nonsteroidal MR antagonists (nsMRAs), such as finerenone, exhibit anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties in the kidney and heart, with improved safety profiles compared to sMRAs, and are currently being explored in metabolic disorders beyond cardiorenal disease. This review summarizes novel insights into MR function in adipose tissue and critically evaluates whether MR can still be considered a valid target to treat obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
Legume Consumption Improves Cellular Health and Autonomic Function in Competitive Swimmers Elisabetta Camajani, Valerio Caporali, Stefania Gorini, Alessandra Feraco, Chiara Quattrini, Luigi Procaccio, Andrea Armani, Elvira Padua, Massimiliano Caprio, Mauro Lombardo Nutrients, 2026 Objective: This study evaluated whether higher adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD), specifically through increased legume consumption, is associated with improved functional, autonomic, and performance parameters in adolescents and young adult competitive swimmers. Methods: Thirty-nine swimmers (mean age 19.7 ± 2.3 years; 22 men, 17 women) monitored over a five-month period under standardized training conditions. Based on baseline dietary assessment, participants were allocated into three groups according to habitual legume intake: Control group (<1 serving/week, no dietary modification), 3Legumes group (~2 servings/week, increased to 3/week), and 6Legumes group (~3–4 servings/week, increased to 6/week). Functional evaluation encompassed bioelectrical impedance parameters (phase angle, extracellular and intracellular water, ECW/ICW ratio), heart rate variability (HRV), cardiac coherence, and critical swimming speed test (CSS) results. Results: After 5 months, the 6Legumes group showed an increase in phase angle (Δ = +0.34 ± 0.35°, p = 0.004), a reduction in extracellular water (Δ = −1.77 ± 0.93%, p < 0.001), and an increase in intracellular water (Δ = +1.77 ± 0.93%, p < 0.001), resulting in a lower ECW/ICW ratio (Δ = −0.051 ± 0.028, p < 0.001). HRV (Δ = +6.92 ± 5.02, p = 0.0003) and cardiac coherence (Δ = +0.40 ± 0.35, p = 0.0015) also demonstrated statistically significant improvements, whereas CSS exhibited a positive trend (Δ = +0.011 ± 0.019 m/s, p = 0.067) without reaching statistical significance. Between-group comparisons confirmed significant differences in phase angle and water-distribution parameters (all p < 0.01). Conclusions: In this cohort of adolescents and young adult competitive swimmers, increased legume consumption within a Mediterranean dietary framework was associated with beneficial adaptations in cellular hydration status, autonomic regulation, and functional performance.
Gender differences in eating habits and sports preferences across age groups: a cross-sectional study Stefania Gorini, Elisabetta Camajani, Edda Cava, Alessandra Feraco, Andrea Armani, Isaac Amoah, Tiziana Filardi, Xinyan Wu, Rocky Strollo, Massimiliano Caprio, Elvira Padua, Mauro Lombardo Journal of Translational Medicine, 2025 BACKGROUND: Gender differences in dietary habits, physical activity and body composition are key determinants of health and disease risk. Although these differences are well documented, their variation across age groups remains poorly explored. This study examines gender-specific patterns in eating behaviours, sport preferences and body composition metrics, with the aim of providing evidence for tailored public health interventions. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 2,276 participants (1,349 females and 927 males) aged 18-75 years. Recruitment combined an online survey and clinical assessments. Body composition was evaluated with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and eating habits were investigated with detailed weekly food diaries. Gender differences between five age groups were statistically analysed using chi-square and t-tests (p ≤ 0.05). The study protocol was approved by the Lazio Area 5 Ethics Committee. RESULTS: Significant differences in body composition were observed between genders: men had a higher lean mass and basal metabolic rate, whereas women showed a higher fat mass in all age groups. Eating habits varied significantly: men preferred salty and protein-rich foods, consumed alcohol more frequently and showed a higher prevalence of meal skipping and uncontrolled eating behaviour. Women showed greater meal regularity, a preference for sweet tastes and a higher likelihood of eating alone in the older age groups. Sports participation differs markedly in the age group 30-39 years, in which men were predominantly involved in team sports, while women favoured strength training and skill activities. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the strong gender disparities in dietary and lifestyle behaviour, which evolve with age. These findings underline that tailored public health strategies, responding to gender-specific requirements, are needed to promote healthier lifestyles and reduce inequalities. Future studies should use longitudinal designs to explore causal relationships. REGISTERED CLINICAL STUDIES: The study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06661330; registered 22 October 2024, retrospectively). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06661330 .
Gender-Specific Dietary and Lifestyle Patterns Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Mauro Lombardo, Jesse C. Krakauer, Nir Y. Krakauer, Massimiliano Caprio, Andrea Armani, Alessandra Feraco Nutrients, 2025 Background: Gender differences in dietary patterns and lifestyle behaviours may influence abdominal adiposity and cardiometabolic risk, but comprehensive analyses integrating these factors remain limited. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study including 1631 adults recruited from a centre specialising in nutrition and metabolic health. Food intake was assessed by 7-day food diaries and lifestyle behaviours were assessed by structured questionnaires. Z scores of a body shape index (zABSI) were calculated as a marker of abdominal adiposity. zABSI represents the standardised value of ABSI, an index specifically designed to assess abdominal adiposity independently of BMI Multivariable linear regression models, stratified by sex and adjusted for age, examined associations between dietary patterns, physical activity and zABSI. Results: Higher intake of plant-based protein was significantly associated with lower zABSI values in women (β = −0.052, p = 0.0053) but not in men (β = −0.015, p = 0.2675). Stratified analyses revealed that women in the middle tertile of plant-based protein intake showed significantly lower zABSI values than men. Combined analyses showed that women classified as physically active and high consumers of plant-based protein had the most favourable abdominal adiposity profiles (p = 0.0036). Participation in endurance and strength sports was associated with lower zABSI values in both sexes, whereas women engaged in team sports had the lowest zABSI values. No significant interaction terms between sex and lifestyle were identified; however, male sex remained an independent predictor of higher zABSI values. Conclusions: In this cross-sectional study, plant-based dietary patterns and physical activity were associated with lower abdominal adiposity, especially among women. These findings suggest the importance of gender-specific strategies to address cardiometabolic risk and emphasise the need for prospective studies to confirm these associations and clarify the underlying mechanisms.
The Effect of Lifestyle and Eating Habits on Obesity Alessandra Feraco, Mauro Lombardo, Andrea Armani Nutrients, 2025 Obesity is a major global health problem and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality through its association with metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease and other chronic pathological conditions [...]
Gender and age differences in weekend eating habits: associations with fat mass percentage in a cross-sectional study Stefania Gorini, Elisabetta Camajani, Alessandra Feraco, Andrea Armani, Chiara Quattrini, Maria Grazia Tarsitano, Edda Cava, Laura Di Renzo, Massimiliano Caprio, Antonino De Lorenzo, Mauro Lombardo Frontiers in Nutrition, 2025 IntroductionWeekend eating habits are often different from those of weekdays, but their impact on body composition remains little explored. This study investigates gender and age differences in weekend eating behaviors and their association with fat mass percentage (FM%).MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 2,596 participants at an obesity center in Italy. Eating habits were assessed with a self-reported questionnaire, classifying weekend eating behavior into four categories: maintaining weekday eating patterns, cooking at home, eating out, and eating prepared meals. Weekday eating was considered the participant’s habitual eating pattern as reported during clinical evaluation. Differences in FM% between groups were analyzed by ANOVA and the influence of gender and age was examined by multiple linear regression models.ResultsSignificant differences between gender and age were observed specifically in weekend eating behaviors (p &lt; 0.001). Women were significantly more likely to cook at home, whereas men, particularly those aged 18–30 years, were more likely to eat out. Women who cooked at home during the weekend had a higher FM% than those who ate out or maintained weekday eating habits (p &lt; 0.001) but consistency alone does not guarantee better body composition, as the quality of the diet was not assessed. Among men aged 31–45 years, cooking at home was associated with a higher FM% than maintaining weekday habits (p = 0.0028). Regression analysis showed that FM% was higher in females and older age groups, while eating out, being hosted, or maintaining weekday habits were associated with lower FM% compared to cooking at home (all p &lt; 0.05).ConclusionWeekend eating habits represent a distinct and influential factor on body composition, rather than a simple extension of weekday patterns. The results emphasize that gender- and age-specific approaches are crucial in dietary interventions, particularly for younger men and women who maintain structured meal patterns. These results suggest that weekends may be an important period for dietary interventions based on self-reported dietary patterns, with potential implications for gender- and age-specific dietary interventions and broader public health strategies aimed at improving long-term metabolic outcomes.
Exploring Gender Differences in the Effects of Diet and Physical Activity on Metabolic Parameters Stefania Gorini, Elisabetta Camajani, Alessandra Feraco, Andrea Armani, Sercan Karav, Tiziana Filardi, Giovanni Aulisa, Edda Cava, Rocky Strollo, Elvira Padua, Massimiliano Caprio, Mauro Lombardo Nutrients, 2025 Background: Gender differences in metabolic response to lifestyle interventions remain poorly explored. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a six-month Mediterranean diet (MD) intervention combined with regular physical activity on metabolic parameters in overweight adults. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in an obesity clinic in Rome, Italy, involving overweight adults (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) motivated to improve their lifestyle. Participants (n = 205; 107 men and 98 women) self-selected into physical activity groups (aerobic, anaerobic, combined or no activity). Gender-specific metabolic changes were assessed, including lipid profiles, liver markers and fasting glucose. Results: Significant gender differences in metabolic results were observed. Men showed greater reductions in total cholesterol (TC) and LDL, as well as significant reductions in alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Women showed a significant increase in HDL cholesterol. Fasting blood glucose decreased significantly in both sexes, with no differences between the sexes. Activity-specific analysis revealed that anaerobic activity significantly improved lipid metabolism in men, while aerobic activity produced the greatest benefits in women, including increased HDL and improved liver marker profiles. Conclusions: Therapeutic strategies combining MD and physical activity must take into account gender-specific physiological differences and the type of sport activity to optimise metabolic benefits. Personalised approaches may improve the management of cardiovascular risk factors in overweight individuals. Study registration: This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06661330).
Gender Differences in Dietary Patterns and Eating Behaviours in Individuals with Obesity Alessandra Feraco, Andrea Armani, Stefania Gorini, Elisabetta Camajani, Chiara Quattrini, Tiziana Filardi, Sercan Karav, Rocky Strollo, Massimiliano Caprio, Mauro Lombardo Nutrients, 2024 Background/Objectives: Obesity is a global health problem with significant chronic disease risks. This study examined gender differences in eating behaviour, body composition, eating frequency and time of hunger in an Italian cohort with obesity (BMI ≥ 30) to inform gender-specific management strategies. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 720 adults (51.5% female, mean age 44.4 ± 13.8 years) assessed body composition and eating behaviour using principal component analysis (PCA) to classify eating profiles (structured, irregular, social and disordered/impulsive eaters). Results: Males showed higher weight, abdominal circumference and fat mass, while females showed higher fat mass percentages (p < 0.001). Gender differences were observed in the frequency of meals (e.g., 54.7% of males and 64.7% of females consumed 4–5 meals per day, p = 0.0018) and the time of hunger (males: before dinner; females: morning hunger, p = 0.005). The PCA profiles revealed that the ‘structured eaters’ had a healthier body composition, whereas the ‘disordered/impulsive eaters’ had a higher fat mass. Irregular eaters were predominantly male (41.0%), while disordered eaters were predominantly female (39.9%) (p = 0.0016). Conclusions: Gender-specific eating patterns influence obesity outcomes. Structured eating was associated with healthier profiles, whereas impulsive or irregular patterns were related to higher fat mass. The retrospective design and non-validated questionnaire for dietary behaviour assessment limit generalisability, warranting further research for tailored interventions. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06654674).
Essential role of ICAM-1 in aldosterone-induced atherosclerosis Vincenzo Marzolla, Andrea Armani, Caterina Mammi, Mary E. Moss, Vittoria Pagliarini, Laura Pontecorvo, Antonella Antelmi, Andrea Fabbri, Giuseppe Rosano, Iris Z. Jaffe, Massimiliano Caprio International Journal of Cardiology, 2017