Comparative performance of AI chatbots in dental implantology: insights and limitations Sultan Merve Uçar, Selin Gaş, Rafat Sasany BMC Oral Health, 2026 OBJECTIVE: This study critically evaluated the performance, accuracy, and clinical relevance of three large language models ChatGPT-4o, Claude 3.5, and Gemini 1.5 Pro when answering expert-generated questions on zygomatic implantology. The goal was to determine the extent to which such tools may function as educational or clinical decision supports in maxillofacial surgery. METHODS: Thirty-eight standardized questions were developed by four oral and maxillofacial surgeons with advanced expertise in zygomatic implantology. Each model's responses were independently assessed by five calibrated clinical raters using validated metrics DISCERN, GQS, and a 5-point Accuracy Rubric to judge reliability, quality, and factual correctness. Non-parametric statistics (Kruskal-Wallis with Bonferroni post hoc correction; Spearman correlation) were used, and inter-rater reliability was quantified by ICC(2,1) = 0.86-0.91 (p < 0.001). RESULTS: Gemini 1.5 Pro achieved slightly higher mean scores for response quality and accuracy, whereas Claude 3.5 and ChatGPT-4o performed comparably. However, absolute differences were modest (≤ 0.5 points on 5-point scales), indicating relative trends rather than decisive superiority. All models produced readable, clinically relevant content, though variability persisted in the depth and specificity of clinical guidance. CONCLUSION: Current AI language models exhibit moderate but inconsistent competency when addressing complex implantology scenarios. While Gemini 1.5 Pro scored marginally higher, these differences are unlikely to be of major practical consequence. Continuous validation, transparent reporting of model versions, and expert supervision remain essential before integrating such systems into routine dental education or clinical decision-making.
Effect of an alginate-based antacid and simulated gastric acid on the surface roughness and color stability of CAD/CAM resin-based materials Didar Dilan Hartavi, Neşe Cızıroğlu, Rafat Sasany, Muammer Alhan Babat, Seyed Ali Mosaddad BMC Oral Health, 2026 This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and an alginate-based antacid on the surface roughness and color stability of two additively manufactured (AM) and one subtractively manufactured (SM) resin-based restorative materials. A total of 168 disc-shaped specimens (10 × 2 mm) were fabricated from two AM resin composites (Bego VarseoSmile TriniQ [AM-VS] and Saremco Crowntec [AM-C]) and one SM nano-ceramic hybrid (Voco Grandio blocs [SM-V]). Specimens were distributed into seven subgroups (n = 8) based on immersion media: distilled water (control); SGF mixed with artificial saliva (AS) at ratios of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5; and the same mixtures with 10% alginate-based antacid (Gaviscon®). All solutions were refreshed daily and maintained at 37 °C with gentle agitation for 48 h. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured with a contact profilometer, and color stability (ΔE₀₀) was assessed with a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using mixed-model ANOVA and post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Immersion in SGF + AS increased ΔE₀₀ and Ra values in all materials compared with distilled water (p<.001). The highest color change was observed in AM-C at SGF + AS (1:5) (1.87 ± 0.30), whereas SM-V showed the lowest ΔE₀₀ values (1.55 ± 0.04). Surface roughness increased under acidic conditions, with AM-C exhibiting the highest Ra values (1.30 ± 0.02 μm). The alginate-based antacid significantly reduced Ra values for all materials and reduced ΔE₀₀ values in AM-C (1:3 and 1:5) and AM-VS (1:5) (p<.05), with selected antacid-containing subgroups showing values approaching those of the control. Simulated gastric fluid compromised the surface integrity and color stability of CAD/CAM resin-based restorative materials, with material-dependent differences. The addition of an alginate-based antacid mitigated these effects under selected experimental conditions, suggesting a potential protective role against acid-induced degradation.
Influence of Composite Type, Surface Treatment, and Thermocycling Aging on the Shear Bond Strength of Repaired Composite Resins Didar Hartavi, Rafat Sasany, Murat Tiryaki Journal of Adhesive Dentistry, 2026 PURPOSE: This study evaluated the effects of different surface treatment methods and thermocycling on the shear bond strength (SBS) of repaired composite resin restorations across three composite types (nanohybrid, bulk-fill, and microhybrid). METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 252 disk-shaped specimens (Ø20 × 5 mm, n = 7 per group) were fabricated from three composite resins: a nanohybrid composite (Filtek Z550; 3M ESPE), a bulk-fill composite (Opus Bulk Fill; FGM), and a microhybrid composite (Gradia Direct Anterior; GC). The specimens were divided into four subgroups according to surface treatment: no surface treatment (ST-C), airborne-particle abrasion (ST-AO), bur roughening with a medium-grit diamond bur under water cooling (ST-B), and phosphoric acid etching followed by application of a universal adhesive (ST-PH). For all groups, the repair procedure was performed using a nanohybrid composite (Filtek Z550; Ø2.38 × 3 mm). Aging protocols included water storage at 37°C for 24 h (Immediate), thermocycling for 10,000 cycles, and 30,000 cycles between 5°C and 55°C. Shear bond strength (SBS) was measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, followed by three-way ANOVA (with stratified one-way ANOVAs where interactions were significant) and Tukey post hoc tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: A three-way ANOVA revealed that composite type, surface treatment, and aging condition significantly affected SBS (P 0.001). SBS differed significantly among composites and surface treatments (P 0.001). For RC-BF, ST-PH provided the highest bond strength after 10,000 and 30,000 cycles. In RC-MH, bur roughening (ST-B) yielded the highest bond strength at 10,000 cycles. For RC-NH, ST-PH initially showed the highest SBS values; however, at 30,000 cycles, ST-B provided the best repair stability for the RC-NH group (12.96 MPa). However, the highest overall SBS value across all tested materials at this final aging stage was achieved by the RC-BF group treated with ST-PH (13.91 MPa).. Thermocycling significantly reduced SBS (P 0.001). Nanohybrid composites exhibited relatively stable SBS values across aging conditions. CONCLUSION: Appropriate surface treatment, particularly phosphoric acid etching combined with universal adhesive application, significantly increased shear bond strength following thermocycling. Nanohybrid composites demonstrated stable SBS trends across aging conditions compared with the other materials.
Micro-shear bond strength of repaired additively manufactured resin composites after artificial aging: effect of surface treatment and universal adhesives Neşe Ciziroğlu, Didar Dilan Hartavi, Rafat Sasany, Mutlu Özcan Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2026 To evaluate how restorative material, mechanical surface treatment, and universal adhesive system affect the micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) of repaired additively manufactured resin composites (AM-RCs) after artificial aging. Disc specimens were fabricated from Saremco Print Crowntec (CR) and BEGO VarseoSmile TriniQ (VS). After 24 h water storage, all specimens were thermocycled (10,000 cycles). Surfaces received no treatment (control), diamond bur roughening (ST-DB), or airborne-particle abrasion (ST-SB). Repairs were performed using Tokuyama Universal Bond (AD-TO) or Ivoclar Universal Bond (AD-IV) with a nanohybrid resin composite. µSBS was measured using a universal testing machine, and failure modes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The three-way interaction (material × surface treatment × adhesive) was significant (p < 0.05). The restorative material and adhesive system showed significant main effects on µSBS (p < 0.05), whereas surface treatment did not as an isolated factor (p > 0.05). Post hoc comparisons indicated that surface conditioning benefits were material adhesive dependent, with ST-DB or ST-SB improving µSBS versus control in selected groups. Failures were predominantly mixed and adhesive. Repair performance of AM-RCs is governed by the combined influence of material composition, surface conditioning, and universal adhesive selection. Accordingly, repair protocols should be tailored to the specific AM material–adhesive combination to maximize bonding effectiveness.
Diagnostic Performance and Agreement Between Dental Students and an Artificial Intelligence System in Panoramic Radiographs Oyun‐Erdene Batgerel, Merve Yelken Kendirci, Ahmet Faruk Ertürk, Rafat Sasany European Journal of Dental Education, 2026 Objectives This study aimed to compare the diagnostic behaviour and detection patterns of fourth‐ and fifth‐year dental students with those of an artificial intelligence (AI) system in identifying dental caries and restorations on panoramic radiographs within an educational framework. Methods This retrospective cross‐sectional study included 60 anonymised panoramic radiographs comprising 1 920 individual tooth units. Diagnostic assessments were performed independently by 60 fourth‐year dental students, 60 fifth‐year dental students, and an artificial intelligence (AI) system. For each tooth, the presence or absence of caries and restorations was recorded using a standardised assessment protocol without additional calibration to reflect routine educational conditions. The AI system was used under default settings without modification of internal detection parameters. Therefore, its outputs were interpreted as threshold‐dependent diagnostic behaviour specific to the evaluated system rather than as a direct measure of diagnostic accuracy. A consensus‐based reference derived from the majority agreement of human observers was used only for contextual comparison. Statistical analyses included Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests, Cohen's kappa coefficients, and Pearson's correlation analysis (α = 0.05). Results Fourth‐ and fifth‐year students demonstrated comparable detection patterns for both caries and restorations, whereas the AI system consistently reported fewer detections per panoramic radiograph. Intergroup agreement between student groups was moderate for caries detection and higher for restoration detection, while agreement between human evaluators and the AI system was lower. The lower detection frequency of the AI system may reflect a more restrictive diagnostic threshold rather than reduced diagnostic capability. Correlation analyses revealed weak to moderate associations among evaluator groups, indicating differences in diagnostic thresholds rather than absolute diagnostic behaviour. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, the AI system demonstrated a distinct diagnostic behaviour pattern compared with dental students. These findings suggest that AI may serve as a complementary tool in dental education; however, its impact on learning outcomes requires further investigation through longitudinal and interventional studies.
Interfacial Bond Strength of CAD/CAM Resin Composites on Dentin vs. Composite Substrates: Influence of Dual-Cure and Self-Adhesive Resin Cements Oyun-Erdene Batgerel, Oktay Yazıcıoğlu, Emine Kıtın, Burç İhsan Gençel, Fatih Yamak, Süreyya Ergün Bozdağ, Rafat Sasany Polymers, 2026 This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS) of four CAD/CAM (Computer aided design/Computer aided manufacturing) polymer-based indirect composites bonded to dentin and microhybrid composite substrates using two resin cements. Gradia Plus (GP), Ceramage (Ce), Tescera ATL (TA), and Lava Ultimate (LA) were fabricated into cylindrical specimens (3 × 3 mm). Dentin substrates were obtained from extracted molars, while composite substrates were prepared from Filtek Z250 (4 mm × 2 mm). Bonding was performed using either a self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200; RU200) or a dual-cure adhesive resin cement (RelyX Ultimate; RU), resulting in 16 experimental groups (n = 12 per group). SBS was measured using a universal testing machine (1 mm/min), and failure modes were assessed under stereomicroscopy. Bond strength was significantly higher on composite substrates than on dentin (p < 0.001), primarily due to favorable polymer–polymer compatibility and matrix interdiffusion, which improved stress accommodation at the adhesive interface. TA and Ce showed superior adhesion when combined with RU, while LA exhibited the lowest values, particularly on dentin bonded with RU200. Overall, the dual-cure adhesive system provided stronger bonding than the self-adhesive system (p < 0.05). These findings highlight the influence of substrate type, composite architecture, and cement chemistry on interfacial performance in indirect polymer-based restorations.
Analysis of corrosion, surface roughness, and ıon release of orthodontic brackets in simulated gastric acid and saliva Dilara Gülhan Umurca, Rafat Sasany, Muzaffer Gülyurt Scientific Reports, 2025 This study aims to assess the ion release (Ni, Cr) and surface roughness of metal (M), self-ligating (SL), and ceramic (C) orthodontic brackets after exposure to simulated gastric acid (pH 1.5, pH 3.0) and artificial saliva (pH 7.0). A total of 198 brackets, metal brackets (M) (n = 66) self-ligating (SL) (n = 66), and ceramic brackets (C) (n = 66) were used in this study. Gastric solutions mimicking human gastroesophageal reflux with a pH of 1, 5 or 3 and as a control group pH of 7 (artificial saliva) were used. All specimens were immersed in test solutions for 30 min, 24 h, and 1 month (n = 22 per group). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measured ion release, while an optical profilometer assessed surface roughness. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA and t-tests (p < 0.05). Ni and Cr ion release peaked at 24 h and decreased by 1 month (p < 0.05). SL brackets released the most ions, particularly in acidic conditions (p < 0.05). Surface roughness was highest at 24 h, then decreased (p < 0.001), with M brackets showing the greatest roughness and C brackets the lowest (p < 0.001). M and SL brackets had the highest roughness at pH 1.5, while C brackets peaked at pH 3.0 (p < 0.001). Acidic conditions significantly impact ion release and surface roughness. Ceramic brackets may be advantageous for patients with reflux disease, offering reduced corrosion and surface alterations.
Comparative performance of AI chatbots in dental implantology: insights and limitations SM Uçar, S Gaş, R Sasany BMC Oral Health 26 (1), 147 , 2026 2026
Effects of acidic and neutral fluoride gels on surface microhardness and morphology of composite resins used in pediatric dentistry: an in vitro factorial study ER Nalbantoglu, OE Batgerel, R Sasany, Y Ayla, R Aldeijani, ZH Cimilli BMC Oral Health , 2026 2026
Influence of Composite Type, Surface Treatment, and Thermocycling Aging on the Shear Bond Strength of Repaired Composite Resins DD Hartavi, R Sasany, M Tiryaki The Journal of Adhesive Dentistry 28, 49 , 2026 2026
Micro-shear bond strength of repaired additively manufactured resin composites after artificial aging: effect of surface treatment and universal adhesives N Ciziroğlu, DD Hartavi, R Sasany, M Özcan Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1-12 , 2026 2026
Fabrication trueness and optical, surface, and mechanical properties of additively manufactured polymethyl methacrylate definitive crowns reinforced with silica and titanium … R Sasany, H Al-Johani, SA Mosaddad The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry , 2026 2026
Effect of an alginate-based antacid and simulated gastric acid on the surface roughness and color stability of CAD/CAM resin-based materials DD Hartavi, N Cızıroğlu, R Sasany, MA Babat, SA Mosaddad BMC Oral Health , 2026 2026
Interfacial Bond Strength of CAD/CAM Resin Composites on Dentin vs. Composite Substrates: Influence of Dual-Cure and Self-Adhesive Resin Cements OE Batgerel, O Yazıcıoğlu, E Kıtın, Bİ Gençel, F Yamak, SE Bozdağ, ... Polymers 18 (2), 224 , 2026 2026 Citations: 2
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION Color stability, surface topography, and phase transformation of zirconia fabricated by additive and subtractive manufacturing after exposure to … R Sasany, S Merve, M Gomez-Polo, M Revilla-Leon, SA Mosaddad JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY 135 (1), 157e1-157e10 , 2026 2026
Fracture resistance, trueness, and phase transformation of bar-reinforced and nonreinforced implant-supported fixed complete prostheses made of high-strength zirconia: An in … R Sasany, S Salvi, SM Uçar, SA Mosaddad, M Özcan The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry , 2025 2025
Diagnostic competence of senior dental students in detecting caries on panoramic radiographs with and without artificial intelligence assistance: a cross-sectional studycaries … OE Batgerel, MP Akkitap, R Sasany BMC Medical Education 25 (1), 1662 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Effect of boric acid on the color stability and mechanical properties of 3D-printed permanent resins D Abdulai, R Sasany, R Suradi, M Moghbel, SA Mosaddad Scientific Reports 15 (1), 42776 , 2025 2025
Optical and surface characteristics of additively manufactured resin composite following immersion in functional beverages: a layer thickness-based comparison N Cızıroğlu, D Hartavi, R Sasany, I Akburak, CH Palaz, SA Mosaddad Odontology, 1-11 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Molecular docking and dynamics simulation of antimicrobial peptides against adhesion proteins of peri-implant pathogens R Sasany, A Alizadeh, SA Mosaddad, P Diaz Scientific Reports 15 (1), 41046 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Accuracy and retention of laminate veneers made from zirconia, resin composite, and lithium disilicate using additive and subtractive techniques: An in vitro study R Sasany, G Çakmak, SA Mosaddad Journal of Dentistry, 106153 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Color stability, surface topography, and phase transformation of zirconia fabricated by additive and subtractive manufacturing after exposure to different artificial saliva … R Sasany, SM Uçar, M Gómez-Polo, M Revilla-León, SA Mosaddad The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Mechanical behavior of repaired resin composites, zirconia, and hybrid ceramics fabricated by additive and subtractive manufacturing technologies: An in vitro study R Sasany, D Abdulai, N Ciziroğlu, SA Mosaddad, P Diaz International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 142, 104128 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Finite Element Analysis of Novaloc Attachments at Extreme Angulations and Arch Forms: A Specification Study SM Uçar, R Sasany, H Al‐Johani Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 27 (4), e70082 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Effect of polydopamine surface treatment on the mechanical properties of zirconia and resin occlusal veneers fabricated using additive and subtractive manufacturing: an in … R Sasany, SM Ucar, SA Mosaddad, VR Alonso Journal of Dentistry 159, 105805 , 2025 2025 Citations: 15
Assessment of fit accuracy and retentive strength of additively manufactured zirconia crowns luted to Ti‐base abutments with different resin cements: An in vitro study R Sasany, SM Uçar, B Yilmaz Journal of Prosthodontics , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Herbal Mouthwash in Animals: A Review F Salari-Kakhk, SA Razavi, R SASANY Small Animal Advances 4 (2), 5-10 , 2025 2025
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Effect of printing layer thickness on optical properties and surface roughness of 3D-printed resins: An in vitro study R Sasany, FZ Jamjoon, MY Kendirci, B Yilmaz Int J Prosthodont 37 (7), 165-73 , 2024 2024 Citations: 38
Effect of mouth rinses on optical properties of CAD‐CAM materials used for laminate veneers and crowns R Sasany, G Ergun‐Kunt, B Yilmaz Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 33 (4), 648-653 , 2021 2021 Citations: 30
Mechanical and optical properties of additively manufactured denture base resin in different colors modified with antimicrobial substances: An in vitro study R Sasany, FZ Jamjoom, B Yilmaz The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 133 (3), 890. e1-890. e8 , 2025 2025 Citations: 24
Influence different polishing systems on roughness and colour stability of chairside CAD/CAM blocks with laminate veneer thickness SR , Ergun-Kunt G, koca MF Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials , 2022 2022 Citations: 22
Nanoindentation creep: The impact of water and artificial saliva storage on milled and 3D‐printed resin composites R Sasany, FZ Jamjoom, SM Uçar, B Yilmaz Journal of Prosthodontics , 2024 2024 Citations: 18
Effect of stain brand and shade on color stability of stains applied on a CAD‑CAM feldspathic ceramic R Sasany odontology 110 (1), 676-3 , 2022 2022 Citations: 18
Stainability and translucency of potassium aluminum sulfate applied computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing materials after coffee thermocycling R Sasany, MB Donmez, MS de Paula, Ç Kahveci, G Ceylan, B Yilmaz, ... Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 36 (3), 477-483 , 2024 2024 Citations: 17
Marginal discrepancy and fracture load of thermomechanically fatigued crowns fabricated with different CAD‐CAM techniques R Sasany, B Yilmaz Journal of prosthodontics 32 (7), 602-607 , 2023 2023 Citations: 17
Comparison of silane heat treatment by laser and various surface treatments on microtensile bond strength of composite resin/lithium disilicate G Ergun-Kunt, R Sasany, MF Koca, M Özcan Materials 14 (24), 7808 , 2021 2021 Citations: 16
Effect of polydopamine surface treatment on the mechanical properties of zirconia and resin occlusal veneers fabricated using additive and subtractive manufacturing: an in … R Sasany, SM Ucar, SA Mosaddad, VR Alonso Journal of Dentistry 159, 105805 , 2025 2025 Citations: 15
Effect of different liner techniques and argon plasma treatment of zirconia base on the adhesion and color change of veneering ceramic R Sasany, D Sarac, M Özcan Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 35 (18), 1981-1994 , 2021 2021 Citations: 15
Optical properties of repaired additively manufactured resin composites and zirconia and subtractively manufactured ceramics: a comparative study of composite resins E Çağlayan, R Sasany, BN Bolat, D Hartavi, OE Batgerel, SM Ucar, ... BMC Oral Health 25 (1), 144 , 2025 2025 Citations: 14
Comparison of monoblock and twinblock mandibular advancement devices in patiens with obstructive sleep apnea and temporomandibular disorder: effects on airway volume … G Özköylü, D Saraç, R Sasany, DG Umurca BMC Oral Health 24 (1), 1026 , 2024 2024 Citations: 12
Investigation of color and physicomechanical properties of peek and Pekk after storage in a different medium N Kaya, R Sasany, N Yanıkoglu, B Tosun Scientific Reports 14 (1), 5357 , 2024 2024 Citations: 11
Effect of potassium aluminum sulfate application on the viability of fibroblasts on a CAD-CAM feldspathic ceramic before and after thermocycling G Çakmak, C Akay, MB Donmez, E Mumcu, HS Akan, R Sasany, ... Materials 15 (12), 4232 , 2022 2022 Citations: 8
Effect of various veneering techniques on bond strength and colour stability of zirconia/veneering ceramic after hydrothermal aging R Sasany, D Sarac, GE Kunt J. Evolution. Med. Dent. Sci 10, 3474-3479 , 2021 2021 Citations: 6
Molecular docking and dynamics simulation of antimicrobial peptides against adhesion proteins of peri-implant pathogens R Sasany, A Alizadeh, SA Mosaddad, P Diaz Scientific Reports 15 (1), 41046 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Long-term effect of nanosized boric acid powder on optical properties of polymer infiltrated ceramic CAD-CAM material R Sasany, TF Eyüboğlu, M Özcan Coatings 13 (3), 483 , 2023 2023 Citations: 5
Effect of Potassium Nitrate and Boric Acid on the Bond Strength of Veneering Ceramics to Zirconia R Sasany European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 28, 182-188 , 2020 2020 Citations: 5
Accuracy and retention of laminate veneers made from zirconia, resin composite, and lithium disilicate using additive and subtractive techniques: An in vitro study R Sasany, G Çakmak, SA Mosaddad Journal of Dentistry, 106153 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
